Abstract Despite the large number of published studies about oral candidiasis and associated risk factors, reports of large single-center retrospective studies on the prevalence of oral candidiasis, risk factors, and the oral candidiasis types diagnosed more frequently in oral diagnostic reference centers are scarce. The objective of the present study was to retrospectively survey the demographic and clinical profiles of 1,534 patients diagnosed with candidiasis and treated at the Center for Diagnosis of Oral Diseases (CDOD), Pelotas Dental School, Federal University of Pelotas between 1997 and 2014. Using a retrospective, cross-sectional, epidemiological design, data on race, gender, age, systemic diseases, oral candidiasis type and location, symptoms, and harmful habits such as smoking and alcohol consumption were collected. The statistical analysis was performed using STATA version 13.1. Risk factors for chronic atrophic candidiasis (CAC) were evaluated using Poisson regression with robust variance (p ≤ 0.05). The majority of patients with oral candidiasis seen at the CDOD over the 18-year period of analysis were Caucasian women, aged 51–60 years, nonsmokers, and nondrinkers, with no systemic disease, and who wore some form of dental prostheses. CAC was the single most common clinical type of candidiasis detected, and the most frequently affected oral site was the palate. These data from a large single-center in Brazil agree with previous evidence about the clinical and demographic profiles of patients with oral candidiasis.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar os componentes químicos majoritários do óleo essencial de Cuminum cyminum L. (comino) e dos óleos fixos de Bertholletia excelsa (castanha do Brasil) e de Helianthus annuus (semente de girassol). Assim como testar os três óleos e três diferentes acaricidas comerciais sintéticos contra fêmeas ingurgitadas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, para explorar sua eficácia acaricida. Seis concentrações dos óleos (200, 100, 50, 25, 12,5 and 6,25 mg/mL) e os princípios ativos foram avaliados por meio do Teste de Imersão de Adultas (AIT). Os dois componentes químicos majoritários de C. cyminum L. foram o cuminaldeído e o y-terpineno. Nos óleos de B. excelsa e H. annuus os componentes majoritários foram o ácido n linoleico e oleico, respectivamente. C. cyminum L. mostrou alta atividade acaricida (100%) sobre as fêmeas ingurgitadas e suas caraterísticas reprodutivas, a partir da concentração 100 mg/mL., tornando-se uma fonte alternativa para controlar o carrapato do gado. No entanto sao necessários estudos adicionais, a serem conduzidos in vivo. B. excelsa e H. annuus tiveram baixa atividade acaricida (39,39% e 58,75% na concentração de 200 mg/mL respectivamente), não obstante apresentaram maior efeito que a amidina e o piretroide (35,12% e 1,50% respetivamente). Pode-se concluir que o óleo de C. cyminum pode ser uma alternativa fitoterápica para o controle do carrapato do gado.

Abstract The objective of this study was to identify the main chemical components of the essential oil of Cuminum cyminum L. (cumin) and of the fixed oils of Bertholletia excelsa (Brazil nut) and of Helianthus annuus (sunflower seed). As well as testing the three oils and three different commercial synthetic acaricides against engorged females of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in order to explore their acaricidal efficacy. Six different concentrations of the oils (200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 mg/mL) and the active principles were evaluated with the Adult Immersion Test (AIT). The two main chemicals components of C. cyminum L. were the cuminaldehyde and the γ-terpinene. In both B. excelsa and H. annuus were the linoleic and oleic acid. C. cyminum L. showed high acaricidal activity (100%) over the engorged females and on their reproductive characteristat from the concentration of 100 mg/mL. B. excelsa and H. annuus had low acaricidal activity (39.39% and 58.75% in the concentration of 200 mg/mL respectively). The amidine and the pyrethroid (35.12% and 1.50% respectively). It can be concluded that the oil of C. cyminum L. may be a phytoterapic alternative for the cattle's tick control.

A identificação das espécies de fungos pertencentes à microbiota saudável em animais é pré-condição para o reconhecimento dos processos patológicos causados por esses. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a presença de fungos potencialmente patogênicos nas fezes de aves selvagens coletadas em Centros de Triagem. Foram coletadas amostras de fezes de 50 gaiolas com diferentes espécies de aves. As amostras foram processadas de acordo com o método modificado STAIB e as placas foram incubadas a 32 °C por até dez dias, com observações diárias para detecção do crescimento dos fungos. Observamos o isolamento de espécies: Malassezia pachydermatis, Candida albicans, C. famata, C. guilliermondii, C. sphaerica, C. globosa, C. catenulata, C. ciferri, C. intermedia, Cryptococcus laurentii, Trichosporon asahii, Geotrichum klebahnii, Aspergillus spp., A. niger e Penicillium spp. Conhecendo o caráter de alguns fungos oportunistas resalta-se a importância para identificá-los, facilitando a adoção de medidas preventivas, como a limpeza adequada das gaiolas, uma vez que a acumulação de excrementos pode indicar um risco tanto para os profissionais de saúde e centros de triagem de saúde pública.

The identification of the fungal species belonging to the healthy microflora in animals is a precondition for the recognition of pathological processes causing them. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of potentially pathogenic fungi in the feces of wild birds collected in Screening Centers. Samples were collected from the feces of 50 cages with different species of birds. The samples were processed according to the modified method STAIB and the plates incubated at 32 °C for up to ten days with daily observation for detection of fungal growth. The isolation of the following species was observed: Malassezia pachydermatis, Candida albicans, C. famata, C. guilliermondii, C. sphaerica, C. globosa, C. catenulata, C. ciferri, C. intermedia, Cryptococcus laurentii, Trichosporon asahii, Geotrichum klebahnii, Aspergillus spp., A. niger and Penicillium spp. Knowing the character of some opportunistic fungi is important in identifying them, facilitating the adoption of preventive measures, such as proper cleaning of cages, since the accumulation of excreta may indicate a risk for both health professionals and centers for screening public health.

Ear infections in cats are uncommon, especially involving yeasts. This report describes the first isolation of the Stephanoascus ciferrii, teleomorph of the Candida genus, in a case of feline otitis in Brazil. The identification and characterization of Stephanoascus ciferrii were confirmed by the Vitek2 System (BioMerieux ®).

The aim of this study was detect the presence of dermatophyte fungi on wild felids from screening centers. Samples were taken from 30 animals, assembled in two groups: "free-ranging" and "transitory captivity". The dermatophytes (Trichophyton genus), isolated from two felids (6.6%), both of the group "free-ranging".

The oral microbiota of humans and animals is made up of a wide variety of yeasts and bacteria, but microbiota of dogs is not totally described. Although such identification is an important step to establish the etiopathogenesis and adequate therapy for the periodontal disease The aim of this study was to evaluate and correlate oral alterations with the presence of yeasts in oral cavity of female dogs. After clinical evaluation samples from healthy and from dogs with oral diseases were obtained from three different oral sites by swabs, curettes, millimeter periodontal probes and HA membrane tip in cellulose ester. Yeast identification was performed through macroscopic and microscopic colony features and biochemical tests. Dental calculus was the most prevalent occurrence in the oral cavity of 59 females. However, the isolation of yeasts was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in animals suffering from halitosis. Eleven yeast species were identified, namely: Malassezia pachydermatis, Rhodotorula spp., Candida albicans, C. catenulata, C. famata, C. guilliermondii, C. parapsilosis, C. intermedia, Trichosporon asahii, T. mucoides and Cryptococcus albidus. It could be concluded that the yeasts are part of the microbiota from the different sites of the oral cavity of the female canines studied without causing any significant alterations except halitosis.

INTRODUÇÃO: O Cryptococcus neoformans é uma levedura capsulada, agente etiológico da criptococose em humanos e animais, encontrado em fontes ambientais, incluindo excretas de pombos, é uma importante causa de mortalidade em indivíduos imunodeprimidos em todo o mundo. MÉTODOS: Com o objetivo de verificar a ocorrência do Cryptococcus neoformans, em excretas de pombos, na Cidade de Pelotas, pesquisou-se 70 ambientes, incluindo prédios, praças e locais ao ar livre, da Cidade de Pelotas, RS. Após a coleta, os excrementos foram adicionados de salina com cloranfenicol, homogeneizados, semeados em ágar Sabouraud com cloranfenicol e ágar Níger e incubados a 32ºC. Para identificação, realizou-se exame direto, prova da fenoloxidase, urease, assimilação de carboidratos e cultura em meio CGB. RESULTADOS: Dos locais estudados (nº =70), em 26 (37,1%) havia excretas de pombos. Estes lugares foram representados por prédios históricos (nº =8), torre de igreja (nº =1), engenhos e armazéns de arroz (nº =7), praça (nº =1) e locais ao ar livre (nº =9), o isolamento de Cryptococcus neoformans ocorreu em 26,9% (nº =7/26), destes locais. CONCLUSÕES: O estudo chama a atenção, para o isolamento do fungo em áreas urbanas, que apresentavam grande acúmulo de excretas, indicando um risco para a saúde pública, especialmente para indivíduos imunocomprometidos.

INTRODUCTION: Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast and is the etiological agent for human and animal cryptococcosis. It is found in sources within the environment, including pigeon excrement, and is an important cause of mortality among immunocompromised individuals worldwide. METHODS: Seventy different environments in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, were surveyed for the purpose of investigating Cryptococcus neoformans occurrences in pigeon excreta. The environments included buildings, public squares and outdoor locations in the city. After collection, chloramphenicol saline solution was added to the excreta, which were then homogenized and seeded onto Sabouraud agar with chloramphenicol and onto Niger agar, and incubated at 32°C. Identification was performed by direct examination and by means of the phenoloxidase and urease tests, carbohydrate assimilation and culturing in CGB medium. RESULTS: Out of the sites investigated (n = 70), 26 (37.1%) of them contained pigeon excreta. These included historical buildings (n = 8), a church tower (n = 1), rice mills and warehouses (n = 7), a public square (n = 1) and outdoor locations (n = 9). Cryptococcus neoformans was isolated from 26.9% (n = 7/26) of these locations. CONCLUSIONS: This study draws attention to isolation of this fungus in urban areas that present large accumulations of pigeon excrement. This represents a risk to public health, especially for immunocompromised individuals.

Tiabendazol, um fármaco classificado como antiparasitário e também usado como antifúngico, pode ser encontrado como solução otologica indicada no tratamento da otite externa parasitária e fungica em pequenos animais. Malassezia pachydermatis é uma levedura considerada habitante normal da pele e das mucosas de cães e gatos. Entretanto, considera-se um agente do oportunista causador de otite externa e dermatite nestes animais. A finalidade deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito in vitro do tiabendazol frente a 51 amostras de M. pachydermatis através do método CLSI de Microdiluição em Caldo adaptado para esta espécie de levedura (NCCLS, 2002). Baseado neste teste calculou-se as Concentrações Inibitórias Mínimas (CIM) do tiabendazol e, subseqüentemente, foi detectada a suscetibilidade de cada amostra frente a este antifungico. Observou-se que a CIM do tiabendazol frente a M. pachydermatis variou de 0,03 a > 4 μg/mL. Estas amostras foram classificadas em resistente (13,7%), sensibilidade intermediária (47,1%) e sensível (39,2%). A resistência da levedura frente ao tiabendazol mostrou similaridade com resultados anteriormente observados com outros antifúngicos e a adaptação da técnica de Microdiluição em Caldo utilizada mostrou-se eficiente.

Thiabendazole, classified as antiparasitic and also used as an antifungal drug, can be found as otological solution indicated for treatment of parasitic and fungal external otitis in small animals. Malassezia pachydermatis is a yeast recognized as a normal inhabitant on the skin and mucous membranes of dogs and cats. However, it is considered an opportunistic agent that causes external otitis and dermatitis in these animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of thiabendazole against 51 isolates of M. pachydermatis using the CLSI Broth Microdilution method that has been adapted for this yeast species (NCCLS, 2002). Based on this test, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of thiabendazol was calculated. Subsequently, the susceptibility of each isolate against this antifungal was determined. It was observed that the MIC of thiabendazole against M. pachydermatis ranged from 0.03 to > 4 μg/mL. A total of 13.7% of the isolates were found to be resistant, 47.1% were intermediate and 39.2% were sensitive to the drug. The rate of resistance of the yeasts against thiabendazole was similar to the results previously obtained with other antifungals, while the adapted broth microdilution technique used in this study proved to be efficient.

Levando em consideração a importância do itraconazol e da terbinafina na terapia antifúngica, o estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de altas doses de itraconazol (100 mg/kg) e terbinafina (250 mg/kg) em ratos albinos wistar através das análises das enzimas hepáticas (ALT e ALP), hemograma completo e estudo histopatológico de diferentes órgãos. Os fármacos foram administrados pela via oral, uma vez ao dia, por um período de 30 dias, quando foi coletado sangue e realizado a necrópsia dos animais experimentais. Os valores detectados das enzimas hepáticas e do hemograma foram compatíveis aos índices fisiológicos para a espécie estudada não sendo observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos experimentais. A histopatologia não revelou nenhuma anormalidade, porém 25% dos animas tratados com terbinafina morreram imediatamente após a administração do fármaco. Com esses resultados concluiu-se que as doses administradas dos fármacos não alteraram as enzimas hepáticas avaliadas, assim como o hemograma, sendo, no entanto, necessários mais estudos que possibilitem considerar doses elevadas da terbinafina e itraconazol como alternativa terapêutica viável para o tratamento de micoses sistêmicas.

Taking into account the importance of the itraconazole and terbinafine in the antifungal therapy, the study has as objective evaluate the effects of high itraconazole doses (100 mg/kg) and terbinafine (250 mg/kg) in rats albino Wistar through the analyses of the hepatic enzymes (ALT and ALP), complete blood count and histopathologic study of different organs. The drugs were administered orally once a day, for a period of 30 days, when blood was collected and accomplished the necropsy of the experimental animals. The detected values of the hepatic enzymes and of the blood count were compatible to the physiologic indexes for the studied species with no statistical differences among the experimental groups. The histopathologic exam did not reveal any abnormality, however 25% of the treated with terbinafine died immediately after the administration of the drug. With those results we concluded that the administered doses of the drugs did not alter the appraised hepatic enzymes, as well as the blood count. However, more studies are needed to consider high doses of the terbinafine and itraconazole as viable treatment alternative for systemic mycosis.

O estudo objetiva determinar a atividade in vitro da terbinafina e itraconazol através da técnica de microdiluição em caldo (NCCLSM27-A2) adaptado para um fungo dimórfico frente a 12 isolados de Sporothrix schenckii, sendo seis de esporotricose felina, três de esporotricose humana, um isolado de cão e dois isolados humanos provenientes do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC). O inóculo e as concentrações antifúngicas foram distribuídas em microplacas, as quais foram incubadas a 35°C por cinco dias, quando foi realizada a leitura da concentração inibitória mínima. A concentração inibitória mínima para a terbinafina variou de 0,055µg/ml a 0,109µg/ml e para o itraconazol de 0,219µg/ml a 1,75µg/ml, sendo que para ambos os fármacos as CIMs entre os isolados do IOC foi de 0,875µg/ml. O estudo demonstrou uma alta suscetibilidade do Sporothrix schenckii frente à terbinafina, necessitando mais estudos que correlacionem os testes in vitro frente ao fármaco com a resposta clínica em pacientes com esporotricose.

The study objective was to determine the in vitro activity of terbinafine and itraconazole through the microdilution technique in broth (NCCLSM27-A2), adapted for dimorphic fungus, in relation to 12 isolates of Sporothrix schenckii. Six were from feline sporotrichosis, three from human sporotrichosis, one from a dog and two from human isolates originating from Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. The inoculum and antifungal concentrates were distributed on microplates that were incubated at 35°C for five days. Minimum inhibitory concentration readings were made at the end of this period. The MIC for terbinafine ranged from 0.055µg/ml to 0.109µg/ml, and the MIC for itraconazole ranged from 0.219µg/ml to 1.75µg/ml. For both drugs, the MIC from the isolates from IOC was 0.875µg/ml. The present study demonstrates the high susceptibility of Sporothrix schenckii to terbinafine. Further studies to correlate the in vitro susceptibility tests with the clinical response of patients with sporotrichosis are needed.

Um número elevado de casos de esporotricose em gatos foi diagnosticado na cidade de Rio Grande/RS/Brasil, e na maioria dos animais, a doença ocorreu após inoculação do fungo a partir de arranhões. Nesse estudo, avaliou-se a freqüência de Sporothrix schenckii nas unhas de gatos saudáveis que conviviam com gatos com esporotricose. O isolamento do fungo foi realizado a partir da impressão das unhas dos membros torácico direito e esquerdo, de 24 gatos (48 patas), diretamente em placas de Petri com Agar Mycobiotic sem lavagem prévia das unhas. S. schenckii foi isolado de sete gatos (29,1%). O procedimento adotado para o isolamento do fungo foi mais simples que os procedimentos que requerem sedação e corte das unhas do animal.

Many cases of sporotrichosis in cats were diagnosed in the town of Rio Grande, RS, Brazil, caused mainly by inoculation due to scratches. In this work, we evaluated the frequency of Sporothrix schenckii in the nails of healthy cats living together with cats showing clinical sporotrichosis. The isolation of the fungus was carried out pressing unwashed nails of the forelimbs of 24 cats (48 paws) directly onto the surface of Mycobiotic Agar in Petri dishes. S. schenckii was isolated from seven (29.1%) cats. The procedure for isolation of the fungus was simpler than methods that require sedation and cuts of the nails.

As leveduras são organismos comensais da pele, trato genital e gastrointestinal, e de outras mucosas de mamíferos. O gênero Candida vem sendo isolado freqüentemente de animais domésticos e silvestres. O isolamento de Candida spp da mucosa vaginal de mulheres é freqüente, porém na espécie canina são escassos os estudos referentes à microbiota fúngica vaginal, especialmente do gênero candida, não se tendo conhecimento de sua relação com o ciclo reprodutivo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo isolar leveduras do gênero Candida em fêmeas caninas hígidas e identificar as espécies isoladas, relacionando-as com as diferentes fases do ciclo estral. Foram analisadas 224 amostras obtidas da mucosa vaginal de 14 fêmeas caninas. Candida spp foi observada em 83 (37%) amostras, destas, nove (42,9%) foram obtidas no proestro, 14 (43,8%) no estro, 31 (62%) no diestro, 24 (21,1%) no anestro e cinco (71,4%) de gestantes. Nas amostras caracterizadas, C. parapsilosis foi a espécie isolada com maior freqüência (21,7%), seguida de C. guillermondii (8,4%), C. kefir (6%) e C. albicans (4,8%). Com base neste estudo pode-se concluir que Candida spp faz parte da microbiota vaginal de fêmeas caninas hígidas, e que o isolamento é influenciado pelo ciclo reprodutivo.

Yeasts are commensal organisms found in the skin, genital and gastrointestinal tracts, and other mucosa in mammalians. Candida spp has been frequently isolated from domestic and sylvan animals. Yeast isolation from vaginal mucus is frequent in women, especially of Candida genus. In canine females, however, studies about vaginal fungal microbiota are rare and the connection with estrous cycle is unknown. The purpose of this study was to isolate yeast 5 of Candida genus from healthy canine females and identify the isolated species, establishing their connection with estrous cycle phases. Two hundred twenty-four samples taken from vaginal mucus of 14 canine females were analyzed in this study. Candida spp was observed in 83 (37%) from these samples; nine samples were taken in proestrus, 14 in oestrus, 31 in dioestrus, 24 in anoestrus and five samples were obtained during pregnancy. Candida parapsilosis the most frequently isolated specie (21.7%), followed by C. guillermondii (8.4%), C. kefir (6%) and C. albicans (4.8%). We concluded that Candida spp is a commion component of healthy canine females' vaginal microbiota, and isolation varies according to the estrous cycle phase.

A esporotricose é uma micose subcutânea, causada pelo fungo dimórfico Sporothrix schenckii. O presente estudo descreve a ocorrência de esporotricose felina na cidade de Pelotas (Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil), e a transmissão para um atendente da clínica veterinária, ocasionada pela arranhadura do animal doente. O felino apresentava deformação do espelho nasal e lesões cutâneas, enquanto o humano apresentava uma lesão ulcerada na região metacarpiana dorsal esquerda. Foram colhidas crostas e/ou exsudato das lesões do felino e do atendente para diagnóstico micológico, os quais foram cultivados em ágar Sabouraud dextrose acrescido de cloranfenicol e incubados a 25 e 37°C, durante 10 dias. O isolamento do S. schenckii confirmou o diagnóstico clínico de esporotricose cutânea disseminada no felino e cutânea localizada no atendente. Esta nota pretende alertar profissionais relacionados à clínica de pequenos animais quanto à existência da doença e o alto risco de transmissão pela mordedura e/ou arranhadura de animais infectados.

The sporotrichosis is one subcutaneous mycosis, produced by the dimorphic fungi Sporothrix schenckii. The present study describes the occurrence of feline sporotrichosis in Pelotas city, RS, Brazil. The disease was transmitted to an attendAnt of the veterinary clinic. The transmission was caused by scratching of the infected animal. The feline showed deformity of the nasal plane and cutaneous lesions, and the attendAnt presented one single ulcerated lesion on the dorsal left metacarpus. The mycological diagnostic was made by eschaps and/or exsudate from the feline and the attendAnt. The samples were cultivated on agar Sabouraud dextrose with chloramphenicol at 25 and 37°C during ten days. As S. schenckii was isolated from the samples, the diagnostic of disseminated cutaneous sporotrichosis by the feline and cutaneous localized sporotrichosis by the clinician, was confirmed. This note has the aim to alert small animals clinicians for the existence of sporotrichosis, and the high transmission risk by bites and/or scratch of infected animals.

Malassezia pachydermatis é considerada um habitante normal e patógeno oportunista do meato acústico externo e tegumento cutâneo de cães e gatos. Em condições clínicas especiais e nos casos de fracasso terapêutico, comum em casos de otite externa ou dermatite complicadas por esta levedura, é recomendado testar a sensibilidade aos antifúngicos. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a sensibilidade de 44 isolados de M. pachydermatis do meato acústico externo e do tegumento cutâneo de cães e gatos, através de duas técnicas de antifungigrama: ETEST e Microdiluição em Caldo (MC). Foram testadas 35 amostras pelo método ETEST (1994) e 24 pelo método de MC e 15 pelos dois testes. Os antifúngicos utilizados foram: cetoconazol (KTZ), fluconazol (FLZ) e itraconazol (ITZ). Através da MC, a levedura foi menos sensível ao ITZ, enquanto que o antifúngico com maior atividade foi o KTZ. M. pachydermatis foi mais sensível ao ITZ pelo ETEST, enquanto a droga menos ativa foi o FLZ. A avaliação simultanea através das duas técnicas aponta o FLZ como o antifúngico com maior concordância entre os resultados (64,3%), seguido pelo KTZ (57,1%) e ITZ (28,6%). Os resultados indicam que há uma necessidade urgente de padronização dos valores de inibição do crescimento desta levedura para que um método, simples e eficaz, possa ser amplamente utilizado na rotina laboratorial.

Malassezia pachydermatis is recognized as a normal inhabitant and an opportunistic pathogen of the external ear canal and skin of dogs and cats. In especial clinical conditions, and mainly in the cases of therapeutic failure related to external otitis and dermatitis complicated by this yeast, it is recommended test susceptibility to antifungal drugs. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the susceptibility of 44 isolates of M. pachydermatis from the external ear canal and skin of dogs and cats using two different in vitro antifungal susceptibility methods: the Etest® and the broth microdilution method. Thirty-five samples were tested using the Etest®, twenty-four samples were tested using the broth microdilution method and fifteen samples were tested using both tests. The antifungal agents used were ketoconazole (KTZ), fluconazole (FLZ) and itraconazole (ITZ). In the broth microdilution method the yeast was less susceptible to ITZ while KTZ had the strongest activity. On the other hand, the Etest® showed that M. pachydermatis was more susceptible to ITZ while the less active drug was FLZ. The simultaneous evaluation using both methods identified FLZ as the antifungal drug with the highest activity (64.3%), followed by KTZ (57.1%) and ITZ (28.6%). These results showed that there is an urgent need to standardize of the values considered as parameters for growth inhibition of this yeast so a simple and efficient method can be used routinely in the laboratory practice.

As drogas antifúngicas são classificadas em agentes químicos clássicos e atuais e em antibióticos. Os agentes químicos clássicos são aqueles medicamentos que apresentam de maneira geral espectro de ação reduzido contra fungos, atuando como fungistático de modo indireto ao modificar as condições locais, como por exemplo o iodo, os ácidos graxos e derivados, ácido salicílico, tolnaftato e tolciclato. Os agentes químicos atuais são representados pelos imidazóis e triazóis, flucitosina e alilaminas e os antibióticos representados pelos poliênicos (anfotericina B, nistatina e natamicina) e a griseofulvina. A descrição de cada antifúngico considerado será apresentada no trabalho.

The antifungal drugs are classified in classic and current chemical agents and in antibiotics. The chemists classic agents are those medicines that present in a general way reduced action spectrum against fungi, having a fungistatic effect in an indirect way when modifying the local conditions, as for instance the iodine, acids fat and derived, acid salicilic, tolnaftate and tolciclate. The current chemical agents are represented by imidazole and triazole, flucytosine and allylamines and the antibiotics represented by the polyene (amphotericin B, nystatin and natamycin) and the griseofulvin. The discretion of each antifungal drug will be presented in the work.