BACKGROUND: In South Africa, the sharp rise in people with severe illness because of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in early 2020, meant that health systems needed to adapt services and operations, including rehabilitation services. Important insights into the lived experiences of rehabilitation personnel enacting these adaptations in an African context are limited OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to explore the lived experiences of rehabilitation practitioners working in the public sector in South Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic METHOD: A phenomenological approach and a duo-ethnographic design were used. A recruitment letter was circulated requesting volunteers. Maximum variation sampling was used to select the 12 participants of this study. Data were collected through interviews via Zoom, and critical conversations were facilitated by a non-rehabilitation partner who is known for challenging health inequities. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed through elements of qualitative content and thematic analysis. Data were coded, categorised, clustered into concepts and formulated into themes RESULTS: Three themes were identified: (1) 'Management became the enemy', (2) 'Tired of being resilient' and (3) 'Think out of the box…think on our feet' CONCLUSION: The results of this study highlighted new ways of practice, innovative adaptations, and usage of resources and platforms CONTRIBUTION: This study highlights the re-imagining of accessible rehabilitation services that could lead to deeper onto-epistemological shifts amongst the rehabilitation practitioners

Abstract Seeds of Argemone mexicana L. accumulate significative amounts of sanguinarine. The analysis of the distribution of this alkaloid through the tissues of mature seeds revealed that up to 60 % of its contents was found tightly fixed to the different components of the seed external covers where it persisted during seedling germination. Contrastingly, sanguinarine contents in cotyledon accounted for the remaining 40 % and it could have been, at least partially, mobilized to the newly formed hypocotyls during emergence from seeds. Berberine was only detected in immature seeds and in seedlings once cotyledons were totally displayed. These results are discussed as a possible sanguinarine role in the chemical protection during seedlings germination.

Resumen Semillas de Argemone mexicana L. acumulan cantidades elevadas de sanguinarina. Un análisis de la distribución de alcaloides en los diferentes tejidos que componen la semilla reveló que hasta un 60 % del contenido se encontraba fuertemente unido en las capas que forman la cubierta exterior, donde se retuvieron durante la emergencia del hipocótilo. En contraste, los cotiledones presentaron el 40 % restante y parte de ello pudo haber sido movilizado al hipocótilo al emerger. Berberina sólo se observó en semillas inmaduras y en plántulas en desarrollo con los cotiledones desplegados. Estos resultados se discuten en función del posible papel defensivo de la sanguinarina durante la germinación.

Resumo As leishmanioses são zoonoses causadas por mais de 20 espécies de protozoários do gênero Leishmania. As infecções são comumente disseminadas por flebotomíneos e causam um amplo espectro de manifestações clínicas. Portanto, a detecção e diferenciação de espécies de Leishmania são importantes do ponto de vista epidemiológico e terapêutico. O objetivo deste estudo foi combinar estratégias in silico e in vitro para avaliar a especificidade analítica dos primers descritos anteriormente na literatura. De acordo com a PCR eletrônica (e-PCR), 23 dos 141 pares de primers selecionados por meio de pesquisa da literatura estavam de acordo com a especificidade analítica anteriormente relatada. A avaliação in vitro de nove desses pares de primers, por PCR quantitativa (qPCR), confirmou a especificidade analítica de cinco deles ao nível de espécie de Leishmania, do complexo L. mexicana ou dos subgêneros Leishmania e Viannia. Com base nos resultados, sugere-se que a combinação de e-PCR e qPCR é uma abordagem valiosa para a validação e maximização da especificidade de novos pares de primers para o diagnóstico laboratorial de infecções com Leishmania spp.

Abstract Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease caused by over 20 species of protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Infection is commonly spread by sandflies and produces a wide spectrum of clinical signs and symptoms. Therefore, from an epidemiological and therapeutic standpoint, it is important to detect and differentiate Leishmania spp. The objective of this study was to combinate in silico and in vitro strategies to evaluate the analytical specificity of primers previously described in the literature. According to electronic PCR (e-PCR) analysis, 23 out of 141 pairs of primers selected through literature search matched their previously reported analytical specificity. In vitro evaluation of nine of these primer pairs by quantitative PCR (qPCR) confirmed the analytical specificity of five of them at the level of Leishmania spp., L. mexicana complex or Leishmania and Viannia subgenera. Based on these findings, the combination of e-PCR and qPCR is suggested to be a valuable approach to maximize the specificity of new primer pairs for the laboratory diagnosis of infections with Leishmania spp.

The aim of this study was to determine the chemical variability of Allamanda cathartica flowers collected in different localities of Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Extractive solutions (25 samples) were analyzed by HPLC-DAD for the qualitative and quantitative profiles of the iridoid plumieride, the flavonoid rutin as well as total flavonoid content expressed in rutin. The chemical variability was evaluated by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA). The samples demonstrated similar chromatographic profiles. In PCA analysis, Araquari samples AC01, AC08 and AC25 did not group with other samples obtained from other locations. In the HCA analysis, it was possible to observe hierarchially similar groups, generating 5 clusters. Group 5 (samples AC01, AC08 and AC25) presented lower similarity compared to the other groups. This dissimilarity can be explained by the amount of metabolites from each collection. Regarding the content of markers, it was observed a variation between 27 to 230 mg/g, 2.7 to 9.5 mg/g and 7.14 to 17.8 mg/g for plumieride, rutin, and total flavonoids, respectively. The samples from Araquari (AC01, AC08, AC25) presented the highest concentrations of chemical markers. Therefore, for reproducibility and standardization of A. cathartica flower extracts, it is important to determine the location and the plant cultivation conditions.

This article focuses on the key role of teachers in the decision-making process concerning the design and implementation of Continuous Professional Teacher Development (CPTD) at a network of independent schools in Johannesburg. The procedure of examining the role-players in the CPTD process and the level of ownership that teachers appropriate in setting and developing their own topics and goals for training, learning and development are discussed. Activity theory and the theory of communities of practice informed the qualitative study undertaken at three independent primary schools in geographically different areas of Johannesburg. The aim of the study was to indicate that teachers as adult learners can generate useful ideas and topics for CPTD and can inform and improve their practice by recommending effective CPTD activities. Semi-structured interviews, questionnaires and document analysis were employed as data gathering techniques to collect rich data from a purposefully selected sample of primary school teachers. Teachers described activities and methods of learning that could improve their CPTD practices. The findings identify important elements that can be applied in CPTD and professional learning contexts. The proposed elements can be implemented to enhance teacher participation, decision-making and ownership of CPTD and teacher learning.

RESUMO O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a propagação vegetativa de Hymenaea courbaril (jatobá) e Apuleia leiocarpa (garapa) por meio da técnica de miniestaquia com o uso do regulador de crescimento, ácido indolbutírico (AIB), em diferentes tipos de miniestacas. Foram montados dois experimentos, o primeiro envolvendo as duas espécies, três tipos de miniestacas (basais, intermediárias e apicais), na presença e ausência de AIB (4000 mg kg-1). No segundo experimento, avaliou-se apenas a espécie garapa testando-se os mesmos três tipos de miniestacas em quatro concentrações de AIB: 0, 1000, 2000 e 4000 mg kg-1. As miniestacas foram obtidas a partir de mudas de 6 meses de idade, produzidas em viveiro a partir de sementes. Utilizou-se delineamento em blocos casualizados no esquema fatorial 3 x 2 x 3 (três tipos de miniestacas, dois níveis de AIB e três datas de avaliação) no primeiro experimento, e 3 x 4 x 3 (três tipos de miniestacas, quatro concentrações de AIB e três datas de avaliação) no segundo experimento. Aos 90 dias, o jatobá apresentou sobrevivência média de 54%, com menos de 5% de enraizamento total, sem influência significativa do tipo de miniestaca ou do uso do AIB. Em ambos os experimentos a garapa apresentou maior sobrevivência para as miniestacas basais, que foram as únicas que enraizaram. O AIB não influenciou a sobrevivência e o percentual de enraizamento de miniestacas da garapa, porém influenciou de forma negativa o número, comprimento e massa seca de raiz. Conclui-se para garapa que a miniestaquia, a partir das miniestacas basais se mostrou uma técnica viável, com 40% de enraizamento, porém para jatobá, nas condições do estudo, a propagação por miniestaquia não teve sucesso.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the vegetative propagation of Hymenaea courbaril (jatobá) and Apuleia leiocarpa (garapa) using the mini-cutting technique with the use of indolebutyric acid (IBA) growth regulator in different types of mini-cuttings. Two experiments were set up: the first involving the two species and three mini-cutting techniques (basal, intermediate and apical) in the presence and absence of IBA (4000 mg kg-1). In the second experiment, only the garapa species was evaluated by testing the same three mini-cutting techniques at four IBA concentrations: 0, 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg kg-1. The mini-cuttings were obtained from 6-month-old seedlings produced from seeds in a nursery. A randomized block design was used in a 3 x 2 x 3 factorial scheme (three mini-cutting techniques, two IBA concentration levels and three evaluation dates) in the first experiment, and a 3 x 4 x 3 factorial scheme (three mini-cutting techniques, four IBA concentrations and three evaluation dates) in the second experiment. At 90 days, jatobá had an average survival of 54%, with less than 5% of total rooting, without significant influence of the mini-cutting technique or IBA use. Garapa presented higher survival for the basal mini-cuttings in both experiments, which were the only ones that took root. IBA did not influence survival or rooting percentage of garapa mini-cuttings, but negatively influenced the root number, length and dry mass. We concluded that the basal mini-cutting is a viable technique for vegetative propagation of garapa, presenting 40% of rooting, but the propagation by mini-cutting for jatobá was not successful under the conditions of this study.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar doses de formulado NPK em adubação de semeadura associadas ou não à substância húmica (SH), nas características agronômicas e qualidade de grãos para malte, nas cultivares de cevada BRS Brau e BRS Elis, nas safras agrícolas de 2015 e 2016, em Guarapuava, PR. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, sendo cinco adubações: 0 kg ha-1 (controle); 100 kg ha-1 de NPK; 100 kg ha-1 de NPK + SH; 250 kg ha-1 de NPK; 250 kg ha-1 de NPK + SH, em duas cultivares de cevada BRS Brau e BRS Elis, em quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas a massa hectolítrica e produtividade de grãos e a qualidade de malte por meio das classes 1, 2 e 3 de grãos e teor de proteína. Os dados avaliados foram submetidos à análise de variância conjunta para as safras agrícolas e as médias comparadas por meio de contrastes não-ortogonais. A utilização de substância húmica em formulados NPK proporcionou aumento na produtividade de grãos, sendo o seu efeito notado nas menores doses do formulado 100 NPK + SH. A menor dose do formulado NPK associada à substância húmica reduziu a classe 1 e aumentou a classe 3 nas safras agrícolas de 2015 e 2016. A safra agrícola de 2016, com condições climáticas favoráveis, apresentou melhor massa hectolítrica, produtividade de grãos e qualidade dos grãos de cevada, com base na classe comercial.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate NPK formulations used in fertilization at sowing associated with and without humic substances (HS) in terms of the agronomic characteristics and grain quality for malt from the barley cultivars BRS Brau and BRS Elis, focusing on the agricultural years 2015 and 2016 in Guarapuava, PR. The experimental design was a randomized block, in a factorial 5 x 2 format, with five fertilizations: 0 kg ha-1 (control); 100 kg ha-1 of NPK; 100 kg ha-1 NPK + HS; 250 kg ha-1 of NPK; and 250 kg ha-1 NPK + HS, using two barley cultivars, BRS Brau and BRS Elis, replicated four times. The variables evaluated were hectoliter weight, grain yield, malt quality by means of sort 1, 2 and 3, and the protein percentage. The data evaluated were submitted to joint variance analyses for the agricultural crops, and the means were compared through non-orthogonal contrasts. The use of humic substances in NPK formulations provides an increase in grain yield, and its effect is observable in the lower doses of NPK + HS formulations. The lower dose of NPK formulation combined with the humic substance reduced class 1 and increased class 3 in agricultural crops from the years 2015 and 2016. The 2016 crop, with favorable climatic conditions, presented improved hectoliter mass, grain yield and quality of the barley grains, based on commercial grade.

Resumo Seis espécies de aves pertencentes à família Sternidae são encontradas frequentemente na costa sul da América do Sul. Sterna trudeaui, S. hirundinacea, Thalasseus maximus, T. acuflavidus e Sternula superciliaris residentes sul-americanos e Sterna hirundo, migrante neártico. Existem pelo menos 500 espécies descritas de ácaros nasais ao redor do mundo, sendo Rhinonyssidae a família mais diversa. Estes ácaros são endoparasitos hematófagos que habitam o sistema respiratório das aves. Este estudo objetivou reportar a ocorrência de ácaros nasais em Sternidae na costa do sul do Brasil. Das 106 aves analisadas, 8,5% (9 aves) estavam parasitadas por ácaros nasais. Este é o primeiro registro para duas espécies de ácaros na região neotropical, Sternostoma boydi e Larinyssus orbicularis, parasitando Thalasseus acuflavidus and Sternula superciliaris. Em Sterna trudeaui e Thalasseus maximus não foram encontrados ácaros nasais. Um único hospedeiro (T. acuflavidus) estava parasitado por duas espécies de ácaros nasais, S. boydi e L. orbicularis.

Abstract Six species of birds of the family Sternidae are often found on the southern coast of South America. Sterna trudeaui, S. hirundinacea, Thalasseus maximus, T. acuflavidus and Sternula superciliaris are South American residents and Sterna hirundo, a Nearctic migrant. At least 500 species of nasal mites have been described around the world, and Rhinonyssidae is the most diverse family. These mites are bloodsucking endoparasites that inhabit the respiratory system of birds. This study aimed to report on occurrences of nasal mites in Sternidae on the southern coast of Brazil. Of the 106 birds analyzed, 8.5% (9 birds) were parasitized by nasal mites. This report provides the first record in the Neotropical region for two mite species, Sternostoma boydi and Larinyssus orbicularis parasitizing Thalasseus acuflavidus and Sternula superciliaris. No nasal mites were found in Sterna trudeaui or Thalasseus maximus. One host individual (T. acuflavidus) was parasitized by two species of nasal mites, S. boydi and L. orbicularis.

ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune response of broiler chickens in Eimeria sp. and E. coli challenged broilers supplemented with glutamine, arginine and threonine. There were six hundred one-day-old male Cobb 500 broiler chickens. The design was completely randomised using a 2 x 3 factorial design (unchallenged and challenged x 3 diets). A commercial diet was used as a control and two other diets were formulated with glutamine (1.5 and 3% Aminogut®), arginine (1 and 2% L-Arginine), and threonine (1 and 2% L-threonine). At day 28, the birds fed the highest level of amino acid showed lower levels of IgA (P<0.05) compared to the control group, and resulted in an increased number of goblet cells. In the period of 1 week after the challenge, the challenged birds showed lower measures (P<0.05) of the thymus compared to the birds that had not undergone challenge. At day 28, unchallenged birds showed a reduction (P<0.05) in splenic measures in the treatment with the highest level of amino acids. The highest measures were correlated to control birds that were not challenged. At day 21, blood urea levels were increased (P<0.05) for birds fed amino acids supplementation compared to those which received no supplementation. After 28 days, uric acid levels were similar between the two supplemented diets. These results suggest that diet supplementation with amino acids above the recommended levels for growth may be necessary to improve the immune response against an Eimeria and E. coli challenge.

RESUMEN. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la respuesta inmune de pollos de engorde desafiados con Eimeria sp. y E. coli, y suplementados con glutamina, arginina y treonina. Se utilizaron 600 pollos machos de 1 día de edad de la línea comercial Cobb 500. Se usó un diseño completamente al azar en un arreglo factorial 2x3 (con y sin desafío y 3 dietas experimentales). Se utilizó una dieta comercial como control y otras dos dietas fueron formuladas con glutamina (1,5 y 3% Aminogut®), arginina (1 y 2% de L-arginina) y treonina (1 y 2% de L-treonina). A los 28 días, las aves que recibieron el mayor nivel de aminoácidos mostraron niveles más bajos de IgA (P<0,05) comparadas al grupo control, y aumentaron el número de células caliciformes. Una semana después del desafío, las aves desafiadas mostraron medidas más bajas (P<0,05) del timo en comparación con aves no desafiadas. A los 28 días, en aves no desafiadas hubo una reducción (P<0,05) en las medidas esplénicas en el tratamiento con mayor nivel de aminoácidos. Las medidas más altas se correlacionaron con aves control no desafiadas. A los 21 días, los niveles de urea en la sangre aumentaron (P<0,05) en aves que recibieron suplementación de aminoácidos. La suplementación dietética con aminoácidos en las aves desafiadas influyó en el sistema inmunológico, alterando las mediciones morfométricas del bazo y timo, y resultó en una disminución de los niveles de IgA. Igualmente, aumentaron las concentraciones séricas de ácido úrico, urea y también de la enzima hepática AST, independientemente del desafío.

Resumo A cicatrização deficiente representa uma complicação grave em algumas patologias e o uso de extratos de plantas tem demonstrado melhora no processo de reparação tecidual. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial cicatrizante da pomada de Sebastiania hispida comparado ao Laser Indio Phosphide-Gallium-Aluminum (InGaAlP) em feridas cutâneas induzidas cirurgicamente em ratos e realizar analise fitoquímica. A análise fitoquímica foi via clássica e por CLAE. O experimento foi desenvolvido com 80 ratos (200-250 g), divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos (n = 5): G1 (salina); G2 (extrato bruto metanólico 2% + Carbopol Gel 98%); G3 (extrato bruto metanólico 2% + lanolina/vaselina) e G4 (laser). Após a tricotomia da região dorsal realizou uma excisão linear, medindo 2 cm × 1 cm (epiderme e derme), expondo a fáscia muscular. Em sequência os tratamentos e o monitoramento do processo de cicatrização das feridas cirúrgicas ocorreu nos tempos de: 3, 7, 14 e até 21 dias após a excisão. Os parâmetros histológicos avaliados foram: tipos de fibras colágenas, avaliação morfológica e neovascularização. Houve uma deposição significativa de fibras colágenas, evidenciado por um tecido epitelial mais bem organizado, queratinizado e mostrando uma maior proliferação de novos vasos sanguíneos na fase inflamatória do grupo tratado com o extrato e o laser. A eficiência do processo de cicatrização pode estar relacionada com a presença de compostos fenólicos e derivados detectados na análise qualitativa e quantitativa. A utilização do tratamento tópico com as duas formulações diferentes de S. hispida foram mais eficazes do que a aplicação do Laser (InGaAlP) no modelo utilizado.

Abstract Impaired wound healing represents a serious complication in some pathologies and the use of plant extracts has proved to improve tissue repair. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the healing potential of the ointment of Sebastiana hispida compared with Aluminum-Gallium Indium-Phosphide Laser (InGaAlP) in surgically induced wounds in rats and to perform the phytochemical analysis. The phytochemical analysis was performed in the classic way and also by HPLC. A controlled study was developed with 80 rats (200-250 g) in which a linear excision was performed in the dorsal region after shaving, measuring 2 cm × 1 cm (epidermis and dermis) exposing the muscle fascia. The rats were randomly divided into four groups of twenty animals each. The experimental groups (n = 5) were G1 (Saline); G2 (crude methanol plant extract 2% + Carbopol Gel 98%); G3 (crude methanol plant extract 2% + lanolin/vaseline) and G4 (laser). The incision healing processes were monitored during 3, 7, 14 and until 21 days after excision. The histologic parameters evaluated were Collagen fiber types, microscopic examination and neovascularization. There was a significant increase in the deposition of collagen fibers, as evidenced by a better organized epithelial tissue, keratinized and showing greater proliferation of new blood vessels in the inflammatory phase in the group treated with both the extract and laser. The results were correlated to the phenolic derivatives found after qualitative and quantitative analysis. These compounds were considered responsible for the healing process. The topical treatment with S. hispida leaves, in the two different formulations, was more effective than the application of the laser (Ingan ALP) 660 nm in the model used.

RESUMO Este trabalho foi concebido com os objetivos de determinar matematicamente os pontos de mudança da forma do fuste (pmf), o número de mudanças na forma geométrica, ajustar e comparar modelos matemáticos para estimar os diâmetros ao longo do fuste de Pinus taeda L. Os dados foram amostrados em árvores que cresceram em povoamento implantado em espaçamento de 2,50 x 2,50 m e manejado com dois desbastes, aos 9 e 14 anos, e corte final aos 30 anos pertencentes à Klabin S.A., em Telêmaco Borba, estado do Paraná. Quarenta árvores das classes médias e dominantes foram abatidas e cubadas pelo Método de Smalian, nas posições fixas de 0,10 m; 0,30 m; 0,80 m; 1,30 m; e após em comprimentos de 1 em 1 m, até a altura total. Na parte relativa à copa, os pontos de medição foram deslocados para os entrenós e a seguir foram retiradas fatias para análise de tronco, resultando, quando considerada a idade, em conjunto de dados relativos a 649 árvores com idades entre 8 a 30 anos, das quais foram selecionadas aleatoriamente, 50 árvores em cada classe de pmf para modelagem. As árvores foram agrupadas segundo os pmf de acordo com as quantidades de pontos definidos pela segunda derivada do polinômio do 5° ajustado para cada árvore. Com base nas estatísticas de ajuste e precisão na análise gráfica dos resíduos, nas estatísticas viés (v), média das diferenças (md) e desvio padrão das diferenças (dpd) foi selecionado o Polinômio de quinto grau para estimar os diâmetros em alturas relativas do tronco e, alternativamente, o modelo de Garay, seguido do modelo de Max e Burkhart com dois ou modificado para um segmento conforme o número de pmf definidos na derivada.

ABSTRACT This work was planned to describe the change point of stem taper (pmf), the number of geometric change points, adjust and compare mathematical models to predict diameters along of stem of Pinus taeda L. The data sampled were measured on trees growing in stands implanted with spacement of 2,50 x 2,50m, thinned at 9 and 14 years and final cut at 30 years old, from Klabin S.A., Telêmaco Borba, Paraná state, Brazil. Fourty trees between the average and dominant trees were cut and measured with Smalian method at the positions 0,10m; 0,30m; 0,80m; 1,30m; and from them at each 1m to the top. At crown part the measured point were moved among knot. After that, at each measured point, slices to stem analysis were cut. If considered the age, a group of 649 trees between 8 to 30 years old resulted of the analysis. From this group, 50 trees were selected at random of each pmf class to modeling. The trees were grouped in pmf by the number of change point of stem shape defined by the second derivative of the polynomial 5th. Degree 5th grad Polinon adjusted for each tree. The statistics of adjustment and precision, residuals graphics, bias (v), average difference (md), and difference of standard deviation (dpd) showed as better model the polynomial 5th. degree to predict the diameter at relative height of stem, and alternatively the Garay model and the Max-Burkhart with two segments or modify to one segment according to the number of pmf calculated by the derivative.

RESUMO Considerando os diferentes usos etnofarmacológicos apresentados pela planta Luehea divaricata, realizou-se este estudo com o objetivo de avaliar as atividades antinociceptiva e antinflamatória do extrato etanólico de suas folhas, em modelo animal, nas dosagens de 20, 40, 80 e 160 mg/Kg, por via oral. Foram realizados os seguintes testes: contorções abdominais induzidas pelo acido acético, placa quente, formalina e edema de pata induzido por carragenina. Foram utilizados camundongos Swiss (20-25 g) para os três primeiros testes e ratos Wistar (180-250 g), para o último, divididos em seis grupos de oito animais, totalizando 48 animais em cada parâmetro de avaliação. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente pela análise de variância a 5% de probabilidade, para verificar quais os tratamentos que diferiram entre si, e estes foram submetidos aos testes de Kruskall-Wallis e Student-Newman-Keuls. O extrato etanólico das folhas de L. divaricata (EEtOH-Ld), nas diferentes doses estudadas, apresentou significativa atividade antinociceptiva sobre a dor induzida quimicamente por injeções intraperitoneal de acido acético e intraplantar de formalina. Na dosagem de 160 mg/Kg, esse extrato apresentou ação analgésica central, aos 120 minutos de observação, no teste de placa quente e reduziu o edema de pata induzido pela administração de carragenina, uma hora após a administração do agente inflamatório, semelhante ao efeito produzido pelo fármaco padrão.

ABSTRACT Considering the different ethnopharmacological uses submitted by the plant Luehea divaricata, this study took place in order to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanol extract of the leaves in an animal model, the dosages of 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg by oral intake. The following tests were performed: writhing induced by acetic acid, hot plate, formalin, and paw edema induced by carrageenan. Swiss mice (20-25 g) were used for the first three tests and Wistar rats (180-250 g) for the last, divided into six groups, each of eight animals, totaling 48 animals for each assessment parameter. The results were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance at 5% probability to verify which treatments differ, and these were tested by Kruskal-Wallis and Student-Newman-Keuls. The ethanol extract of L. divaricataleaves (EEtOH-Ld) at the different studied doses showed significant antinociceptive activity on chemically induced pain by intraperitoneal injections of acetic acid and intraplantar formalin. At a dosage of 160 mg/kg, this extract showed a central analgesic action after 120 minutes of observation in the hot plate test and reduced action in the paw edema induced by carrageenan one hour after the administration of the inflammatory agent, similar to the effect produced by the standard drug.

Abstract Several mechanical properties can be affected by the occurrence of residual stresses due to curing, and their effects are more pronounced in laminated composites. The effect of the thermal residual stresses on the buckling and post-buckling properties of perimetrally reinforced laminated composites is experimentally characterized. Carbon/epoxy laminates were prepared using two different techniques. One group of laminates was prepared by co-curing the reinforcement at 177 °C. The second group of laminates was prepared by secondary bonding of the reinforcement to the laminate at room temperature (22°C). Topogrammetry equipment was utilized in order to determine the buckling and post-buckling properties of these two groups of laminates. A numerical model was achieved using commercial software for comparison with the experimental results. Suitable accuracy was observed when comparing experimental and numerical results. The co-cured laminates developed considerably higher critical load for buckling values than those obtained for laminates produced with secondary bonding at room temperature. The experimental and numerical results of this study demonstrate the importance of curing-induced thermal residual stresses on the mechanical behavior of laminate composites.

The herbaceous shrub Tetradenia riparia has been traditionally used to treat inflammatory and infectious diseases. Recently, a study showed that T. riparia essential oil (TrEO) obtained in summer has antileishmanial effects, although these results could be influenced by seasonal variation. This study evaluated the activity of the TrEO obtained in different seasons against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, in vitro and in vivo. The compounds in the TrEO were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; terpenoids were present and oxygenated sesquiterpenes were the majority compounds (55.28%). The cytotoxicity and nitric oxide (NO) production were also tested after TrEO treatment. The TrEO from all seasons showed a 50% growth inhibitory concentration for promastigotes of about 15 ng/mL; at 30 ng/mL and 3 ng/mL, the TrEO reduced intracellular amastigote infection, independently of season. The TrEO from plants harvested in summer had the highest 50% cytotoxic concentration, 1,476 ng/mL for J774.A1 macrophages, and in spring (90.94 ng/mL) for murine macrophages. NO production did not change in samples of the TrEO from different seasons. The antileishmanial effect in vivo consisted of a reduction of the parasite load in the spleen. These results suggest that the TrEO has potential effects on L. (L.) amazonensis, consonant with its traditional use to treat parasitic diseases.

A pirohidrólise foi utilizada no preparo de amostras de carbeto de silício (SiC) para posterior determinação de B usando espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES) e espectrometria de massa com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS). Parâmetros importantes como temperatura, fluxo de água e ar, tempo de reação e uso de V2O5 foram avaliados. Adicionalmente, foi avaliada a interferência de W sobre as linhas de emissão de B durante as determinações por ICP-OES. A exatidão foi avaliada usando material de referência certificado (CRM BAM S003) e valor de bias inferior a 1% foi encontrado entre os valores de referência e obtido experimentalmente. Limite de detecção (LOD) de 0,010 μg g−1 foi obtido usando pirohidrólise e determinação por ICP-MS. A pirohidrólise é um método de preparo de amostras simples que permitiu a utilização de água deionizada como solução absorvedora para a determinação de B em SiC.

Pyrohydrolysis was used for sample preparation of silicon carbide (SiC) and subsequent determination of B using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Important parameters for pyrohydrolysis method as temperature, air and water flow rates, reaction time and use of V2O5 were evaluated. In addition, a study of W spectral interference on B emission lines was evaluated for ICP-OES determination. Accuracy was evaluated using certified reference material (CRM BAM S003) and bias value lower than 1% between the certified and determined value was achieved. Limit of detection (LOD) of 0.010 μg g−1 was obtained using pyrohydrolysis and ICP-MS. Pyrohydrolysis is a very simple sample preparation method that allowed the use of deionized water as absorbing solution for B determination in SiC.