ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to estimate the correlations between the biometric and reproductive parameters of Melipona scutelaris. Four collections were performed with 30-day intervals, consisting of the evaluation of each colony, considering the following parameters: honey pot size and volume (HPS and VHP), estimated honey production (EHP), number of combs (NC), mean diameter of the combs (MDC), height of the combs (HC), height of rearing cells (HRC), number of pups (NP) population (POP) and wax envelope in pups. The data were analyzed using the SAS software (2004), and the Pearson correlation coefficient was used for the correlation calculations. The correlations of the studied variables of production and biometrics of Melipona scutellaris colonies made it possible to perceive that the variable number of honey pots (NHP) present a higher correlation with HPS, EPH, DMC, HRC, NP and POP, followed by size of pots of honey (HPS) with: VHP, EHP, MDC, HC and POP. For future studies using the productive and biometric characteristics of the bees Melipona scutellaris can be considered for EPH, VHP, EPH, NC and POP, as variable responses.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar os fatores da composição da dieta que podem interferir no consumo, na digestibilidade, na produção e na composição do leite de vacas mestiças Holandês x Zebu confinadas em condições experimentais no Brasil. A metanálise foi utilizada para o levantamento de trabalhos científicos de domínio público, compreendendo o período de janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2015. A base de dados foi constituída por 40 experimentos com 159 tratamentos, envolvendo 735 vacas em lactação. O consumo de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) é comprometido pelo teor de fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) da dieta, relacionando-se com a digestibilidade da matéria seca (MS) e da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), o que repercute na eficiência alimentar (EA). Observa-se a relação do teor de carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) da dieta com o teor de lactose e o efeito do teor de MS da dieta e o elevado teor de FDN no consumo em função das características específicas dos tipos de volumosos utilizados. O consumo de NDT da dieta é prejudicado pela digestibilidade da MS e, principalmente, da FDN em função da proporção e das características dos volumosos utilizados na dieta, e esses fatores repercutem na EA, bem como na produção e na composição do leite.

ABSTRACT The aim was to evaluate diet composition factors that may interfere with intake, digestibility, milk yield and composition of crossbred Holstein x Zebus cows confined under Brazilian experimental conditions. The meta-analysis was used for the survey of scientific works of public domain, covering the period from January 2000 to December 2015. The database consisted of 40 experiments with 159 treatments, involving 735 lactating cows. The voluntary intake of total digestible nutrients (TDN) is compromised by the acid detergent fiber (FAD) content of the diet, related to dry matter digestibility (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), affecting dietary efficiency (DE). The relation of the non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) content of the diet with the lactose content and the effect of the DM diet content and the high NDF content on the voluntary intake are specific characteristics of the types of roughage used. Dietary NDT intake is affected by the digestibility of DM and, mainly, NDF, depending on the proportion and characteristics of the nutrients used in the diet, and these factors have an impact on dietary efficiency, as well as on milk composition.

RESUMO O objetivo deste relato foi descrever as características patológicas e das imagens de ressonância magnética de um glioma misto canino. Um cão de 12 anos de idade da raça Boxer foi submetido à necropsia. As imagens obtidas ante mortem por ressonância magnética foram analisadas, e nelas se observou uma lesão prosencefálica com contornos pouco definidos, sinal hiperintenso nas imagens ponderadas em T2, hipointenso nas imagens ponderadas em T1, e heterogeneamente hiperintenso em T2-FLAIR. Havia discreto realce desuniforme ao contraste, evidente desvio da linha média, edema perilesional moderado e marcada distorção do ventrículo lateral adjacente. O encéfalo foi avaliado macroscopicamente, microscopicamente e imuno-histoquimicamente. Macroscopicamente, havia uma massa pobremente demarcada, com áreas de hemorragia, nos lobos parietal e temporal esquerdos. Histologicamente, havia uma massa densamente celular, composta por duas populações de células neoplásicas distintas separadas geograficamente. A primeira população era composta por células pequenas e redondas, organizadas com aspecto de favo de mel. A segunda população era constituída por feixes entrelaçados de células neoplásicas fortemente imunomarcadas para a proteína fibrilar ácida glial (GFAP). O diagnóstico de glioma misto foi obtido com base nos achados imaginológicos e, principalmente, em suas características histológicas e imuno-histoquímicas.

ABSTRACT The aim of this report was to describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and pathological features of a canine mixed glioma. A 12-year-old boxer male dog was presented for necropsy along with data from an MRI evaluation conducted ante-mortem. The images were examined and showed a poorly demarcated prosencephalic lesion, hyperintense on T2W images, hypointense on T1W images and heterogeneously hyperintense on T2W FLAIR images. There was mild nonuniform contrast enhancement, apparent midline shift, moderate perilesional edema and marked distortion of the adjacent lateral ventricle. The brain was evaluated macroscopically, microscopically and immunohistochemically. Grossly, there was a poorly demarcated soft mass, with areas of hemorrhage, within the left parietal and temporal lobes. Histologically, there was a densely cellular mass composed of two geographically distinct populations of neoplastic cells. The first population was composed of small and round cells organized in a honeycomb pattern. The second population constituted of intermingled streams and bundles of neoplastic cells that were strongly immunolabeled for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The diagnosis of a mixed glioma was based on MRI findings, and mainly on histological and immunohistochemical findings.

In ruminant livestock, rumen undegradable protein (RUP) derived from the diet and microbial protein synthesized in the rumen are essential for animal survival, maintenance, growth, production, and reproduction. RUP is influenced by diet composition, physical form, and ruminal metabolism. Here, we aimed to evaluate the ruminal degradability of protein feeds with different physical forms (meal versus grain) through a meta-analysis study. A database, composed of 45 treatments from 12 studies carried out in Brazil, was evaluated to compare the degradability of soybean, sunflower, canola, and flaxseed grains with the meal forms of soybean, peanut, sunflower, cottonseed, and corn gluten. The degradation parameters of dry matter did not differ significantly between meals and grains. However, the effective degradability of crude protein at a passage rate of 2% per hour was higher in meals than in grains. Overall, it was concluded that meal protein might be more degradable in the rumen of animals on an energy intake lower than the maintenance.

Regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) in young and elderly participants were assessed using pulsed arterial spin labeling (ASL) and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques in combination with inhalation of CO2. Pulsed ASL and BOLD-MRI were acquired in seventeen asymptomatic volunteers (10 young adults, age: 30±7 years; 7 elderly adults, age: 64±8 years) with no history of diabetes, hypertension, and neurological diseases. Data from one elderly participant was excluded due to the incorrigible head motion. Average baseline CBF in gray matter was significantly reduced in elderly (46±9 mL·100 g-1·min-1) compared to young adults (57±8 mL·100 g-1·min-1; P=0.02). Decreased pulsed ASL-CVR and BOLD-CVR in gray matter were also observed in elderly (2.12±1.30 and 0.13±0.06 %/mmHg, respectively) compared to young adults (3.28±1.43 and 0.28±0.11 %/mmHg, respectively; P<0.05), suggesting some degree of vascular impairment with aging. Moreover, age-related decrease in baseline CBF was observed in different brain regions (inferior, middle and superior frontal gyri; precentral and postcentral gyri; superior temporal gyrus; cingulate gyri; insula, putamen, caudate, and supramarginal gyrus). In conclusion, CBF and CVR were successfully investigated using a protocol that causes minimal or no discomfort for the participants. Age-related decreases in baseline CBF and CVR were observed in the cerebral cortex, which may be related to the vulnerability for neurological disorders in aging.

Neste trabalho consideramos o modelo de crescimento econômico de Solow, quando a força de trabalho é governada pela lei de Malthus adicionada por uma taxa de migração constante. Considerando a função de produção de Cobb-Douglas, provamos alguns resultados de estabilidade e encontramos uma solução em forma fechada, envolvendo funções hipergeométricas de Gauss, para o caso em que há emigração. Além disso, provamos que, dependendo do valor da taxa de emigração, a economia pode entrar em colapso, estabilizar em um nível constante, ou crescer mais vagarosamente do que o modelo de Solow padrão. O caso em que há imigração também pode ser analisado pelo modelo, desde que a taxa de crescimento orgânico de trabalhadores na Lei de Malthus seja negativa.

In this work we deal with the Solow economic growth model, when the labor force is ruled by the Malthusian law added by a constant migration rate. Considering a Cobb-Douglas production function, we prove some stability issues and find a closed-form solution for the emigration case, involving Gauss' Hypergeometric functions. In addition, we prove that, depending on the value of the emigration rate, the economy could collapse, stabilize at a constant level, or grow more slowly than the standard Solow model. Immigration also can be analyzed by the model if the Malthusian manpower is declining.

Foram obtidas estimativas de variância fenotípica, genética e residual, herdabilidades e correlações genéticas para as características reprodutivas em 5.903 animais da raça Nelore. O modelo experimental utilizado foi o método de máxima verossimilhança restrita livre de derivadas. Os valores de herdabilidade foram de 0,24±0,05 para perímetro escrotal aos 450 dias de idade e de 0,37±0,05 aos 21 meses de idade, na ocasião do exame andrológico; de 0,24±0,05 e 0,26±0,05 para comprimento dos testículos esquerdo e direito; de 0,29±0,05 e 0,31±0,05 para largura dos testículos esquerdo e direito; de 0,12±0,04 para formato testicular; de 0,33±0,06 para volume testicular; de 0,11±0,03 para turbilhonamento; de 0,08±0,03 para motilidade e de 0,05±0,02 para vigor espermático; de 0,20±0,04, 0,03±0,02 e 0,19±0,04 para defeitos espermáticos maiores, menores e totais, respectivamente. As características biométricas testiculares apresentaram valores de herdabilidade moderados a altos, enquanto as características seminais valores baixos. Correlações genéticas entre perímetro escrotal com todas as características reprodutivas foram favoráveis, o que sugere o perímetro escrotal como característica de escolha na seleção de touros.

Estimates of phenotypic, genetics and residual variances for reproductive traits in 5903 Nellore bulls were obtained. The experimental model used was multiple trait derivative-free restricted maximum likelihood. The values obtained for heritability were 0.24±0.05 for scrotal circumference at 450 days of age and 0.37±0.05 at 21 months for age at the time of the breeding soundness evaluation; 0.24±0.05 and 0.26±0.05 for left and right testicle length; 0.29±0.05 and 0.31±0.05 for left and right testicle width; 0.12±0.04 for testicle format; 0.33±0.06 for testicle volume; 0.11±0.03 for gross motility; 0.08±0.03 for individual motility and 0.05±0.02 for spermatic vigor; 0.20±0.04, 0.03±0.02 and 0.19±0.04 for larger defects, smaller defects and total defects, respectively. The values for heritability for testicular biometric characteristics were moderate to high while the seminal characteristics, presented low values. Genetic correlations between scrotal circumference with all the reproductive traits were favorable, suggesting the scrotal circumference as a feature of choice in the selection of bulls.

O diagnóstico de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) em cães é considerado importante causa de sinais clínicos neurológicos. Este trabalho objetivou descrever as doenças concomitantes e os aspectos sonográficos em cães com AVC confirmados por meio da avaliação post-mortem. Foram revisados os exames de ultrassonografia Doppler transcraniana (USDTC) realizados em 512 cães entre os anos de 2007 e 2009, pesquisando-se o histórico e o diagnóstico clínico, assim como os achados ultrassonográficos e histológicos. Destes, foram selecionados 42 cães que apresentavam sinais clínicos agudos de alteração cerebral focal não progressiva, e o diagnóstico de AVC foi confirmado na necropsia. As doenças e as condições clínicas concomitantes foram: microangiopatia amiloide cerebral (33%), endocrinopatias (31%), coagulopatias (24%), hiperlipemia do Schnauzer (7%) e inconclusivo (5%). Relacionando-se os resultados ultrassonográficos e histológicos, observaram-se 100% de sensibilidade e 90% de especificidade para a detecção de lesões focais. O diagnóstico de diminuição difusa da ecogenicidade foi relacionado a processos inflamatórios e/ou edema com 62% de sensibilidade. O diagnóstico de aumento difuso da ecogenicidade apresentou 100% de sensibilidade e estava geralmente relacionado a alterações senis. Este estudo demonstrou a ocorrência de doenças coexistentes com o AVC e os aspectos ultrassonográficos destas condições em cães de raças pequenas.

Cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) are important causes of neurological clinical signs in dogs. The objective of this work was to describe concurrent diseases and ultrasonographic features in dogs with CVA confirmed through postmortem evaluation. All medical records of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCDUS) examinations performed in 512 dogs between 2007 and 2009 were reviewed, searching for history and clinical diagnosis, as well as sonographic and histological results. Forty-two dogs were selected, showing acute onset of clinical signs with no progressive focal cerebral dysfunction and diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease confirmed at necropsy. Concurrent diseases and conditions were: cerebral amyloid microangiopathy (33%), endocrinopathies (31%), coagulopathy (24%), Schnauzer hyperlipemia (7%) and unknown (5%). The relation between sonography and histology results indicated 100% sensitivity and 90% specificity for focal lesion detection. A diffuse decrease in echogenicity was related to inflammatory diseases and/or edema with 62% sensitivity. A diffuse increase in echogenicity has 100% sensitivity and was usually related to aging changes. This study showed the occurrence of coexisting diseases with CVA and sonographic features of these conditions in small breed dogs.

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF), encoded by the HBG2 and HBG1 genes, is the best-known genetic modulator of sickle cell anemia, varying dramatically in concentration in the blood of these patients. This variation is partially associated with polymorphisms located in the promoter region of the HBG2 and HBG1 genes. In order to explore known and unknown polymorphisms in these genes, the sequences of their promoter regions were screened in sickle cell anemia patients and correlated with both their HbF levels and their βS-globin haplotypes. Additionally, the sequences were compared with genes from 2 healthy groups, a reference one (N = 104) and an Afro-descendant one (N = 98), to identify polymorphisms linked to the ethnic background.The reference group was composed by healthy individuals from the general population. Four polymorphisms were identified in the promoter region of HBG2 and 8 in the promoter region of HBG1 among the studied groups. Four novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) located at positions -324, -317, -309 and -307 were identified in the reference group. A deletion located between -396 and -391 in the HBG2 promoter region and the SNP -271 C→T in the HBG1 promoter region were associated with the Central African Republic βS-globin haplotype. In contrast, the -369 C→G and 309 A→G SNPs in the HBG2 promoter region were correlated to the Benin haplotype. The polymorphisms -396_-391 del HBG2, -369 SNP HBG2 and -271 SNP HBG1 correlated with HbF levels. Hence, we suggest an important role of HBG2 and HBG1 gene polymorphisms on the HbF synthesis.

Foi realizada a ultrassonografia duplex Doppler transcraniana em 32 cães, conscientes, que apresentavam ventriculomegalia previamente detectada ao exame modo-B, para obter as medidas dos ventrículos laterais e os parâmetros de resistência das artérias cerebrais antes e depois de 30 dias de tratamento clínico. Os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos: 1 - formado por cães que apresentaram remissão ou diminuição dos sinais clínicos após tratamento; 2 - por cães que apresentaram piora dos sinais neurológicos ou estabilidade do quadro clínico. Todos os dados foram dispostos em tabelas e submetidos ao teste t pareado e a modelos de regressão logística para avaliar a influência da redução do índice de resistividade (IR). Não foi observada influência das variáveis em modo-B. Após o tratamento, a média do IR foi significantemente menor para o grupo que apresentou melhora clínica; não houve diferença significativa da média de redução do IR para a mesma artéria quando comparados os lados direito e esquerdo. Concluiu-se que o duplex Doppler transcraniano é um métodos de avaliação hemodinâmica capaz de monitorar mais precisamente o tratamento da hidrocefalia em cães e verificar a resposta dos pacientes.

Transcranial duplex Doppler ultrasound was performed in 32 conscious dogs presenting ventriculomegaly detected in B-mode, obtaining measures of lateral ventricles and resistance parameters of main cerebral arteries before and after 30 days of clinical treatment. The animals were distributed divided in two groups: group 1, dogs that presented remission or decrease of the neurological signs of the disease after clinical therapy; and group 2, dogs that displayed worsening of the neurological signs or clinical stability. The data were all presented in tables and were submitted to paired t test and to logistic regression models to evaluate the influence of the RI reduction on both groups. There was no significant influence of the variables in the B-mode. After the treatment, the mean resistive index (RI) was significantly lower for the group that presented clinical improvement. There was no significant difference of the mean RI reduction for the same artery when the right and left sides were compared. It could be concluded that transcranial duplex Doppler ultrasound is a method of cerebral hemodynamic assessment able to monitor more precisely the treatment of hydrocephalus in dogs and verify the responses.

Com o objetivo de identificar as comunidades de plantas daninhas que ocorrem nas calçadas do município de Paraguaçu Paulista-SP, foi realizado um levantamento fitossociológico considerando três possíveis posicionamentos de ocorrência da infestação em calçadas. As plantas daninhas foram identificadas e quantificadas em todos os principais bairros do município, sendo subdivididos 180 pontos de amostragem em faixas posicionadas nas regiões: guia da calçada, centro da calçada e beiral do muro. No levantamento, foram identificadas 11 famílias e 21 espécies; as famílias Poaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae e Amaranthaceae foram as que registraram os maiores números e frequências de espécies, nas três posições das calçadas. Os maiores índices de valor de importância (IVI) das espécies identificadas na guia e no centro da calçada foram, respectivamente: Eragrotis pilosa (50,3 e 56,6), Chamaesyce prostrata (48,2 e 57,6) e Chamaesyce hirta (30,3 e 36,4); e para o beiral do muro: C. prostrata (60,6), Phyllanthus tenellus (44,3) e C. hirta (36,2).

A phytosociological assessment was carried out to identify weed communities occurring on the sidewalks of Paraguacu Paulista-SP, considering three possible types of weed infestation on sidewalks. Weeds were identified and quantified in all the main neighborhoods of this municipal district, being subdivided into 180 sampling points in strips positioned on the curb line of the sidewalk, the center of the sidewalk and the edge of the wall. Eleven families and 21 species were identified with the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae and Amaranthaceae families registering the highest numbers and frequencies of species in the three side walk positions. The highest importance value indices (IVI) for the species identified in the curb lineand center of the sidewalk were: Eragrotis pilosa (50.3 and 56.6), Chamaesyce prostrata (48.2 and 57.6) and Chamaesyce hirta (30.3 and 36.4); for the edge of the wall, the highest IVI were: C. prostrata (60.6), Phyllanthus tenellus (44.3) and C. hirta (36.2).

Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar a tensão superficial estática, o pH e a produção da espuma de misturas em tanque de glyphosate + chlorimuron-ethyl, associadas ou não com adjuvantes. Dois trabalhos foram realizados, sendo a primeira etapa desenvolvida em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e 20 repetições, representados por soluções dos herbicidas glyphosate (540,0 g e.a. ha-1) e chlorimuron-ethyl (7,5 g ha-1), isolados e em mistura em tanque nas formulações: Polaris®; Roundup Ready®; Classic®; Polaris® + Classic®; Roundup Ready® + Classic® e testemunha (água). Na segunda etapa foram estudados em DIC 70 tratamentos e 20 repetições, em fatorial 2 x 5 x 7, constituído por duas misturas de glyphosate com chlorimuron-ethyl (Polaris® + Classic® e Roundup Ready ® + Classic®), cinco adjuvantes (Joint Oil®; Nimbus®; Assist®; Natur' Oil® e Agr' Óleo®) e sete doses dos adjuvantes (0,000; 0,031; 0,062; 0,125; 0,250; 0,500 e 1,000% de v/v). As soluções de Polaris® e Roundup Ready®; isoladas ou em misturas com Classic®; caracterizaram-se por tensões superficiais estáticas de 43,2 e 35,9 mN m-1 e pH médios em torno de 4,5 a 4,6, respectivamente. As misturas de Polaris®+Classic®; Roundup Ready®+Classic® e Classic® apresentaram a maior quantidade e persistência da espuma ao longo do tempo, quando comparadas às formulações de Polaris® e Roundup Ready®. Os adjuvantes promoveram redução da tensão superficial quando associados às misturas de Polaris® + Classic® e Roundup Ready® + Classic®; caracterizando-se em termos de eficiência pela ordem decrescente: Nimbus® (36,5% e 25,8%) < Joint Oil® (32,2% e 25,2%) < Agr' Oil® (21,2% e 13,4%) < Natur' Oil® (17,4% e 10,6%) < Assist® (8,5% e 10,6%). Os adjuvantes promoveram redução da quantidade e persistência da espuma das misturas de Polaris® + Classic® e Roundup Ready® + Classic®; com pequenas variações dos níveis médios de pH das soluções inferiores a 0,5.

This work aimed to evaluate static superficial tension, pH and foam production in glyphosate + chlorimuron-ethyl tank mixtures with or without adjuvants. The experiment consisted of two stages, with the first stage being arranged in a complete randomized design, with six treatments and 20 replications, represented by glyphosate (540.0 g a.e. ha-1) and chlorimuron-ethyl (7.5 g ha-1) solutions, isolated and in tank mixtures in the following formulations: PolarisTM, Roundup ReadyTM, ClassicTM, PolarisTM + ClassicTM, Roundup ReadyTM + ClassicTM and check (water). The second stage was also arranged in a complete randomized design, with 70 treatments and 20 replications, in a 2 x 5 x 7 factorial scheme constituted by two mixtures of glyphosate with chlorimuron-ethyl (PolarisTM + ClassicTM and Roundup ReadyTM + ClassicTM), 5 adjuvants (Joint OilTM, NimbusTM, AssistTM, Natur' OilTM and Agr' ÓleoTM) and 7 adjuvant doses (0.000; 0.031; 0.062; 0.125; 0.250; 0.500 and 1.000% of v/v). PolarisTM and Roundup ReadyTM solutions , isolated or in tank mixtures with ClassicTM, characterized by static superficial tensions of 43.2 and 35.9 mN m-1 and medium pHs, around 4.5 to 4.6, respectively. PolarisTM + ClassicTM, Roundup ReadyTM + ClassicTM and ClassicTM solutions showed the highest foam quantity and persistence during the time, compared to PolarisTM and Roundup ReadyTM mixtures. Adjuvants promoted reduction of static superficial tension when associated with PolarisTM + ClassicTM and Roundup ReadyTM + ClassicTM mixtures, being characterized in efficiency by this decreasing order: NimbusTM (36.5% and 25.8%) < Joint OilTM (32.2% and 25.2%) < Agr' OilTM (21.2% and 13.4%) < Natur' OilTM (17.4% and 10.6%) < AssistTM (8.5% and 10.6%). Adjuvants promoted reduction of foam quantity and persistence in the PolarisTM + ClassicTM and Roundup ReadyTM + ClassicTM mixtures, with small variations in the medium levels of pH of the solutions lower than 0.5.