The temporal progress of anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) epidemics was studied in mango (Mangifera indica) orchards treated with fungicides from different chemical groups, mode of action, and application sequences in two regions of contrasting climates (sub-humid and dry tropics) in Guerrero, Mexico. Full flowering, initial setting, and 8-15mm Ø fruits were identified as critical stages for infection. Epidemics started 20-26 days after swollen buds, and maximum severity was attained at 40-42 days after the first symptoms were detected. The Weibull model described (r²>0.89) anthracnose epidemics in both floral and vegetative flushes. Active ingredients of different fungicide groups, mode of action, and residuality such as myclobutanil, azoxystrobin, cyprodinil+fludioxonil, quinoxyfen, and chlorotalonil + sulfur led to significantly low values (LSD<0.05%) in the Yf, AUDPC and b-1 parameters. The best strategy was to initiate a preventive treatment with a systemic ingredient, independently of its chemical group. Severity of the disease in floral (Fl) and vegetative flushing (Veg) in the sub-humid tropic was related with temperature >30ºC (rFl=0.79-0.86; rVeg=0.80-0.95) and relative humidity > 90% (rFl=0.66-0.86; rVeg=0.67-0.94). In both regions, conidial sporulation was related to temperature >30ºC (r=0.72-0.74), relative humidity <60% (r=0.66), severity (rFl=0.62-0.98; rVeg=0.75-0.97) and dew point <25ºC (r=0.68-0.69).

The control of black Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis) of banana (Musa acuminate Colla AAA) and (Musa balbisiana Colla AAB) requires numerous applications of fungicides, mainly of the triazoles group that impose high selection pressure in populations of this pathogen. The aim of the this study was to determine the response of strains of Mycosphaerella fijiensis isolated from banana plantations of Tabasco and Chiapas, México, to propiconazol and tridemorph. The bioassays were carried out in potato dextrose agar (PDA®) culture medium added with different concentrations of these fungicides. The media were inoculated with 100 µL of a conidial suspension and mycelia fragments of the fungus, and incubated in darkness at 26 °C for 7 d. The effective concentration 50 (EC50) and 95 % (EC95) was estimated through Probit analysis of the percentage of inhibition of the relative growth of the pathogen. The EC50 values in propiconazol varied from 0.0001 to 0.95 mg L-1 and those of EC95 from 0.006 to 12.51 mg L-1. The resistance ratio at the level of EC95 was higher than 2085x, for the isolate MF-RmC2 of the Remedios plantation from Teapa, Tabasco. The values for EC50 in tridemorph varied from 0.00001 to 0.002 mg L-1 and those of EC95 from 0.03 to 0.85 mg L-1. The resistance ratio to level EC95 between the sensitive isolate of reference and the least susceptible (MF-RcC5 of the Recreo plantation, Tabasco) was higher than 28.3x. The positive correlation between the number of applications and the values of EC50 and of EC95 are indicative that the selection pressure exerted in this plantation generated resistance to the propiconazol.

El control de Sigatoka negra (Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet) del banano (Musa acuminata Colla AAA) y plátano (Musa balbisiana Colla AAB) requiere de numerosas aplicaciones de fungicidas, principalmente de los grupos triazoles que inducen alta presión de selección en poblaciones del patógeno. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la respuesta de cepas de M. fijiensis aisladas de plantaciones de banano de Tabasco y Chiapas, México, al propiconazol y tridemorf. Los bioensayos se realizaron en medio de cultivo Papa Dextrosa Agar (PDA®) adicionados con diferentes concentraciones del fungicida. Los medios se inocularon con 100 µL de una suspensión conidial y fragmentos miceliares del hongo, y se incubaron en oscuridad a 26 °C por 7 d. La concentración efectiva 50 (CE50) y 95 % (CE95) para cada aislamiento se estimó mediante análisis Probit del porcentaje de inhibición del crecimiento relativo del patógeno. Los valores CE50 en propiconazol variaron de 0.0001 a 0.95 mg L-1; y los de CE95 de 0.006 a 12.51 mg L-1. La proporción de resistencia en el nivel CE95 fue superior a 2085x, para el aislamiento MF-RmC2 de la finca Remedios en Teapa, Tabasco. Los valores para CE50 en tridemorf variaron de 0.00001 a 0.002 mg L-1 y los de CE95 de 0.03 a 0.85 mg L-1. La proporción de resistencia a nivel CE95 entre el aislamiento sensible de referencia y el menos susceptible (MF-RcC5 de la finca el Recreo, Tabasco) fue superior a 28.3x. La correlación positiva entre el número de aplicaciones y los valores de CE50 y de CE95 son indicativos de que la presión de selección ejercida en esta plantación generó resistencia al propiconazol.