RESUMO O caruncho do feijão [Acanthoscelides obtectus Say (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)] é considerado a principal praga de armazenagem da cultura do feijão, sendo o seu controle realizado, principalmente, por meio de tratamento químico, o qual possui potencial para causar resistência em pragas, bem como contaminação ambiental. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito inseticida e repelente do óleo essencial de Salvia officinalis L. sobre o caruncho do feijão. As doses testadas para o ensaio inseticida foram: 0 L t-1; 0,5 L t-1; 1,0 L t-1; 1,5 L t-1; 2,5 L t-1; e 5,0 L t-1 de grãos de feijão. Para o teste de mortalidade, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 6 x 7 (dose x tempo), com cinco repetições. A contagem do número de insetos mortos foi realizada às 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 e 96 h após a introdução dos insetos. O teste de repelência foi conduzido em arenas, sob delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo utilizadas as mesmas doses citadas para avaliar o efeito inseticida. As contagens foram realizadas 24 h após a introdução dos insetos. O efeito inseticida do óleo essencial de S. officinalis sobre A. obtectus resultou em taxas de mortalidade superiores a 95 %, após 6 h da introdução dos insetos, para todas as doses testadas. Efeito de repelência também foi constatado para todas as doses testadas.

ABSTRACT Bean weevil [Acanthoscelides obtectus Say (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)] is considered the main storage pest of the bean crop. Its control is performed mainly by chemical treatment, which has potential to cause resistance in pests, as well as environmental contamination. This study aimed at evaluating the insecticidal and repellent effect of Salvia officinalis L. essential oil against bean weevil. The doses used for the insecticidal test were: 0 L t-1, 0.5 L t-1, 1.0 L t-1, 1.5 L t-1, 2.5 L t-1 and 5.0 L t-1 of bean grains. For the mortality test, the experimental design was completely randomized, in a 6 × 7 (dose × time) factorial scheme, with five replications. The number of dead insects was counted at 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after the insect introduction. The repellency test was conducted in arenas, under a completely randomized design, using the same doses applied to evaluate the insecticidal effect. Counts were performed 24 h after the introduction of insects. The insecticidal effect of the S. officinalis essential oil on A. obtectus resulted in mortality rates higher than 95 %, after 6 h of insect introduction, for all doses tested. Repellency effect was also detected for all doses tested.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade inseticida e de repelência dos óleos essenciais de Cinnamomum camphora var. linaloolifera Y. Fujita (Ho-Sho) e Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J Presl. var. hosyo (Hon-Sho) contra Sitophilus zeamais em grãos de milho. Os óleos essenciais foram obtidos por hidrodestilação e analisados por CG-EM. A atividade inseticida foi determinada pela toxicidade de diferentes concentrações dos óleos essenciais durante 24 horas de contato com os insetos, na ausência de substrato alimentar. Os bioensaios de repelência foram realizados com as doses letais (DL50, DL25, e DL12,5) obtidas do bioensaio inseticida. Para comparar os tratamentos foi utilizado o índice de preferência (PI). A análise de óleos essenciais de folhas de Cinnamomum camphora indicou a presença de 68% de cânfora e 9% de linalol na var. Hon-Sho e de 95% de linalol na var. Ho-Sho. A var. Ho-Sho apresentou maior toxicidade que var. Hon-Sho contra Sitophilus zeamais, com DL50 de 0,35 μL/cm2, enquanto que na var. Hon-Sho foi de 0,48 μL/cm2. No entanto, considerando apenas as concentrações de linalol e cânfora de Ho-Sho e Hon-Sho, a avaliação das doses letais destes compostos foram semelhantes. Os valores do índice de preferência variaram de -0,3 a -0,8 para a var. Ho-Sho e -0,2 para -0,7 para a var. Hon-Sho. Os óleos essenciais avaliados neste trabalho apresentaram atividade repelente contra Sitophilus zeamais in vitro e em experimentos realizados em mini-silos.

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to evaluate the insecticidal and repellency activity of the essential oil of Cinnamomum camphora var. linaloolifera Y. Fujita (Ho-Sho) and Cinnamomumcamphora (L.) J Presl.var. hosyo (Hon-Sho), against the Sitophilus zeamais in maize grains. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS.The insecticidal activity was determined by the toxicity of different concentrations of essential oils during 24 hours of contact with the insects, in the absence of feed substrate. The Bioassays of repellency were conducted with lethal doses (LD50,LD25,and LD12.5) obtained from insecticidal bioassay. In order to compare the treatments the preference index (PI) was employed. The analysis of the essential oils of Cinnamomum camphora leaves indicated 68% of camphor and 9% of linalool for the variation Hon-Sho and 95% of linalool to the variation Ho-Sho. The variation Ho-Sho presented greatest insecticidal activity than the variation Hon-Sho against the Sitophiluszeamais, with LD50 of 0.35 μL/cm2, whereas in the variation Hon-Sho the ratewas 0.48 μL/cm2. However, considering only the concentrations of linalool and camphor of Ho-Sho and Hon-Sho, the lethal doses’ evaluation of these compounds were similar. The values of the preference index ranged from -0.3 to -0.8 for thevariation Ho-Sho and -0.2 to -0.7 for the variation Hon-Sho. The essential oils evaluated in this work showed repellent activity against Sitophiluszeamais in vitro and in trials performed in mini-silos.

In Brazil, the species Maytenus aquifolia and Maytenus ilicifolia are widely used in popular medicine in the form of teas for stomach and ulcer illness treatment. Despite the great interest in Maytenus aquifolia therapeutic properties and the fact that it is an abundant and native plant growing in Brazil, there is a lack of information in the literature concerning the extraction at high pressures. In this context, this work is focused on the mathematical modelling of the packed-bed extraction of Maytenus aquifolia with compressed CO2. Three mathematical models were used to represent the experimental data. The experiments were performed in a laboratory-scale unit, evaluating the effects of temperature (293 to 323 K), pressure (100 to 250 bar), and extraction time on the yield of the extracts. Results show that the extraction temperature and solvent density exerted a pronounced effect on yield. The mathematical model of Sovová was the most suitable to represent the experimental extraction data of M. aquifolia.

Accurate combustion models are necessary to predict, among other effects, the production of pollutant gases and the heat transfer. As an important part of the combustion modeling, thermal radiation is often the dominant heat transfer mechanism, involving absorption and emission from soot and participating gases, such as water vapor and carbon dioxides. If the radiative heat transfer is not accurately predicted, the solution can lead to poor prediction of the temperature field and of the formation and distribution of the gases and soot. The modeling of the absorption coefficient of the gases is a very complex task due to its highly irregular dependence on the wavenumber. On the other hand, the absorption coefficient of the soot is known to behave linearly with the wavenumber, allowing for a simpler approach. Depending on the amount of soot, the more sophisticated and expensive gas models can be replaced by simpler ones, without considerable loss of accuracy. In this study, the radiative heat transfer for a medium composed of water vapor, carbon dioxide and soot is computed with the gray gas (GG), the weighted-sum-of-gray-gases model (WSGG), and the cumulative wavenumber (CW) models. The results are compared to benchmark line-by-line (LBL) calculations.

O presente trabalho propôs estudar a secagem de sálvia a diferentes temperaturas do ar e posterior ajuste dos dados experimentais obtidos com os diferentes modelos matemáticos. Para condução do experimento de secagem foram utilizados 6 secadores de bandeja, empregando-se as temperaturas de 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 e 90 °C. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, colocando-se 800 g de folha fresca em cada bandeja. Para o ajuste dos modelos matemáticos aos dados experimentais, realizou-se análise de regressão não-linear, pelo método Quasi-Newton, através do programa computacional Statistica 6.0®, em que os valores dos parâmetros dos modelos foram estimados em função da temperatura do ar de secagem. Os resultados mostraram que pequenos incrementos no valor da temperatura do ar de secagem promovem redução significativa no tempo de secagem. O modelo de Henderson & Pabis (1961) modificado e o de Midilli et al. (2002) se mostraram adequados para descrever o processo de secagem de sálvia para a faixa de temperatura de 40 a 90 °C, enquanto os modelos da aproximação da difusão e o de dois termos, se mostraram adequados para descrever a cinética de secagem para a faixa de temperatura de 60 a 90 °C.

The aim of this work was to study the drying of sage at different air temperatures and to fit the experimental data with different mathematical models. The experiments were carried out using 6 tray dryers, for the temperatures of 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 °C. A randomized experimental design, with three replications, using 800 g of fresh leaves in each tray, was used. For the fitting of mathematical models to the experimental data the non-linear regression by the Quasi-Newton method was used. The values of the parameters of the models were estimated in terms of drying air temperature using the software Statistica 6.0®. The results showed that small increments in drying air temperature of drying results in a significant reduction in the drying time; the model of Henderson and Pabis (1961) modified model and the Midilli et al. model (2002) were adequate to describe the drying of sage in the temperature range of 40 to 90 °C; and the model of approximation of diffusion and the two terms model were adequate to describe the kinetics of drying in the range of temperature from 60 to 90 °C.

This work is focused on the chemical distribution of volatile and semi-volatile compounds of 18 native populations of Maytenus ilicifolia collected all over Brazil. The extracts of bulk samples (30 plants) of each population were obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction technique, and analyzed by GC/MS. The quantification of compounds (phytol, squalene, vitamin E, limonene, stigmasterol, friedelan-3-ol, friedelin, fridelan-3-one, palmitic acid and geranyl acetate) showed significant variations within the different populations, which could be related tom microclimate characteristics.

This work reports the effects of temperature (20 to 50ºC) and pressure (100 to 250 bar) on the extraction yield, chemical characteristics and antimicrobial activity of extracts of Peumus boldus Molina obtained by compressed carbon dioxide extraction. Results showed that the extraction variables affect the extraction yield and the chemical distribution of the major compounds present in the extracts. The extracts were chemically analyzed with regard to 1,8-cineole, trans-sabinene, pinocarveol, pinocarvone, 4-terpineol, ascaridole, piperitone oxide, limonene dioxide and n-eicosane in a GC/MSD. Antimicrobial tests demonstrated that the high-pressure CO2 extracts had activity against 13 bacteria and that better action was verified with extracts obtained at a lower CO2 extraction density and a higher temperature.

The main objective of this work was to assess the influence of temperature and pressure on the chemical characteristics of the essential oil obtained from CO2 extraction of grape bagasses in the production of jam. The experiments were performed in a laboratory-scale unit, where the effect of temperature (290 and 303 K) and pressure (15 and 25 Mpa) was investigated in terms of liquid yield and chemical composition of the extracts. The CO2 mass flow rate was kept within a range of 2.5 to 3.0 g/min. The instrumental analysis was performed by gas chromatography with a mass spectrometer detector (GC-MS). The extraction conditions investigated in this work had no significant influence on the mass of essencial oil extracted. The main compounds identified in the extracts by the GC-MS spectra library (match quality higher tan 90%) were octadecane, dihydroxy ergostene-dione and phenylethyl n-decanoate when the temperature was increased from 290 to 303 K. Heptanal, ethyl ester of decosonoic acid and hexatriacontane were the individual compounds with the greatest increase in the chromatographic peak area when the pressure was increased from 15 to 25 Mpa. The most important class of compounds were hydrocarbons at 303 K and 15 MPa and were ketones and aldehydes at 25 Mpa and 290 K.

Many complex phenomena favoring the solidification of metal that occur during the casting process, such as cast metal flow, thermal gradient and heat transfer between the cast metal and the mold. The grain size and mechanical properties of cast metal are defined by both these phenomena, and by the geometrical characteristics and thermo-physical properties of the metal and the mold. Heat loss from the mold to the environment through convection can also affect the mechanical properties of cast metal. In this study reported, two-dimensional numerical simulations were made of pure iron solidification in industrial AI 50/60 AFS greensand and mullite molds, using the finite element technique and the ANSYS software program. For this purpose, the iron's thermo-physical properties were considered dependent with temperature, while for sand and mullite these properties were considered constant, and the convection phenomenon was also considered on the mold's external surface. Metallurgical characteristics, such as the attack zone in the feed head and hot top were not taken into account in this study, since they are irrelevant the behavior of heat transfer of the metal to the mold. Owing to the iron's temperature-dependent thermo-physical properties, this type of problem is of nonlinear characteristic. The results of the heat transfer are shown in 2D, as well as, the thermal flux, the thermal gradient and the convergence curves that control the feasibility of the Newton-Raphson algorithm calculation process. The cooling curves at various points of the solidified specimen, and the heating and cooling curves in the mold were also shown. These results were considered relevant.