Abstract Sewage treatment systems can prevent the direct discharge of endocrine disruptors, such as 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), into the environment. Treatment systems capable of promoting total phosphorus (TP) removal, such as sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), are promising in this regard. Two lab-scale SBRs with different sludge retention times (SRTs) were assessed for their EE2 and TP removal rates. Anaerobic/aerobic/anoxic phases with cycles of 6 h were used to treat sewage containing EE2 at a concentration of 5 μg L-1. The removal rates of chemical oxygen demand and TP were approximately 80% for both the SBRs. Partial nitrification was observed in the SBRs. Initially, concentrations of EE2 above 1.0 μg L-1 in the treated sewage were measured. These concentrations were smaller in SBR 1, which used lower SRTs; EE2 was removed by sludge sorption. After the 56th cycle, the concentrations of EE2 in the treated sewage were below 0.1 μg L-1 in both the SBRs, indicating that its removal may have occurred by biodegradation due to acclimation to the process. Therefore, both TP removal and nitrification seem to play an important role in EE2 removal by SBRs.

Resumo Sistemas de tratamento de esgotos podem representar barreiras no descarte de desreguladores endócrinos como 17α-etinilestradiol (EE2) no meio ambiente. Processos capazes de promover a remoção de fósforo total (FT) como reatores em batelada sequenciais (RBSs) podem ser promissores para esta proposta. Dois RBSs em escala de laboratório aplicando diferentes tempos de retenção de sólidos (TRS) foram avaliados para a remoção de EE2 e FT. As fases anaeróbia/aeróbia/anóxica com ciclos de 6 h foram usadas para tratar esgoto contendo 5 μg L-1 de EE2. As taxas de remoção de demanda química de oxigênio e de FT foram acima de 80% nos RBSs. A nitrificação parcial foi observada nos dois RBSs. Inicialmente valores acima de 1,0 μg L-1 de EE2 no esgoto tratado foram medidos. Estas concentrações foram menores no RBS 1 que usou um menor TRS; logo, provavelmente o EE2 foi removido por sorção no lodo. Após o 56º ciclo, as concentrações de EE2 no esgoto tratado foram abaixo de 0,1 μg L-1 nos dois RBSs mostrando que sua remoção pode ter ocorrido por biodegradação devido a aclimatação do processo. Portanto, tanto a remoção de FT quanto a nitrificação parecem ter um papel importante na remoção de EE2 por RBS.

The recovery of precious and base metals of a metal concentrate from ground waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) is described in detail. Samples were treated with NaOHaq. to remove the soldering mask. Experiments were performed in acidic medium (HF, H2SO4, CH3COOH or H3PO4) using H2O2 as oxidant. Base metals were leached in high yields (>99 wt.%) at ~40 ºC after ~1 h (HF), ~2 h (H2SO4), ~4 h (H3PO4) and ~5 h (CH3COOH). Lead precipitated in the presence of H2SO4 and HF. Precious metals were not oxidized. Ceramic/fiberglass components were dissolved in the presence of HF. Silver, palladium and gold were recovered from the insoluble solid, in this order, by a sequential oxidative treatment in aqueous medium. Recovery of leached elements was possible by a combination of solvent extraction and precipitation. The choice of the extractant and the precipitant were essential to recover them with high yields. The leachates from H3PO4 + H2O2 experiments could not be processed above pH 2.5. Leaching of waste PCBs in the presence of a weak organic acid is possible but a multistage separation scheme for elements recovery is unavoidable as PCBs is a complex material in terms of composition.

RESUMO Os fungos Colletotrichum truncatum e Macrophomina phaseolina estão entre os principais patógenos associados a sementes de feijão-fava no Brasil, sendo os agentes causais da antracnose e da podridão de carvão, respectivamente. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a transmissão semente-plântula de C. truncatum e M. phaseolina em sementes de feijão-fava inoculadas artificialmente. Meios de cultura batata-dextrose-agar (BDA) com diferentes potenciais hídricos foram obtidos após a adição de manitol. Isolados de C. truncatum e M. phaseolina foram repicados para esses meios. Quarenta gramas de sementes foram distribuídas sobre o micélio fúngico, permanecendo por diferentes períodos de exposição, em função do tratamento: T1: 0,0 MPa sem inóculo por 48 h; T2: 0,0 MPa por 48 h; T3: - 0,2 MPa por 48 h; T4: -0,4 MPa por 48 h; T5: -0,6 MPa por 72 h; T6: - 0,8 MPa por 96 h e T7: -1,0 MPa por 120 h. As sementes foram incubadas a 25 ºC, com fotoperíodo de 12 horas. Foram avaliadas a germinação em rolo de papel, a emergência de plântulas em areia e a sanidade de sementes em BDA. O T4 proporcionou melhores condições para impedir temporariamente a germinação das sementes, promovendo maior incidência de sementes infectadas por C. truncatum e maior porcentagem de plântulas doentes. M. phaseolina reduziu a germinação das sementes, independente do tratamento inoculado. Ambos os fungos foram transmitidos das sementes para as plântulas de feijão-fava, causando sintomas em diferentes órgãos aéreos. A taxa de transmissão de C. truncatum e M. phaseolina foi de 83,1% e 76.46%, respectivamente.

ABSTRACT The fungi Colletotrichum truncatum and Macrophomina phaseolina are among the main pathogens associated with lima bean seeds in Brazil, and they are the causal agents of anthracnose and charcoal rot, respectively. The aim of this study was to verify the seed-seedling transmission of C. truncatum and M. phaseolina in artificially inoculated lima bean seeds. Potato-dextrose-agar (PDA) media with different hydric potentials were obtained after the addition of mannitol. Isolates of C. truncatum and M. phaseolina were peaked to these media. Forty grams of seeds were distributed over the fungal mycelium, remaining there for different exposure periods, as a function of each treatment: T1: 0.0 MPa without inoculum for 48 h; T2: 0.0 MPa for 48 h; T3: -0.2 MPa for 48 h; T4: -0.4 MPa for 48 h; T5: -0.6 MPa for 72 h; T6: -0.8 MPa for 96 h and T7: -1.0 MPa for 120 h. The seeds were incubated at 25 ºC under a 12-hour photoperiod. Germination in a paper roll, emergence of seedlings in sand and seed health in PDA were evaluated. T4 provided the best conditions to temporarily prevent seed germination, promoting a greater incidence of seeds infected by C. truncatum and a greater percentage of diseased plants. M. phaseolina reduced seed germination, independently of the inoculated treatment. Both fungi were transmitted from the seeds to the seedlings of lima bean, causing symptoms in various aerial parts. C. truncatum and M. phaseolina transmission rate was 83.1% and 76.46%, respectively.

Resumo Objetivo: O carreamento decorrente das atividades de mineração atinge corpos d'água, causando contaminação da água e acidificação por metais tóxicos. Como conseqüência, a depleção de oxigênio ocorre, com o desaparecimento de certos organismos bênticos, perdas na biomassa do fitoplâncton e do zooplâncton, e mortalidade de peixes. Remediação da água contaminada da mineração envolve o uso de floculantes baseados em monômeros de acrilamida e poliacrilamida e de coagulantes à base de alumínio. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a toxicidade aquática do floculante WF 424 e do coagulante WF 2000 PCA. Métodos Um polímero aniónico floculante (WF 424) e um complexo polinuclear coagulante de íons hidro-alumínio polimerizados (WF2000 PCA) foram testados quanto à embriotoxicidade para o peixe-zebra (Danio rerio, teste FET - OEDC, 236, 2013). Resultados Após 96 h de exposição ao WF424, não houve letalidade significativa, nem efeitos subletais como atraso na eclosão, alteração do batimento cardíaco e malformação no desenvolvimento embrionário, quando comparados com o grupo controle (p> 0,05). O composto coagulante WF2000 PCA não apresentou efeitos letais durante 96 h de exposição, e EC50 foi considerado acima do nível de concentração mais alto testado. Conclusões Para ambos os compostos, nenhuma malformação, atraso no desenvolvimento embrionário ou embriotoxicidade foram observados.

Abstract Aim: Leaching from mining activities reaches water bodies, causing water contamination and acidification by toxic metals. As a consequence, oxygen depletion occurs, with the disappearance of certain benthic organisms, losses in phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass, and fish mortality. Remediation of contaminated water from mining involves the use of flocculants based on acrylamide monomers and polyacrylamide and of coagulants based on aluminum. Our aim was to assess the aquatic toxicity of the flocculant WF 424 and the coagulant WF 2000 PCA. Methods A flocculant anionic polymer (WF 424) and a coagulant polynuclear complex of polymerized hydro-aluminum ions (WF2000 PCA) were tested for embryotoxicity to zebrafish (Danio rerio, FET test - OEDC, 236, 2013). Results After 96 h of exposure to WF424, there was no significant lethality, nor were there sublethal effects such as hatching delay, heartbeat alteration, and malformation in embryonic development, when compared with the control group (p > 0.05). The coagulant compound WF2000 PCA did not show lethal effects during 96 h of exposure, and EC50 was considered as above the highest concentration-level tested. Conclusions For both compounds, no malformation, embryonic development delay or embryotoxicity were observed.

The trial was conducted in the seed quality laboratory of SENASEM, in order to evaluate in seeds from Moringa oleifera Lamarck provenance Supergenius the effect of different hydration times (HT): 3 hours (T1), 6 hours (T2), 12 hours (T3) and 24 hours (T4), on germination (G), plant height (H) and growth rate (GR) 5, 7, 9, 12 and 14 days after sowing (DAS); as well as their effect on foliage weight (FW), root weight (RW), average of daily foliage weight (AFW) and total plant weight (TPW) 14 DAS. Trays that contained inert sand as substrate, which were placed in germination chambers, were used. The design was completely randomized blocks, with four repetitions. The variance analysis was done per variable for each evaluation date, and for the comparison of means Tukey's test was used for 5 % of significance. The results only allowed to detect significant differences for germination (5 DAS) and for H and GR (6 and 12 DAS). The hydration of M. oleifera seeds during 12 or 24 hours can contribute to improve the performance of the growth variables of this species. On the other hand, the RW and FW contributed in 14 and 86 %, respectively, in the total weight of the seedlings 14 DAS, which indicates that this plant can be very efficient for forage production during its initial growth stage.

El experimento se llevó a cabo en el laboratorio de calidad de semillas del SENASEM, con el objetivo de evaluar en semillas de Moringa oleifera Lamarck procedencia Supergenius el efecto de diferentes tiempos de hidratación (TH): 3 horas (T1), 6 horas (T2), 12 horas (T3) y 24 horas (T4), sobre la germinación (G), la altura de planta (A) y la velocidad de crecimiento (C) a los 5, 7, 9, 12 y 14 días después de la siembra (DDS); así como su efecto sobre el peso de follaje (PF), el peso de las raíces (PR), el promedio del peso diario del follaje (PPF) y del peso total de la planta (PPT) a los 14 DDS. Se usaron bandejas que contenían como sustrato arena inerte, las cuales se colocaron en cámaras de germinación. El diseño fue de bloques completamente al azar, con cuatro repeticiones. El análisis de varianza se hizo por variable para cada fecha de evaluación, y para la comparación de medias se usó la prueba de Tukey para un 5 % de significación. Los resultados solo permitieron detectar diferencias significativas para la germinación (a los 5 DDS), y para la A y la C (a los 6 y 12 DDS). La hidratación de las semillas de M. oleifera durante 12 o 24 horas puede contribuir a mejorar el desempeño de las variables de desarrollo de esta especie. Por otra parte, el PR y el PF contribuyeron en un 14 y 86 %, respectivamente, en el peso total de las plántulas a los 14 DDS, lo que indica que esta planta puede ser muy eficiente para la producción de forraje durante su etapa inicial de crecimiento.

Abstract: On September 3rd 2009, tropical storm Jimena hit Guaymas, Sonora where it remained stationary for 36 hours uninterrupted producing 720 mm of rain, surpassing the annual state average. Because of the storm, some streams were formed over ancient basins, running down from Sierra El Aguaje, attracting the native fauna. Because of the atypical situation, the aim of this work was to search for species that had not been cited in the scientific literature for that region. With that purpose, a sampling expedition was conducted along the recently developed stream around La Marina Bridge, in San Carlos, Sonora. Two Macrobrachium olfersii specimens were collected: 1 ovigerous female and 1 male. The collected specimens are the first reported for the species in this area of Sonora, besides being the northern most record along the Pacific coast known to date.

Resumen: El 3 de septiembre del 2009 arribó a la región de Guaymas, Sonora, la tormenta tropical Jimena, que permaneció estacionaria durante 36 h continuas, arrojando 720 mm de precipitación rebasando el promedio anual estatal. A causa de la lluvia, se formaron arroyos temporales que ocuparon los cauces originales, provenientes de la sierra El Aguaje, atrayendo a la fauna nativa. Debido a lo atípico de la situación, se planteó el objetivo de buscar organismos no registrados con anterioridad en la región en la literatura científica. Con este fin se realizó un muestreo en el arroyo formado en el puente La Marina, en San Carlos, Sonora. Se recolectaron 2 ejemplares de Macrobrachium olfersii: una hembra ovígera y un macho. Los especímenes recolectados en este trabajo constituyen el primer registro de la especie en esta área de Sonora, además de ser el sitio más norteño en el Pacífico de que se tiene conocimiento.

RESUMO: A cenoura é a quarta hortaliça mais consumida no país e uma das mais consumidas no mundo. Considerando a necessidade de adaptação de materiais em sistemas orgânicos de cultivo, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de cultivares de cenoura no cultivo orgânico, em Petrolina-PE, sob condições de temperaturas elevadas no verão. O experimento foi conduzido no período de dezembro de 2009 a março de 2010, com 12 cultivares (Alvorada, Brasília, Brazlândia, Carandaí, Danvers, Karine, Kuronan, Marly, Nantes, Shin Kuroda, Suprema e Tropical). A altura das plantas de cenoura oscilou de 49 a 63 cm, despontando a cultivar Brasília com a maior altura (63 cm). A produtividade total de raízes variou de 26,9 a 58,6 t/ha, sendo os maiores rendimentos apresentados pelas cultivares Brasília (58,6 t/ha) e Brazlândia (56,0 t/ha), sem diferirem entre si. No que se refere à produtividade comercial de raízes, esta oscilou de 22,3 a 53,5 t/ha, sendo o maior rendimento apresentado pela cultivar Brasília (53,5 t/ha). A massa fresca da raiz das cultivares mais produtivas variou de 66 a 77,6 g. As cultivares Brasília, Brazlândia e Kuronan, pelas melhores características agronômicas apresentadas, são as mais indicadas para cultivo em sistema orgânico de produção e temperaturas elevadas.

ABSTRACT: Carrot is the fourth most consumed vegetable in Brazil and one of the most consumed one worldwide. Considering the need to adapt genotypes for organic systems, this study aimed to evaluate carrot cultivars under organic cultivation in Petrolina, Pernambuco State, Brazil, under conditions of high temperatures (summer). The experiment was carried out from December 2009 to March 2010, using a randomized block design with twelve cultivars (Alvorada, Brasília, Brazlândia, Carandaí, Danvers, Karine, Kuronan, Marly, Nantes, Shin Kuroda, Suprema and Tropical). The plant height ranged from 49 to 63 cm, cultivar Brasilia presenting the highest plants (63 cm). Total yield of roots ranged from 26.9 to 58.6 t/ha, cultivars Brasília (58.6 t/ha) and Brazlândia (56.0 t/ha) being the most productive ones, without significant differences between them. Yield of roots ranged from 22.3 to 53.5 t/ha, the highest yield being presented by the cultivar Brasília (53.5 t/ha). Root fresh mass of the highest-yielding cultivars ranged from 66 to 77.6 g. Brasilia, Brazlândia and Kuronan cultivars, due to the best agronomical characteristics, are recommended for planting in organic farming system with high temperatures.

O tempo de presa de cimentos endodônticos pode afetar a resistência de união de pinos de fibra de vidro à dentina radicular. Quarenta dentes foram selecionados e tratados endodonticamente com cimento à base de hidróxido de cálcio. Em seguida, os mesmos foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o tempo decorrido entre o tratamento endodôntico e a cimentação definitiva (n=20): Imediato - pinos de fibra de vidro cimentados após o tratamento endodôntico; e Mediato - cimentação do pino realizada 7 dias após o tratamento endodôntico. As raízes foram subdivididas de acordo com o cimento resinoso (RelyX ARC e RelyX Unicem). As amostras foram armazenadas a 37 °C durante 24 h e seccionadas em seis fatias de 1 mm de espessura relacionadas com terços cervical, médio e apical. Os espécimes foram submetidos a teste de push-out a uma velocidade de 0,5 mm/min e os valores de resistência de união obtidos (MPa) foram submetidos à análise de variância em esquema de parcelas subdivididas e teste de Tukey (α=0,05). Para os cimentos RelyX ARC e Unicem, a resistência de união foi maior quando os pinos foram cimentados 7 dias após o tratamento endodôntico. RelyX Unicem apresentou valores de resistência de união superiores ao RelyX ARC para os períodos de cimentação. Concluiu-se que a cimentação do pino de fibra de vidro deve ser feita após o completo tempo de presa do cimento endodôntico. Cimentos resinosos auto-adesivos devem ser preferidos para cimentação de pinos de fibra.

The cure time of endodontic sealers may influence the bond strength of fiber posts to root dentin. Forty teeth were selected and endodontically filled using calcium hydroxide cement and then divided into 2 groups according to the time elapsed between endodontic filling and post luting (n = 20): Immediately - glass fiber post luting immediately after endodontic filling; and Delayed - post luting performed 7 days after endodontic filling. The roots were also subdivided according to resin cement used for post luting (RelyX ARC and RelyX Unicem). The specimens were stored at 37°C for 24 h and sectioned in six 1-mm-thick slices from cervical, middle and apical thirds. The slice specimens were submitted to a push-out test at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min, and the bond strength values obtained (MPa) were submitted to two-way ANOVA in a split-plot arrangement and Tukey's test (α=0.05). For both RelyX ARC and Unicem, the bond strength was significantly higher when the posts were cemented 7 days after the endodontic treatment. RelyX Unicem showed significantly higher bond strength values than RelyX ARC for both cementation periods. It was concluded that post luting should be made after the complete setting of the root canal sealer. Self-adhesive resin cement should be preferred for fiber post luting.

O experimento foi realizado durante os meses de junho a outubro de 2008, no município de Três Corações (MG), à altitude de 864 m. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2x3, com três repetições, onde o primeiro fator correspondeu a duas épocas de instalação do mulching, ou seja, antes e depois do transplantio e o segundo, à cor da face externa do filme plástico (preto, branco e prata). As mudas de morango, cultivar Oso Grande, foram transplantadas em 06/06/08. Após 75 dias do transplantio foi iniciada a colheita, que se estendeu até meados de outubro. Avaliaram-se as características número médio de frutos por planta, comprimento médio de fruto (cm), massa fresca de frutos (g planta-1), número médio de folhas por planta e comprimento médio de folíolo (cm). O número médio de frutos e a massa média de frutos apresentaram efeito significativo na interação entre os dois fatores. As características comprimento médio de frutos e número médio de folhas por planta apresentaram efeito significativo de modo isolado, somente para o fator cor de mulching. Assim, nas condições em que foi conduzido o experimento, concluiu-se que os filmes plásticos preto e prata possibilitam aumento no rendimento e maior desenvolvimento de frutos, desde que instalados em pré-transplantio das mudas de morangueiro.

The experiment was carried out from June to October 2008 in Três Corações, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. It was in a completely randomized design, in factorial scheme 2x3 with three replications. The first factor corresponded to two installation times of the mulching (before and after transplanting) and the second was related to three mulching colors (black, silver and white). The strawberry seedlings (cv. Oso Grande) were transplanted on June 6, 2008. The harvest began 75 days after transplanting date, being extended until mid October. Average number of fruits per plant, fruits average length (cm), average fruits fresh mass (g plant-1), average number of leaves per plant and average leaflet length (cm) were evaluated. The average number of fruits and fresh mass showed significant effect in the interaction between the two factors. Average fruit length and number of leaves presented significant effect only for the mulch factor. Thus, in the condition that the experiment was carried out, we can conclude that the black and the silver mulches enabled a yield increase and better fruits development, since it was installed before seedling transplanting.

Atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome is caused by alternative complement pathway dysregulation. It has recently been recognised that most cases are due to genetic factors and a growing list of mutations has been described. Atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome is associated with a dismal prognosis, a relapsing course, high acute mortality and frequent progression to end-stage renal disease. We describe a five-year-old boy admitted with a first recurrence of atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome. The primary onset of the disease was at 15 months of age, following which there was complete recovery of haematological and renal parameters. His family history was significant in that his mother had died at the age of only 23 years of a stroke with associated thrombotic microangiopathy, suggesting a familial form of the disease. Sequencing of the gene encoding complement factor H revealed a heterozygous SCR20 mutation (3644G>T, Arg1215Leu), confirming the diagnosis. The patient was successfully treated with fresh frozen plasma infusions that induced disease remission. We also review currently evolving concepts about atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome caused by factor H mutation, its diagnosis, the role of genetic testing and management strategies in children.

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do filme plástico de PVC e da temperatura de armazenamento na conservação pós-colheita de frutos de cultivares de quiabo. O experimento foi organizado em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, tendo nas parcelas as duas temperaturas (5 e 10 ºC), nas subparcelas um fatorial 2 (sem e com PVC) x 4 (cultivares Amarelinho, Red Velvet, Star of David e Mammoth Spinless) e nas subsubparcelas os seis períodos de amostragem, com quatro blocos. A temperatura de 10ºC e o uso do filme de PVC foram mais eficientes no controle da perda de massa da matéria fresca. O filme foi mais eficiente na manutenção de maior teor relativo de água no pericarpo dos frutos armazenados a 5 e 10ºC. A cv. Amarelinho perdeu menos massa da matéria fresca e manteve maior teor relativo de água. Os frutos armazenados a 5ºC apresentaram maiores teores de vitamina C, com menor perda de vitamina C nas cvs. Mammoth Spinless e Star of David. Observou-se maior incidência de injúria por frio e escurecimento nos frutos armazenados sem PVC e a 5ºC. A cv. Amarelinho apresentou melhor conservação pós-colheita com temperatura de 10ºC e o uso da embalagem de PVC.

This work had the goal to evaluate the influence of PVC film and temperature on the postharvest storage life in four cultivars of okra. The treatments were displayed in randomized complete blocks, in split-split-plot design, where the parcels were the temperatures of 5 and 10ºC, and in the sub parcels a 2 (control and PVC wrapped fruits) x 4 (cultivars Amarelinho, Red Velvet, Star of David and Mammoth Spinless) factorial, and in the sub-sub parcels six sampling moments, containing four blocks. Storage at 10ºC and wrapping the fruits with PVC film improved the control of fresh mass loss. The film was more efficient in maintaining higher water content in the fruit pericarp at 5 or 10ºC. The cultivar Amarelinho lost less fresh mass and maintained higher water content. Fruits stored at 5ºC had higher vitamin C content. The cultivars Mammoth Spinless and Star of David showed lower losses of vitamin C. Cultivar Mammoth Spinless had the highest content of chlorophyll and Amarelinho the lowest. In general the development of chilling and browning was higher in fruits without PVC film at 5ºC. The cultivar Amarelinho had better postharvest conservation at 10ºC and using PVC film.

OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE) e sua apresentação clínica, além do perfil funcional do esôfago em pacientes com fibrose pulmonar idiopática (FPI). MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados prospectivamente 28 pacientes com FPI. Os pacientes foram submetidos à esofagomanometria estacionária, pHmetria de 24 h e testes de função pulmonar, assim como responderam a questionários sobre sintomas e qualidade de vida em DRGE. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de DRGE foi de 35,7%. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo DRGE+ (pHmetria anormal; n = 10), e grupo DRGE- (pHmetria normal; n = 18). No grupo DRGE+, 77,7% dos pacientes apresentavam pelo menos um sintoma típico de DRGE. Nesse grupo de pacientes, 8 (80%) apresentaram refluxo em posição supina, e 5 (50%) apresentaram refluxo exclusivamente nessa posição. Nos grupos DRGE+ e DRGE-, respectivamente, 5 (50,0%) e 7 (38,8%) dos pacientes apresentaram hipotonia do esfíncter esofágico inferior, assim como 7 (70,0%) e 10 (55,5%) apresentaram hipomotilidade esofágica. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos quanto a características demográficas, função pulmonar, apresentação clínica ou achados manométricos. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de DRGE nos pacientes com

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and to evaluate its clinical presentation, as well as the esophageal function profile in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). METHODS: In this prospective study, 28 consecutive patients with IPF underwent stationary esophageal manometry, 24-h esophageal pH-metry and pulmonary function tests. All patients also completed a symptom and quality of life in GERD questionnaire. RESULTS: In the study sample, the prevalence of GERD was 35.7%. The patients were then divided into two groups: GERD+ (abnormal pH-metry; n = 10) and GERD- (normal pH-metry; n = 18). In the GERD+ group, 77.7% of the patients presented at least one typical GERD symptom. The pH-metry results showed that 8 (80%) of the GERD+ group patients had abnormal supine reflux, and that the reflux was exclusively in the supine position in 5 (50%). In the GERD+ and GERD- groups, respectively, 5 (50.0%) and 7 (38.8%) of the patients presented a hypotensive lower esophageal sphincter, 7 (70.0%) and 10 (55.5%), respectively, presenting lower esophageal dysmotility. There were no significant differences between the groups regarding demographic characteristics, pulmonary function, clinical presentation or manometric findings. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of GERD in the patients with IPF was high. However, the clinical and functional characteristics did not differ between the patients with GERD and those without.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o perfil funcional do esôfago e a prevalência de refluxo gastroesofágico (RGE) em pacientes candidatos a transplante pulmonar. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados prospectivamente, entre junho de 2005 e novembro de 2006, 55 pacientes candidatos a transplante pulmonar da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre. Os pacientes foram submetidos a esofagomanometria estacionária e pHmetria esofágica ambulatorial de 24 h de um e dois eletrodos antes de serem submetidos ao transplante pulmonar. RESULTADOS: A esofagomanometria foi anormal em 80% dos pacientes e a pHmetria revelou RGE ácido patológico em 24%. Os sintomas digestivos apresentaram sensibilidade de 50% e especificidade de 61% para RGE. Dos pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, 94% apresentaram alteração à manometria, e 80% apresentaram hipotonia do esfíncter inferior, que foi o achado mais freqüente. Pacientes com bronquiectasias apresentaram a maior prevalência de RGE (50%). CONCLUSÕES: O achado freqüente em pacientes com doença pulmonar avançada é RGE. Na população examinada, a presença de sintomas digestivos de RGE não foi preditiva de refluxo ácido patológico. A contribuição do RGE na rejeição crônica deve ser considerada e requer estudos posteriores para seu esclarecimento.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the esophageal function profile and the prevalence of gastro-esophageal reflux (GER) in lung transplant candidates. METHODS: From July of 2005 to November of 2006, a prospective study was conducted involving 55 candidates for lung transplantation at the Santa Casa de Misericórdia Hospital in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Prior to transplantation, patients underwent outpatient stationary esophageal manometry and 24-h esophageal pH-metry using one and two electrodes. RESULTS: Abnormal esophageal manometry was documented in 80% of the patients, and 24% of the patients presented pathological acid reflux. Digestive symptoms presented sensitivity and specificity for GER of 50% and 61%, respectively. Of the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 94% presented abnormal esophageal manometry, and 80% presented lower esophageal sphincter hypotonia, making it the most common finding. Patients with bronchiectasis presented the highest prevalence of GER (50%). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with advanced lung disease, GER is highly prevalent. In the population studied, digestive symptoms of GER were not predictive of pathological acid reflux. The role that GER plays in chronic rejection should be examined and clarified in future studies.

The purposes of this study were evaluate and compare the influence of post-curing with heat and steam pressure or heat and nitrogen pressure in the compressive strength, elastic modulus and Vickers microhardness of an Ormocer®; composite resin. Forty-five cylindrical samples with 3 mm diameter and 6 mm high were manufacture using a PTFE mould. The composite resin Admira (Voco, Cuxhaven, Germany) was inserted incrementally and cured for 40 s with XL-1500 (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, EUA). After that, the samples were stored in a stove at 37ºC for 24 hours and randomly divided in three groups. The samples of group I (control) were tested just after the stored period. In group II, the samples were submitted to 120ºC with water steam for 20 min, and for group III, the samples was post-cured at 140°C under 60 lbs of nitrogen for 10 min. The samples were tested with universal testing machine (Emic DL 2000, São José dos Pinhais, Paraná, Brazil) at 0.5 mm/min until fracture. Data of compressive strength (MPa), elastic modulus (GPa), and Vickers microhardness (VHN) were statistically evaluated with ANOVA/Tukey (p < 0.05). The mean values of compressive strength (SD) were: group I (control) 114.25b (±34.74); group II 127.64b (±33.27); group III 167.97a (±40.15); elastic modulus (SD): group I (control) 6.11b(±3.5); group II 8.45ab (±3.34); group III 11.31a(±4.7); Vickers microhardness (SD): group I (control) 47.26b (2.7); group II 58.63a (2.3) and group III 63.69a (3.5). It is possible to conclude that the post-curing method at 140°C under 60 lbs of nitrogen improved significantly the compressive strength, and both methods improved the elastic modulus and microhardness (p < 0.05).

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron evaluar y comparar la influencia de la polimerización adicional con calor y presión de vapor o calor y nitrógeno presurizado en la resistencia a la compresión, módulo de elasticidad y microdureza Vickers de una resina compuesta Ormocer®;. Para esto, se confeccionaron 45 muestras cilíndricas con 3 mm de diámetro y 6 mm de altura en una matriz de PTFE. La resina compuesta Admira (Voco, Cuxhaven, Germany) fue introducida gradualmente y fotopolimerizada por 40 s con el aparato XL-1500 (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, EUA). Seguidamente, las muestras fueron almacenadas en un horno a 37ºC por 24 horas y divididas aleatoriamente en tres grupos. Las muestras del grupo I (control) fueron testadas inmediatamente después del período de almacenamiento. En el grupo II, las muestras fueron sometidas a 120ºC bajo presión de vapor de agua por 20 min y, en el grupo III, las muestras fueron polimerizadas adicionalmente a 140°C con presión de 60 lbs. de nitrógeno durante 10 minutos. Inmediatamente, las muestras fueron testadas en una máquina de ensayo universal (Emic DL 2000, São José dos Pinhais, Paraná, Brazil) a 0,5 mm/min hasta que se fracturaron. Los valores de resistencia a la compresión (MPa), módulo de elasticidad (GPa) y microdureza Vickers (VHN) fueron tratados estadísticamente con ANOVA/Tukey (p < 0,05). Los valores de resistencia (MPa, DP) fueron: grupo I (control) 114,25b (±34,74); grupo II 127,64b (±33,27); grupo III 167,97ª (±40,15). Módulo de elasticidad (GPa, DP): grupo I (control) 6,11b (±0,35); grupo II 8,45ab (±0,33); grupo III 11,31a (±0,47). Microdureza Vickers (VHN, DP): grupo I (control) 47,26b (6,32); grupo II 58,63ª (13,92); grupo III 63,69ª (8,86). Se puede concluir entonces, que el método de polimerización adicional a 140°C bajo presión de 60 lbs de nitrógeno aumentó significativamente la resistencia a la compresión, y ambos métodos adicionales de cura aumentaron significativamente el módulo de elasticidad y microdureza Vickers de la resina compuesta Admira (p < 0,05).

Caracteres morfológicos (altura da planta, largura da folha, número de folhas e ângulo de folhas), físico-químicos (sólidos solúveis, acidez total titulável e pH), produtivos (produção comercial e massa média de bulbos) e molecular (por meio de marcadores moleculares RAPD) foram estudados em alho (Allium sativum L.). Doze cultivares, seis seminobre (Gigante Curitibanos, Gigante Roxo, Gigante Roxão, Gravatá, Amarante e Cateto Roxo) e seis nobre (Caçador, Chonan, Contestado 12, Caçador 30, Caçador 40 e Quitéria 595) foram utilizadas. Os resultados da análise de similaridade entre as cultivares foram equivalentes, quando utilizadas características morfológicas, físico-químicas e produtivas ou moleculares, indicando que os métodos de caracterização tiveram o mesmo poder de resolução na distinção das cultivares, formando dois grupos: o das cultivares seminobres e o das nobres.

Morphological (plant height, number of green leaves, width of leaves, and the insertion angle of the leaves), physical-chemical (soluble solids, the total titratable acidity, and the pH), productive (commercial production and medium weight of the bulbs) and molecular (with RAPD markers) characteristics of garlic were studied. Twelve cultivars, six semi-noble (Gigante Curitibanos, Gigante Roxo, Gigante Roxão, Gravatá, Amarante and Cateto Roxo) and six noble (Caçador, Chonan, Contestado 12, Caçador 30, Caçador 40 and Quitéria 595) were analyzed. The results of the similarity analysis among cultivars were equivalent, when morphologic, physical-chemical and productive or molecular characteristics were evaluated, indicating that the methods presented the same resolution to distinguish cultivars, generating two groups: one formed by seminoble and other formed by the noble cultivars.