ABSTRACT Objective: We aimed to research that naringin whether protects from renal ischemia/reperfusion induced renal damage in rats. Methods: Twenty-four Wistar albino female rats randomly were divided into three groups: 1) control group, in which the rats were only performed right nephrectomy; 2) a second group received right nephrectomy and left kidney ischemia (1 h) and reperfusion (24 h) group ischemia/reperfusion (I/R); 3) a third group received 50 mg/kg naringin orally once a day for two weeks before ischemia/reperfusion (I/R/N). Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 associated x protein (Bax), serum creatinine (Cr), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Naringin-treated rats that performed renal ischemia/reperfusion demonstrated significant decrease in Cr, IL-6 and TNF-α levels when compared to the only renal ischemia/reperfusion performed rats. While renal ischemia/reperfusion caused a decrease of bcl-2 (1.72 ± 0.20 pg/ml) levels, while an increase of COX-2 (11882 ± 642 pg/ml), cPLA2 (2448 ± 139 pg/ml), iNOS (4331 ± 438 IU/ml), cleaved caspase-3 (7.33 ± 0.76 ng/ml) and Bax (2.33 ± 0.44 ng/ml) levels. The treatment of naringin reversed these kidney effects (7.47 ± 60.35 pg/ml; 9299 ± 327 pg/ml; 2001 ± 78 pg/ml; 3112 ± 220 IU/ml; 3.38 ± 0.54 ng/ml; 2.33 ± 0.44 ng/ml, respectively) (p <0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that naringin treatment attenuated renal damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion in rats.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo fue investigar si la naringina protege del daño en los riñones provocado por isquemia-reperfusión renal en ratas. Material y métodos: De forma aleatoria, dividimos 24 ratas albinas Wistar hembras en tres grupos: 1) grupo control, en el que solo se les realizó a las ratas una nefrectomía derecha; 2) un segundo grupo isquemia-reperfusión, con nefrectomía derecha e isquemia de riñón izquierdo (1 h) y reperfusión (24 h); 3) un tercer grupo al que se le administró 50 mg/kg de naringina por vía oral una vez al día durante dos semanas antes de la isquemia-reperfusión. Por medio de un ensayo inmunoabsorbente ligado a enzimas (ELISA), se midieron las siguientes expresiones: ciclooxigenasa-2 (COX-2), fosfolipasa citosólica A2 (cPLA2), óxido nítrico sintetasa inducible (ONSi), caspasa-3, linfoma de células B2 (Bcl-2), proteína X asociada a Bcl-2 (Bax), creatinina sérica (Cr), factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (FNT-α) e interleucina 6 (IL-6). Resultados: Las ratas tratadas con naringina por isquemia-reperfusión renal mostraron un descenso significativo en los niveles de Cr, IL-6 y FNT-α en comparación con las ratas a las que se les indujo isquemia-reperfusión renal pero que no se les suministró naringina. La isquemia-reperfusión renal provocó un descenso de los niveles de Bcl-2 (1,72 ± 0,20 pg/ml) y un ascenso en los niveles de COX-2 (11882 ± 642 pg/ml), cPLA2 (2448 ± 139 pg/ml), ONSi (4331 ± 438 UI/ml), caspasa-3 escindida (7,33 ± 0,76 ng/ml) y Bax (2,33 ± 0.,44 ng/ml). El tratamiento con naringina diminuyó estos efectos en el riñón (7,47 ± 60,35 pg/ml; 9299 ± 327 pg/ml; 2001 ± 78 pg/ml; 3112 ± 220 UI/ml; 3.38 ± 0.54 ng/ml; 2.33 ± 0,44 ng/ml, respectivamente) (p <0,05). Conclusión: En este estudio se demostró que el tratamiento con naringina atenuó el daño renal producido por isquemia-reperfusión en ratas.

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar resultados da injeção de bupivacaína para o tratamento do estrabismo comitante horizontal e avaliar sua eficácia clínica e as alterações radiológicas associadas. Métodos: Este estudo clínico observacional prospectivo foi realizado em 10 pacientes com estrabismo comitante horizontal de até 40 dioptrias de prisma. Exames oftalmológicos e ressonância magnética orbital tridimensional foram realizados pré e pós-injeção (no primeiro, terceiro e 12º mês). A 4,5 mL de bupivacaína a 0,5% foi injetado no músculo extraocular sob anestesia tópica usando eletromiografia em todos os pacientes. Resultados: O tempo médio de acompanhamento pós-injeção de bupivacaína e o desvio médio na posição primária foram de 17 ± 2 meses e 21,3 dioptrias de prisma, respectivamente. As alterações médias no alinhamento ocular, aumento da área da secção transversal no músculo injetado e aumento volumátrico foram de 7,7 PD, 12% e 17% no primeiro ano pós-injeção, respectivamente. Nenhuma complicação grave ou persistente foi observada. Ptose e midríase foram observadas após a injeção devido ao efeito anestésico da bupivacaína, mas desapareceram dentro de duas horas após a injeção. Conclusões: A injeção de bupivacaína melhorou o alinhamento dos olhos no estrabismo comitante horizontal de pequeno ângulo, efetivamente diagnosticado com ressonância magnética orbital para avaliar as alterações volumétricas dos músculos extraoculares. Outros estudos clínicos, com maior número de pacientes devem ser realizados para definir dosagens, concentração, método de aplicação e a relação dose-resposta.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To report the outcomes of bupivacaine injection for the treatment of comitant horizontal strabismus and evaluate clinical effectiveness and associated radiological changes. Methods: This prospective observational clinical study was conducted on 10 patients with comitant horizontal strabismus of up to 40 prism diopters. Ophthalmologic examinations and three-dimensional orbital magnetic resonance imaging were performed pre and post-injection (at first, third, and 12th months). A 4.5 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine was injected into the extraocular muscle under topical anesthesia using an electromyography in all patients. Results: The mean follow-up time at post bupivacaine injection and mean deviation at primary position were was 17 ± 2 months and 21.3 prism diopters, respectively. The mean changes in ocular alignment, enlargement of the cross-sectional area in the injected muscle, and volumetric enlargement were 7.7 PD, 12%, and 17% at the first year post-injection, respectively. No severe or persistent complication was observed. Ptosis and mydriasis were noted post-injection due to the anesthetic effects of bupivacaine but disappeared within 2 h post-injection. Conclusions: Bupivacaine injection improved eye alignment in small-angle horizontal comitant strabismus, effectively diagnosed with orbital magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate volumetric changes of the extraocular muscles. Further clinical studies with larger numbers of patients should be performed to define optimal dosages, concentration, and application method and dose-response relationship.

Abstract This research is focused on the effect of porosity on the friction-wear properties of automotive brake pads. Waste Tire Dust (WTD) was used as a new friction material in brake pads. Newly formulated brake pad materials with five different components have been produced by conventional techniques. In the experimental studies, the change of the friction coefficient, the temperature of the friction surface, the specific wear rate, and the hardness, density and porosity were measured. In addition, the micro-structural characterizations of brake pads are determined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The mean coefficient of friction, porosity and specific wear are increased due to a WTD rate increases, on the other hand, hardness and density are decreased. As a result, WTD can be considered as an alternative to revalorize this kind of waste products in the brake pads and the amount of porosity of the brake pad affected the friction coefficient and wear behavior of the pad.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of platelet rich fibrin (PRF) and beta tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), alone or in combination, on bone regeneration in pig tibial defects.METHODS: Four standardized defects were prepared in both tibias of three adult male pigs. The first defect was left unfilled as a control; the others were grafted with either PRF, β-TCP or PRF mixed with β-TCP. All animals were sacrificed on the 12th postoperative week and the tibial bones were removed, histologic sections were prepared and the experimental sites were examined microscopically and stereologically.RESULTS: Histologic and stereologic examination revealed more new bone formation in the defects filled with PRF mixed β-TCP than in the defects grafted with either β-TCP or PRF alone.CONCLUSION: The platelet rich fibrin and beta tricalcium phosphate combination effectively induces new bone formation.

Nematóides causadores de galhas (Meloidogyne spp.) em raízes de pepino Cucumis sativus L.) são de ocorrência mundial. Marcadores moleculares ligados ao gene mj que confere resistência a M. javanica em pepino podem auxiliar na seleção de plantas em programas de melhoramento genético. Cem AFLP (EcoRI-MseI) e 112 SRAP foram usados para a seleção de parentais resistentes e susceptíveis, por meio de polimorfismos, para o desenvolvimento de marcadores moleculares ligados ao gene mj. Entre 100 oligonucleotídeos iniciadores para AFLP, 92 geraram fragmentos amplificados de DNA e dois produziram candidatos a marcadores (E-ATT/M-CAA e E-AAC/M-CTG). Os dois fragmentos amplificados foram clonados e seqüenciados. Oligonucleotídeos iniciadores sintetizados a partir das seqüências de nucleotídeos obtidas não produziram fragmentos polimórficos entre os parentais. Além disso, as seqüências de nucleotídeos não contêm sítios de restrições ou deleções que possam ser convertidos em marcadores CAPS ou SCAR. As duas seqüências de nucleotídeos obtidas para os marcadores polimórficos AFLP foram usadas primeiramente para sintetizar os oligonucleotídeos iniciadores específicos D1F, D1R, D17F e D17R. Oligonucleotídeos iniciadores senso e antisenso para SRAP foram usados em combinações com os quatro oligonucleotídeos iniciadores específicos para identificação de polimorfismos entre os parentais. Dentre 112 combinações testadas, 11 geraram polimorfismos entre indivíduos parentais. O programa MapMaker Exp 3.0 foi usado para análise desses 11 marcadores. Foram identificados dois marcadores inseridos no gene mj nas distancias de 16.3 e 19.3 cM. Os resultados indicam que esses marcadores podem ser usados para o desenvolvimento de marcadores moleculares para o gene mj.

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are an important worldwide pest of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Molecular markers linked to the Javanese root-knot nematode (M. javanica) resistance gene mj in cucumber may aid marker assisted selection. One-hundred AFLP (EcoRI-MseI) and 112 SRAP were used to screen resistant and susceptible parents for polymorphisms to develop molecular markers linked to the mj gene. Of the 100 AFLP primers, 92 produced bands and two yielded candidate markers (E-ATT/M-CAA and E-AAC/M-CTG). These two bands were cut off from polyacrylamide gel, cloned and sequenced. Primers designed from the sequences did not yield polymorphic bands between the parents. In addition, the sequences did not contain any restriction site or indel to be used to convert them to CAPS or SCAR markers. The two sequences obtained from polymorphic AFLP markers were used primarily to design D1F, D1R, D17F and D17R primers. SRAP forward and reverse primers were used in combination with these four specific primers to search for polymorphisms between parents. Of the 112 primer combinations 11 yielded polymorphisms between parents. MapMaker Exp 3.0 software was used to analyze the 11 markers. Two markers were identified that flanked the mj gene at distance of 16.3 and 19.3 cM. The results indicated that these markers should be useful to develop molecular markers flanking the mj gene.