Resumo O objetivo foi avaliar a influência da multimorbidade e seus padrões nas atividades básicas de vida diária da pessoa idosa residente na comunidade. Trata-se de estudo de coorte com dados provenientes do Estudo FIBRA, linha de base (2008-2009) e seguimento (2016-2017). As atividades básicas de vida diária (ABVD) foram avaliadas pelo questionário de Katz e as doenças crônicas foram classificadas como (1) multimorbidade e padrões de multimorbidade: (2) cardiopulmonar; (3) vascular-metabólico; e (4) mental-musculoesquelético. Para a análise de dados, utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado e a regressão de Poisson. Foram analisados 861 indivíduos sem limitação para ABVD na linha de base. As pessoas idosas com multimorbidade (RR = 1,58; IC95%: 1,19-2,10) e classificados nos padrões cardiopulmonar (RR = 2,43; IC95%: 1,77-3,33), vascular-metabólico (RR = 1,50; IC95%: 1,19-1,89) e mental-musculoesquelético (RR = 1,30; IC95%: 1,03-1,65) tiveram maior risco de apresentar declínio funcional nas ABVD no seguimento em comparação aos que não tinham os mesmos padrões de doenças. A multimorbidade e seus padrões aumentaram o risco de incapacidade na pessoa idosa ao longo de nove anos.

Abstract The scope of this article was to evaluate the influence of multimorbidity and associated effects on the activities in the day-to-day lives of community-dwelling elderly individuals. It involved a cohort study with data from the FIBRA Study, the baseline (2008-2009) and follow-up (2016-2017). The basic activities in daily living (ADL) were evaluated using Katz’s index, and the chronic diseases were classified as: (1) multimorbidity and multimorbidity patterns; (2) cardiopulmonary; (3) vascular-metabolic; and (4) mental-musculoskeletal. The chi-square test and Poisson regression data were used for analysis. A total of 861 older adults with no functional dependency at baseline were analyzed. Elderly individuals with multimorbidity (RR = 1.58; 95%CI: 1.19-2.10) and classified according to cardiopulmonary (RR = 2.43; 95%CI: 1.77-3.33), vascular-metabolic (RR = 1.50; 95%CI: 1.19-1.89) and mental-musculoskeletal (RR = 1.30; 95%CI: 1.03-1.65) had a higher risk of presenting functional decline in ADL in the follow-up compared to those who didn’t have the same disease patterns. Multimorbidity and its patterns increased the risk of functional disability in older adults over the nine-year period.

Abstract The scope of this article was to evaluate the influence of multimorbidity and associated effects on the activities in the day-to-day lives of community-dwelling elderly individuals. It involved a cohort study with data from the FIBRA Study, the baseline (2008-2009) and follow-up (2016-2017). The basic activities in daily living (ADL) were evaluated using Katz’s index, and the chronic diseases were classified as: (1) multimorbidity and multimorbidity patterns; (2) cardiopulmonary; (3) vascular-metabolic; and (4) mental-musculoskeletal. The chi-square test and Poisson regression data were used for analysis. A total of 861 older adults with no functional dependency at baseline were analyzed. Elderly individuals with multimorbidity (RR = 1.58; 95%CI: 1.19-2.10) and classified according to cardiopulmonary (RR = 2.43; 95%CI: 1.77-3.33), vascular-metabolic (RR = 1.50; 95%CI: 1.19-1.89) and mental-musculoskeletal (RR = 1.30; 95%CI: 1.03-1.65) had a higher risk of presenting functional decline in ADL in the follow-up compared to those who didn’t have the same disease patterns. Multimorbidity and its patterns increased the risk of functional disability in older adults over the nine-year period.

Resumo O objetivo foi avaliar a influência da multimorbidade e seus padrões nas atividades básicas de vida diária da pessoa idosa residente na comunidade. Trata-se de estudo de coorte com dados provenientes do Estudo FIBRA, linha de base (2008-2009) e seguimento (2016-2017). As atividades básicas de vida diária (ABVD) foram avaliadas pelo questionário de Katz e as doenças crônicas foram classificadas como (1) multimorbidade e padrões de multimorbidade: (2) cardiopulmonar; (3) vascular-metabólico; e (4) mental-musculoesquelético. Para a análise de dados, utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado e a regressão de Poisson. Foram analisados 861 indivíduos sem limitação para ABVD na linha de base. As pessoas idosas com multimorbidade (RR = 1,58; IC95%: 1,19-2,10) e classificados nos padrões cardiopulmonar (RR = 2,43; IC95%: 1,77-3,33), vascular-metabólico (RR = 1,50; IC95%: 1,19-1,89) e mental-musculoesquelético (RR = 1,30; IC95%: 1,03-1,65) tiveram maior risco de apresentar declínio funcional nas ABVD no seguimento em comparação aos que não tinham os mesmos padrões de doenças. A multimorbidade e seus padrões aumentaram o risco de incapacidade na pessoa idosa ao longo de nove anos.

Resumo: O objetivo foi investigar a prevalência de solidão e suas associações com indicadores sociodemográficos e de saúde em amostra nacionalmente representativa de adultos e idosos brasileiros. Foram analisados dados da linha de base (2015-2016) do Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde dos Idosos Brasileiros (ELSI-Brasil) e incluídos os participantes com informações completas nas variáveis de interesse (n = 7.957). Solidão foi a variável de desfecho, cuja medida baseou-se na pergunta “Com que frequência o(a) senhor(a) se sentiu sozinho(a) ou solitário(a): sempre, algumas vezes ou nunca?”. As variáveis independentes compreenderam indicadores sociodemográficos e comportamentos e condições de saúde. As análises incluíram o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson, para cálculo das frequências relativas, e a regressão de Poisson, para estimativa das razões de prevalência (RP) e respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). A prevalência de sempre sentir solidão foi de 16,8%; de algumas vezes, 31,7%; e de nunca, 51,5%. Foram observadas associações significativas entre sempre sentir solidão e depressão (RP = 4,49; IC95%: 3,93-5,11), morar só (RP = 2,44; IC95%: 2,12-2,82), baixa escolaridade (RP = 1,93; IC95%: 1,61-2,32), sexo feminino (RP = 1,53; IC95%: 1,36-1,72), autoavaliação de saúde ruim/muito ruim (RP = 1,48; IC95%: 1,27-1,73) e qualidade do sono ruim/muito ruim (RP = 1,21; IC95%: 1,05-1,41). Dado seu potencial de prejuízo à qualidade de vida, é necessário conhecer longitudinalmente as trajetórias da solidão e as variáveis associadas e usar esse conhecimento para o delineamento de políticas públicas e intervenções em saúde que poderão beneficiar o bem-estar biopsicossocial de adultos e idosos brasileiros.

Resumen: El objetivo fue investigar la prevalencia de la soledad y sus asociaciones con indicadores sociodemográficos y de salud en una muestra nacionalmente representativa de adultos y ancianos brasileños. Se analizaron datos de la línea base (2015-2016) del Estudio Longitudinal de la Salud de los Ancianos Brasileños (ELSI-Brasil) y se incluyeron los participantes con información completa en las variables de interés (n = 7.957). La soledad fue la variable de desenlace, cuya medida se basó en la pregunta “¿Con qué frecuencia te sentiste solo(a) o solitario(a): siempre, a veces o nunca?”. Las variables independientes incluyeron indicadores sociodemográficos y comportamientos y condiciones de salud. Los análisis incluyeron la prueba de chi-cuadrado de Pearson para calcular las frecuencias relativas, y la regresión de Poisson, para estimar las razones de prevalencia (RP) y los respectivos intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%). La prevalencia de sentirse siempre solo fue de 16,8%; a veces, 31,7%; y nunca, 51,5%. Se observaron asociaciones significativas entre sentir siempre soledad y depresión (RP = 4,49; IC95%: 3,93-5,11), vivir solo (RP = 2,44; IC95%: 2,12-2,82), baja escolaridad (RP = 1,93; IC95%: 1,61-2,32), sexo femenino (RP = 1,53; IC95%: 1,36-1,72), autoevaluación de salud mala/muy mala (RP = 1,48; IC95%: 1,27-1,73) y calidad del sueño mala/muy mala (RP = 1,21; IC95%: 1,05-1,41). Dado su potencial para perjudicar la calidad de vida, es necesario conocer longitudinalmente las trayectorias de la soledad y las variables asociadas, y usar ese conocimiento para diseñar políticas públicas e intervenciones en salud que puedan beneficiar el bienestar biopsicosocial de adultos y ancianos brasileños.

Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of loneliness and its associations with sociodemographic and health indicators in a nationally representative sample of Brazilian adults and older adults. Data from the baseline (2015-2016) of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil) were analyzed, and participants with complete information on the variables of interest (n = 7,957) were included. Loneliness was the outcome variable, which was based on the question “How often do you feel alone or lonely: always, sometimes, or never?” Independent variables included sociodemographic indicators and health behaviors and conditions. The analyses included the Pearson’s chi-square test for calculating relative frequencies, and Poisson regression for estimating prevalence ratios (PR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). The prevalence of always feeling lonely was 16.8%; sometimes, 31.7%; and never, 51.5%. Significant associations were observed between always feeling lonely and depression (PR = 4.49; 95%CI: 3.93-5.11), living alone (PR = 2.44; 95%CI: 2.12-2.82), low education level (PR = 1.93; 95%CI: 1.61-2.32), being a woman (PR = 1.53; 95%CI: 1.36-1.72), self-rated poor/very poor health (PR = 1.48; 95%CI: 1.27-1.73), and poor/very poor sleep quality (PR = 1.21; 95%CI: 1.05-1.41). Given its potential to harm quality of life, it is necessary to longitudinally understand the trajectories of loneliness and associated variables, and to use this knowledge to design public policies and health interventions that could benefit the biopsychosocial well-being of Brazilian adults and older adults.

ABSTRACT Purpose: to implement and assess hearing health interventions for school students, using Dangerous Decibels® Program activities in partnership with the Young Doctor Project, approaching noise-induced hearing loss prevention. Methods: the study encompassed 41 students, aged 12 to 14 years, from two schools in inland São Paulo and a social institution for public school students. Activities were based on the Young Doctor Project and the Dangerous Decibels® Brazil Program. The students answered a questionnaire administered in three situations: before the intervention (pre), right after the intervention (post), and 4 months after the intervention. The ANOVA, Friedman (p < 0.001), and Tukey´s (p < 0.05) statistical tests were used. Results: the 41 students who participated in the program were protagonists of knowledge, spreading the content they learned to another 954 students in the three schools through cultural workshops. The analysis of program effectiveness revealed improved results right after the intervention and 4 months afterward. Conclusion: combining these two programs encouraged the protagonism of young people to increase their involvement with the community. Moreover, the students changed their attitude toward potentially dangerous sounds.

RESUMO Objetivo: implementar e avaliar intervenções em saúde auditiva para escolares, utilizando as atividades do Programa Dangerous Decibels ®, em parceria com o Projeto Jovem Doutor, abordando aspectos preventivos da perda auditiva induzida por níveis de pressão sonora elevados. Métodos: participaram do estudo 41 escolares, com idade entre 12 e 14 anos, de duas escolas no interior de São Paulo e uma Instituição Social direcionada a estudantes de escolas públicas. As atividades foram baseadas no Projeto Jovem Doutor e no programa Dangerous Decibels ® Brasil. Os escolares responderam a um questionário aplicado em três situações, antes da intervenção (pré), logo após a intervenção (pós) e quatro meses após a intervenção. Foram utilizados os testes estatísticos ANOVA, FRIEDMAN; p<0,001 e TUKEY; p<0,05. Resultados: os 41 escolares que participaram do programa atuaram como protagonistas do conhecimento, multiplicando o conteúdo aprendido através das oficinas culturais, envolvendo 954 escolares das três escolas. Ao analisar a eficácia do programa, observou-se melhora nos resultados logo após a intervenção e, também, após 4 meses. Conclusão: a união desses dois programas incentivou o protagonismo juvenil, objetivando o maior envolvimento dos estudantes junto da comunidade. Foi possível observar a mudança de atitude dos escolares frente aos sons potencialmente perigosos.

Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of loneliness and its associations with sociodemographic and health indicators in a nationally representative sample of Brazilian adults and older adults. Data from the baseline (2015-2016) of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil) were analyzed, and participants with complete information on the variables of interest (n = 7,957) were included. Loneliness was the outcome variable, which was based on the question “How often do you feel alone or lonely: always, sometimes, or never?” Independent variables included sociodemographic indicators and health behaviors and conditions. The analyses included the Pearson’s chi-square test for calculating relative frequencies, and Poisson regression for estimating prevalence ratios (PR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). The prevalence of always feeling lonely was 16.8%; sometimes, 31.7%; and never, 51.5%. Significant associations were observed between always feeling lonely and depression (PR = 4.49; 95%CI: 3.93-5.11), living alone (PR = 2.44; 95%CI: 2.12-2.82), low education level (PR = 1.93; 95%CI: 1.61-2.32), being a woman (PR = 1.53; 95%CI: 1.36-1.72), self-rated poor/very poor health (PR = 1.48; 95%CI: 1.27-1.73), and poor/very poor sleep quality (PR = 1.21; 95%CI: 1.05-1.41). Given its potential to harm quality of life, it is necessary to longitudinally understand the trajectories of loneliness and associated variables, and to use this knowledge to design public policies and health interventions that could benefit the biopsychosocial well-being of Brazilian adults and older adults.

Resumen: El objetivo fue investigar la prevalencia de la soledad y sus asociaciones con indicadores sociodemográficos y de salud en una muestra nacionalmente representativa de adultos y ancianos brasileños. Se analizaron datos de la línea base (2015-2016) del Estudio Longitudinal de la Salud de los Ancianos Brasileños (ELSI-Brasil) y se incluyeron los participantes con información completa en las variables de interés (n = 7.957). La soledad fue la variable de desenlace, cuya medida se basó en la pregunta “¿Con qué frecuencia te sentiste solo(a) o solitario(a): siempre, a veces o nunca?”. Las variables independientes incluyeron indicadores sociodemográficos y comportamientos y condiciones de salud. Los análisis incluyeron la prueba de chi-cuadrado de Pearson para calcular las frecuencias relativas, y la regresión de Poisson, para estimar las razones de prevalencia (RP) y los respectivos intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%). La prevalencia de sentirse siempre solo fue de 16,8%; a veces, 31,7%; y nunca, 51,5%. Se observaron asociaciones significativas entre sentir siempre soledad y depresión (RP = 4,49; IC95%: 3,93-5,11), vivir solo (RP = 2,44; IC95%: 2,12-2,82), baja escolaridad (RP = 1,93; IC95%: 1,61-2,32), sexo femenino (RP = 1,53; IC95%: 1,36-1,72), autoevaluación de salud mala/muy mala (RP = 1,48; IC95%: 1,27-1,73) y calidad del sueño mala/muy mala (RP = 1,21; IC95%: 1,05-1,41). Dado su potencial para perjudicar la calidad de vida, es necesario conocer longitudinalmente las trayectorias de la soledad y las variables asociadas, y usar ese conocimiento para diseñar políticas públicas e intervenciones en salud que puedan beneficiar el bienestar biopsicosocial de adultos y ancianos brasileños.

Resumo: O objetivo foi investigar a prevalência de solidão e suas associações com indicadores sociodemográficos e de saúde em amostra nacionalmente representativa de adultos e idosos brasileiros. Foram analisados dados da linha de base (2015-2016) do Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde dos Idosos Brasileiros (ELSI-Brasil) e incluídos os participantes com informações completas nas variáveis de interesse (n = 7.957). Solidão foi a variável de desfecho, cuja medida baseou-se na pergunta “Com que frequência o(a) senhor(a) se sentiu sozinho(a) ou solitário(a): sempre, algumas vezes ou nunca?”. As variáveis independentes compreenderam indicadores sociodemográficos e comportamentos e condições de saúde. As análises incluíram o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson, para cálculo das frequências relativas, e a regressão de Poisson, para estimativa das razões de prevalência (RP) e respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). A prevalência de sempre sentir solidão foi de 16,8%; de algumas vezes, 31,7%; e de nunca, 51,5%. Foram observadas associações significativas entre sempre sentir solidão e depressão (RP = 4,49; IC95%: 3,93-5,11), morar só (RP = 2,44; IC95%: 2,12-2,82), baixa escolaridade (RP = 1,93; IC95%: 1,61-2,32), sexo feminino (RP = 1,53; IC95%: 1,36-1,72), autoavaliação de saúde ruim/muito ruim (RP = 1,48; IC95%: 1,27-1,73) e qualidade do sono ruim/muito ruim (RP = 1,21; IC95%: 1,05-1,41). Dado seu potencial de prejuízo à qualidade de vida, é necessário conhecer longitudinalmente as trajetórias da solidão e as variáveis associadas e usar esse conhecimento para o delineamento de políticas públicas e intervenções em saúde que poderão beneficiar o bem-estar biopsicossocial de adultos e idosos brasileiros.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the direct and indirect effects of chronic pain, depressive symptoms, frailty components, and functional disability through a pathway analysis approach in a sample of community-dwelling older adults. Methods Data of 419 participants were cross-sectionally evaluated for the presence of depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale [15 items]), physical frailty components (phenotype criteria), chronic pain, and limitations in performing instrumental activities of daily living (functional disability scale by Lawton and Brody). Structural equation modeling via path analysis was used to explore the direct and indirect effects among these four variables. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results Of the total participants, 69.8% were women and 59.3% had low education (1-4 years); the mean age was 80.3±4.6 years. Chronic pain and depressive symptoms were directly related and were associated to frailty. The number of frailty components and depressive symptoms were directly associated with functional disability. Frailty had an indirect effect on the association between chronic pain, depressive symptoms, and functional disabilities. Conclusion The pathway from chronic pain and depressive symptoms to functional disability is potentially mediated by the number of frailty components.

ABSTRACT CONTEXT: Dyspnea is a symptom present in several chronic diseases commonly seen among older adults. Since individuals with dyspnea tend to stay at rest, with consequently reduced levels of physical activity, they are likely to be at greater risk of developing frailty, especially at older ages. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study at community level, Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationships between self-reported dyspnea, health conditions and frailty status in a sample of community-dwelling older adults. METHOD: Secondary data from the follow-up of the Frailty in Brazilian Elderly (FIBRA) study, involving 415 community-dwelling older adults (mean age: 80.3 ± 4.68 years), were used. The variables analyzed were sociodemographic characteristics, reported dyspnea, clinical data and frailty phenotype. Associations between dyspnea and other variables (age, sex, education and body mass index) were verified through the crude (c) and adjusted (a) odds ratios. RESULTS: The prevalence of dyspnea in the entire sample was 21.0%. Dyspnea was more present in individuals with pulmonary diseases, heart disease, cancer and depression. Older adults with multimorbidities (adjusted odds ratio, ORa = 2.91; 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.41-5.99) and polypharmacy (ORa = 2.02; 95% CI = 1.15-3.54) were more likely to have dyspnea. Those who reported dyspnea were 2.54 times more likely to be frail (ORa = 2.54; 95% CI = 1.08-5.97), and fatigue was their most prevalent phenotype component. CONCLUSION: Dyspnea was associated with different diseases, multimorbidities, polypharmacy and frailty. Recognizing the factors associated with dyspnea may contribute to its early identification and prevention of its negative outcomes among older adults.

Resumo Objetivo Verificar se a perda de função mastigatória aumenta o risco de fragilidade em idosos vivendo em domicílios familiares no Estado de São Paulo. Métodos Foi adotado um delineamento de coorte prospectivo sobre a base de dados do estudo FIBRA (Fragilidade em Idosos Brasileiros), com linha de base realizada em 2008-2009 e seguimento em 2016-2018, transcorrendo em média 100,2 ± 9,2 meses. A variável desfecho foi a incidência de fragilidade, a variável de exposição foi a função mastigatória conforme a condição de edentulismo e autorrelato de dificuldade mastigatória. As variáveis de ajuste foram condições sociodemográficas, comportamentais e de saúde geral. Foi utilizado um modelo de regressão de Poisson, com variância robusta, estimando o risco relativo Resultados a incidência acumulada de fragilidade aos oito anos em média foi de 30 casos a cada 100 participantes edêntulos com dificuldade mastigatória, que apresentaram maior risco de desenvolver fragilidade (RR:1,75 IC 95% 1,09-2,81) do que os idosos dentados sem dificuldade mastigatória, independentemente de tabagismo (RR: 1,71 IC 95% 1,07-2,73) e de condição socioeconômica (RR: 1,72 IC 95% 1,13-2,62). Conclusão A perda de função mastigatória aumentou o risco de fragilidade em idosos.Futuras pesquisas deverão estudar se a reabilitação da função mastigatória contribui para diminuir esse risco.

Abstract Objective To verify if the loss of masticatory function increases the risk of frailty in community-dwelling older people in the state of São Paulo. Methods A prospective cohort design was adopted based on the FIBRA study database (Fragility in Brazilian Elderly), with a baseline performed in 2008-2009 and follow-up in 2016-2018, elapsed on average 100.2 ± 9.2 months. The outcome variable was the incidence of frailty. The exposure variable was masticatory function according to edentulism and self-reported chewing difficulty. Adjustment variables were sociodemographic, behavioral, and general health conditions. A Poisson regression model with robust variance was used to estimate the relative risk. Results the cumulative incidence of frailty over eight years was 30 cases per 100 edentulous participants with chewing difficulties, who had a higher risk of developing frailty (RR: 1.75 95% CI 1.09-2.81) than the dentate elderly without chewing difficulties, regardless of smoking (RR: 1.71 95% CI 1.07-2.73) and socioeconomic status (RR: 1.72 95% CI 1.13-2.62) Conclusion Loss of masticatory function increases the risk of frailty in older people. Future research should study whether the rehabilitation of oral function reduces this risk.

Resumo Objetivo Estimar o risco representado por condições combinadas de fragilidade e depressão em relação à mortalidade de uma coorte de idosos em medida prospectiva. Método Estudo de coorte prospectivo derivado das medidas de linha de base (2008/2009) e seguimento (2016/2017) do Estudo Fibra - Polo Unicamp. Foram analisados dados de 739 idosos (67,2% feminino; 73,1+5,87 anos) residentes em dois centros urbanos do estado de São Paulo (Brasil) para o exame de curvas de sobrevida e para estimar risco de mortalidade. As análises incluíram quatro condições resultantes da combinação entre depressão (presença x ausência de sintomas) e de fragilidade (frágil x robusto) e as covariáveis sexo, idade, escolaridade, desempenho cognitivo e comorbidades. Resultados A porcentagem de óbitos foi de 25,7%. Houve diferenças significativas entre as curvas de sobrevida referentes às combinações entre fragilidade e depressão. Sexo masculino, idade acima de 75 anos, baixa escolaridade, baixo desempenho cognitivo e as combinações “depressão-robusto”, “depressão-frágil” e “sem depressão-frágil” apresentaram riscos independentes para mortalidade. No modelo multivariado, os maiores riscos foram dados, respectivamente, por idades mais avançadas, as combinações “depressão-robusto”, “depressão-frágil”, “sem depressão-frágil”, sexo masculino e menor desempenho cognitivo. Conclusão Combinações entre fragilidade e depressão podem resultar em diferenças em sobrevida e mortalidade entre idosos. No período de nove anos, depressão revelou ser a variável de ordenação dos grupos em relação às estimativas de risco, mesmo na presença de covariáveis importantes. Investimentos na prevenção de ambas as síndromes e de suas associações podem resultar diminuição na mortalidade de idosos por causas gerais.

Abstract Objective To estimate the risk represented by the combined conditions of frailty and depression in relation to mortality in a cohort of older adults in a prospective measure. Method Prospective cohort study derived from baseline (2008/2009) and follow-up (2016/2017) measurements of the FIBRA Study - Polo Unicamp. Data from 739 older adults (67,2% female; 73,1+5.87 years) living in two urban centers in the state of São Paulo (Brazil) were analyzed to examine survival curves and to estimate mortality risk. The analyzes included four conditions resulting from the combination of depression (presence x absence of symptoms) and frailty (frail x robust) and the covariates sex, age, education, cognitive performance and comorbidities. Results The percentage of deaths was 25.7%. There were significant differences between the survival curves regarding the combinations between frailty and depression. Male sex, age over 75 years, low education, low cognitive performance and the combinations “depression-robust”, “depression-frail” and “no depression-frail” presented independent risks for mortality. In the multivariate model, the highest risks were given, respectively, by older ages, the combinations “depression-robust”, “depression-frail”, “no depression-frail”, male sex and lower cognitive performance. Conclusion Combinations between frailty and depression can result in differences in survival and mortality among older adults. In the nine-year period, depression proved to be the ordering variable of the groups in relation to risk estimates, even in the presence of important covariates. Investments in the prevention of both syndromes and their associations may result in a decrease in mortality in older people from general causes.

Abstract Background: Incisional hernias are more frequent in adults than in children. It is hypothesized that a more efficient healing process in pediatric patients could explain this difference in incidence. Certain elements of healing such as neovascularization, degree of inflammation, percentage of mature and immature collagen, the proliferation of fibroblasts, and expression of certain genes could explain why healing in children is more efficient when compared to the adult and elderly populations. Materials and methods: Seventy-one rats of 3 different age groups (weaning, adult, and old) underwent surgery with 3 different incisions (vertical, oblique, and horizontal). During the procedure, the skin and abdominal wall of the animal were sectioned and only the skin was sutured to mimic incisional hernia in the animals. Four weeks after surgery, the rats were euthanized, their skin was removed, and the extent of scar tissue formed in the muscle opening was measured. In addition, samples of the scar tissue were collected for histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular analyzes. Nine rats served as controls. Results: Shorter-length hernias were formed in weaning rats when compared to old ones when the surgical incision was horizontal (p = 0.03). There was a greater proliferation of fibroblasts in rats in the younger age groups, regardless of the type of incision. The Lox gene was more expressed in weaning rats with vertical and oblique incisions. Conclusions: These differences could explain the better healing and lower incidence of hernias in the pediatric population, although this aspect requires further studies.

Studying the different indicators of functional dentition classification can contribute to the understanding of the associated factors, and thus help in the definition of strategies associated with oral health care. This approach has been little explored in the literature, especially when considering the older age group. Aim The aim of this study is to evaluate the factors associated with three distinct functional dentition classification. Methods Cross-sectional exploratory study using secondary data from the Frailty in Older Brazilians (FIBRA) Project of 876 older adults living in Campinas, Brazil. The indicators of dental function assessed was number of natural teeth present, occluding pairs of teeth and the Eichner index, which were verified by trained dentists, following the World Health Organization criteria for epidemiological studies in oral health. The explanatory variable assessed was the self-perception of oral health-related quality of life measured by the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) and its dimensions. It was also collected sociodemographic information such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, schooling, family income, smoking behavior and frailty status. The association was verified through Poisson regressions for number of teeth and pairs of teeth in occlusion and multinomial regression for the Eichner index, adjusted by sociodemographic and health variables. Results Lower prevalence of participants with less than 21 teeth who negatively perceived GOHAI´s pain and discomfort dimension and higher prevalence of having less teeth among the ones that negatively perceived GOHAI´s physical and functional dimensions. No association was found between the perception of quality of life and occlusion pairs of teeth and the Eichner Index. Conclusion Two out of three indicators assessed were associated with quality of life. Therefore, it is important to select sensitive indicators to be able to identify and better comprehend this relationship.

Abstract Objective Describing the prevalence and incidence of cognitive impairment in older adults, considering the isolated and combined presence of leisure-time physical activities, hypertension, and obesity. Methods An observational, analytical, cohort study was conducted based on the data records of baseline (2008-2009) and follow-up (2016-2017) from the Campinas FIBRA Study. Screening for dementia and self-report measures concerning the number of weekly hours of low and moderate levels of leisure-time physical activities, hypertension, and nutritional status based on the body mass index (BMI) were applied. Results There were 394 aged participants; 71.8% were female and 74.4% had less than four years of formal education. The mean age at the baseline was 72.8±5.3 years old, and at follow-up was 81.4±4.8. At baseline, the most prevalent concurrent conditions were physical inactivity and hypertension (21.5%), and the least prevalent were physical inactivity, obesity, hypertension and cognitive deficit (0.6%). Associations were observed between physical inactivity at follow-up, or for both measurement periods, and cognitive impairment at follow-up. Inactive participants at the baseline showed a higher incidence ratio of cognitive impairment at follow-up, adjusted for sex, age, education, nutritional status and hypertension (RI=2.27; 95%CI: 1.49-3.45; p<0.001). Conclusion Prevalence and incidence of cognitive deficit mostly reflected the influence of low levels of leisure-time physical activity at baseline and follow-up.

Resumo Objetivo Descrever a prevalência e a incidência de deficit cognitivo em pessoas idosas, considerando a presença isolada e conjunta de atividades físicas no lazer, hipertensão arterial sistêmica e obesidade. Igualmente analisar a presença isolada e simultânea de inatividade física, obesidade, hipertensão e deficit cognitivo em dois tempos de medida. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo observacional, analítico e de coorte, baseado nos registros dos bancos de dados da linha de base (2008-2009) e do seguimento (2016-2017) do Estudo Fibra Campinas. Foram realizadas medidas de rastreio de demência, de autorrelato de horas semanais de atividades físicas de no lazer de diferentes intensidades, de hipertensão arterial e de status nutricional, com base no Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC). Resultados Participaram 394 pessoas idosas, 71,8% das quais eram mulheres; 74,4% tinham escolaridade <4 anos; Midade =72,8±5,3 na linha de base e Midade =81,4±4,8 no seguimento. Na linha de base, as condições conjuntas mais prevalentes foram inatividade física e hipertensão (21,5%) e as menos prevalentes, inatividade física, obesidade, hipertensão e deficit cognitivo (0,6%). Foram observadas associações entre deficit cognitivo e inatividade física no seguimento. Idosos inativos na linha de base apresentaram maior razão de incidência de deficit cognitivo no seguimento, ajustada por sexo, idade, escolaridade, estado nutricional e hipertensão (RI=2,27; IC 95%: 1,49-3,45; p<0,001). Conclusão A prevalência e a incidência de deficit cognitivo em idosos refletem a influência de baixo nível de atividade física no lazer na linha de base e no seguimento.

RESUMO Introdução: A ligação entre sarcopenia e comprometimento cognitivo ainda não foi completamente avaliada, especialmente entre os idosos. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre sarcopenia provável e comprometimento cognitivo entre idosos residentes na comunidade em duas cidades brasileiras. Métodos: A sarcopenia provável foi avaliada pelo critério EWGSOP2 (2018), portanto, os participantes foram classificados como tendo sarcopenia provável se tivessem SARC-F (em inglês, Strength, Assistance in walking, Rise from a chair, Climb stairs and Falls) ≥4 pontos e baixa força de preensão manual. A função cognitiva foi avaliada através do Miniexame do Estado Mental (MEEM), fluência verbal (FV) e teste do desenho do relógio (TDR). Resultados: Em uma amostra de 529 idosos (idade média 80,8±4,9 anos; escolaridade média 4,2 (±3,67) anos; 70,1% de mulheres), 27,3% dos participantes apresentaram SARC-F≥4, 38,3% apresentaram baixa força de preensão manual e 13,6% foram classificados com sarcopenia provável. Após o ajuste para possíveis fatores de confusão (idade, sexo, educação, depressão, diabetes, hipertensão, atividade física no lazer e obesidade), a sarcopenia provável foi associada ao comprometimento no MEEM (OR 2,52; IC95% 1,42‒4,47; p=0,002) e na FV (OR 2,17; IC95%=1,17‒4,01; p=0,014); a baixa força de preensão foi associada a comprometimento no MEEM (OR 1,83; IC95% 1,18‒2,82; p=0,006) e no TDR (OR 1,79; IC95% 1,18‒2,73; p=0,006); e os escores na SARC-F foram associados ao comprometimento no MEEM (OR 1,90; IC95% 1,18‒3,06; p=0,008). Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que existe associação significativa entre sarcopenia provável e seus componentes com déficits cognitivos em idosos da comunidade. Futuros estudos longitudinais explorarão a relação causal.

ABSTRACT Background: The link between sarcopenia and cognitive impairment has not yet been thoroughly evaluated, especially among older adults. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between probable sarcopenia and cognitive impairment among community-dwelling older adults in two Brazilian cities. Methods: Probable sarcopenia was assessed using the EWGSOP2 (2018) criteria. Thus, participants were classified as probably having sarcopenia if they had SARC-F (Strength, Assistance in walking, Rise from a chair, Climb stairs and Falls) ≥4 points and low grip strength. Cognitive function was evaluated through the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), verbal fluency (VF) and clock drawing test (CDT). Results: In a sample of 529 older adults (mean age 80.8±4.9 years; mean education 4.2±3.67 years; 70.1% women), 27.3% of the participants had SARC-F≥4, 38.3% had low grip strength and 13.6% were classified as probable sarcopenia cases. After adjusting for possible confounders (age, sex, education, depression, diabetes, hypertension, leisure-time physical activity and obesity), probable sarcopenia was found to be associated with impairment in the MMSE (OR 2.52; 95%CI 1.42‒4.47; p=0.002) and in VF (OR 2.17; 95%CI 1.17‒4.01; p=0.014). Low grip strength was found to be associated with impairment in the MMSE (OR 1.83; 95%CI 1.18‒2.82; p=0.006) and in the CDT (OR 1.79; 95%CI 1.18‒2.73; p=0.006). SARC-F scores were found to be associated with impairment in the MMSE (OR 1.90; 95%CI 1.18‒3.06; p=0.008). Conclusion: The results suggested that probable sarcopenia and its components present a significant association with cognitive deficits among community-dwelling older adults. Future longitudinal studies will further explore the causal relationship.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important zoonosis in Brazil. Previous identification of parasitized dogs can also help prevent the disease in humans, even in non-endemic areas of the country. The Brazilian Ministry of Health recommends diagnosis in dogs using a DPP® (rapid test) as a screening test and an immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA) as a confirmatory test (DPP®+ELISA), and culling infected dogs as a legal control measure. However, the accuracy of these serological tests has been questioned. METHODS: VL in dogs was investigated in a non-endemic area of the São Paulo state for three consecutive years, and the performances of different diagnostic tests were compared. RESULTS: A total of 331 dog samples were collected in 2015, 373 in 2016, and 347 in 2017. The seroprevalence by DPP®+ELISA was 3.3, 3.2, and 0.3%, respectively, and by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), it was 3.0, 5.6, and 5.5%, respectively. ELISA confirmed 18.4% of DPP® positive samples. The concordance between the IFA and DPP® was 83.9%. The concordance between IFA and DPP®+ELISA was 92.9%. A molecular diagnostic test (PCR) was performed in 63.2% of the seropositive samples, all of which were negative. CONCLUSIONS: In non-endemic areas, diagnostic tests in dogs should be carefully evaluated to avoid false results.