RESUMO O presente estudo avaliou o potencial probiótico in vitro de bactérias ácido-láticas (BAL) isoladas de queijo artesanal da Serra Geral (MG), com 14 e 21 dias de maturação, leite cru e pingo, utilizados em sua elaboração, e de bancadas de produção. As bactérias foram submetidas aos testes de antibiograma, à tolerância a ácido gástrico artificial e a sais biliares e ao antagonismo contra micro-organismos indicadores. Levilactobacillus brevis (Q521) e Lactococcus lactis (LLSG) apresentaram os melhores resultados e foram selecionados para a produção de leite fermentado. Apenas LLSG foi capaz de fermentar o leite. O produto apresentou qualidade microbiológica e físico-química adequada, exceto para os teores de proteína, segundo a legislação vigente para leites fermentados, demonstrando potencial tecnológico. A partir dos resultados apresentados, sugere-se que testes in vivo sejam realizados para que LLSG possa vir a ser utilizado como probiótico.

ABSTRACT The main objective of this study was to characterize the ethical level in students and teachers of the veterinary medicine career of the Santo Tomás University, Puerto Montt headquarters, Chile. For this a dilemmatic survey was applied to 3 study groups, made up of students from the first and fifth years, in addition to teachers who teach professional training subjects at the Puerto Montt campus. The survey was created by contracting ethical specifications of the career with the moral judgment diles in Kohlberg. From the results obtained, it was possible to conclude that the specifications of the veterinary medicine career only contemplate 20% of the 59 articles studied of the professional code of ethics. In addition, it was possible to say that the first and fifth year students, and teachers do not fully know the articles of the code of ethics according to the classification of Kohlberg's theory.

RESUMEN El objetivo principal de este estudio fue caracterizar el nivel ético en estudiantes y docentes de la carrera de medicina veterinaria de la Universidad Santo Tomás, sede de Puerto Montt, Chile. Para esto, se aplicó una encuesta dilemática a 3 grupos de estudio conformados por estudiantes de primer y quinto año, además de docentes que imparten asignaturas de formación profesional de la sede Puerto Montt. La creación de la encuesta fue por medio de la contratación de especificaciones éticas de la carrera con los diles de juicio moral en Kohlberg. De los resultados obtenidos se pudo concluir que las especificaciones de la carrera de medicina veterinaria solo contemplan el 20% de 59 artículos estudiados del Código de Ética profesional. Además, es posible decir que los estudiantes de primero y quinto año, y los docentes no conocen a cabalidad los artículos del Código de Ética según la clasificación de la teoría de Kohlberg.

Resumo O consumo de água não potável é um relevante problema de saúde pública devido à possibilidade de veiculação de inúmeros contaminantes químicos e microbiológicos. Em 2005, o Ministério da Saúde Brasileiro criou o Programa Nacional de Vigilância da Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano (VIGIAGUA), com a finalidade primordial de gerenciar riscos relacionados ao fornecimento de água a populações humanas no território brasileiro. Entretanto, o VIGIAGUA não possui uma metodologia capaz de caracterizar ou gerenciar riscos. O objetivo desta pesquisa é criar um modelo de trabalho para transformar dados brutos em dados conceituais relacionados aos níveis de risco classificados em baixo, médio e alto. Os dados utilizados na aplicação do modelo foram obtidos de um município com menos de 10 mil habitantes, adscrito à gerência Regional de Saúde de Itabira, cujo histórico de contaminação da água é alarmante. Foram coletadas 12 amostras/mês entre maio de 2017 e abril de 2018. Os resultados das análises de água tratada foram classificados segundo a presença de perigos e categorizados em níveis de risco. Os resultados apresentaram 83,3% de contaminação por coliformes totais na saída do tratamento e 91,6% na rede de distribuição. A contaminação por Escherichia coli foi de 16,7% nas amostras da saída do tratamento e 45,2% na rede de distribuição. O sistema foi categorizado em “Alto Risco”. A análise de amostras de água não tratada foi realizada com a finalidade de conhecer o padrão de contaminação da água bruta da região, resultando em 100% de contaminação por coliformes totais e 97,2% de contaminação por E. coli.

Abstract Consumption of non-potable water is a relevant public health problem due to the possibility of transporting numerous chemical and microbiological contaminants. In 2005, the Brazilian Ministry of Health created the National Program of Surveillance in Environmental Health related to the Quality of Water for Human Consumption (VIGIAGUA), with the primary purpose of managing risks related to water supply to human populations in Brazilian territory. However, VIGIAGUA does not have a methodology capable of characterizing or managing risks. The objective of this research is to create a working model to transform raw data into conceptual data related to low-, medium- and high-risk levels. The data used in the application of the model were obtained through the analyses of water-quality surveillance conducted by the Regional Health Management of Itabira, a municipality with less than 10 thousand inhabitants, whose history of water contamination is alarming. Twelve samples/month were collected between May 2017 and April 2018. The results of the treated water analyses were classified according to the presence of hazards and categorized into risk levels. The results showed 83.3% contamination by total coliforms at the treatment plant and 91.6% in the distribution system. The Escherichia coli contamination was 16.7% in the treatment plant samples and 45.2% in the distribution system. The system was categorized as "High Risk". The analysis of untreated water samples was carried out for the purpose of knowing the contamination pattern of the raw water of the region, finding 100% contamination by total coliforms and 97.2% contamination by E. coli.

RESUMEN Objetivos Diseñar y validar un instrumento de evaluación del desempeño de las AVDI, acorde a las necesidades y características actuales de los adultos considerando la actualización terminológica en Terapia Ocupacional. Métodos La investigación se encasilla como un estudio investigativo-evaluativo cuantitativo multivariado. Se diseñó un instrumento de tres dimensiones, una para valorar el nivel de desempeño, otra para valorar las razones de dependencia y una tercera para valorar la importancia de la actividad. Se realizó una prueba de campo a una muestra de 38 personas, usuarios de Centros de Rehabilitación Comunitaria y posteriormente el instrumento diseñado se sometió a validación de constructo y de contenido, a través de juicio de expertos y análisis factorial a los datos a una muestra de 89 personas adultas según los criterios de inclusión. Resultados El análisis se realizó mediante validación de constructo a través de un análisis estadístico factorial, identificando y obteniendo en las tres dimensiones un alfa de Cronbach con valores por sobre 0,7 lo que resulta en un instrumento fiable. Conclusión Gracias a la validación de contenido y construcción, se establece que el instrumento es adecuado para la población propuesta, por lo tanto, se puede difundir y utilizar para contribuir a la disciplina.

ABSTRACT Objective To design and validate an instrument for a performance evaluation of the instrumental activities of daily living according to the current needs and features of adults, considering the terminological update in Occupational Therapy. Materials and Methods This is a multivariate, quantitative, evaluation research study. A three-dimensional instrument was designed, one to assess the level of performance, another to assess the reasons for dependency and a third one to assess the importance of the activity. A field test was carried out in 38 users of community rehabilitation centers. Subsequently, the designed instrument was submitted to construct and content validation through expert judgment and factorial analysis of data from a sample of 89 people from the aforementioned rehabilitation centers according to the inclusion criteria. Results An analysis was performed by means of construct validation through a factorial statistical analysis. A Cronbach's alpha value above 0.7 was obtained for the three dimensions of the instrument, which results in a reliable instrument. Conclusion Due to the content and construct validation, together with a statistical analysis of its dimensions, the instrument can be considered as a suitable tool for the proposed population and can therefore be disseminated and used within this discipline.

This study shows that polymer nanogels (well-defined cross-linked nanoparticles behaving as highly hydrated unimolecular objects) are suitable capping agents for palladium nanoparticle catalyst systems. In spite of the structurally complex nature of the catalysts, it was possible to go from acrylate-based monomers to ready-to-use and recyclable catalysts in only two-steps. First, nanogels were synthesized by activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET ATRP) method with sequential addition of monomers. Then, in the second step, palladium acetate was reduced to obtain ready-to-use catalysts (ca. 25 nm nanogel structures containing ca. 7 nm palladium nanoparticles). The catalytic activity was confirmed in p -nitrophenol (Nip) reduction and Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. The observed rate constants (kobs) for Nip reduction were in the range of 0.8-10.0 × 10-2 s-1 depending on the polymeric capping agent structure, with the highest value being found for nanogel-based systems. These composite catalysts also mediated the cross-coupling Suzuki reaction providing the expected products in quantitative yields under relatively mild conditions after 4 h at 50 ºC. The simplicity of catalyst preparation protocol that ensures excellent activity and the low concentration of polymer applied during the synthesis are a step forward in terms of environmental and economic prospects.

ABSTRACT The Ipubi Formation represents the Aptian-Albian siliciclastic-evaporitic succession of Araripe Basin, NE Brazil. This succession comprises siliciclastic rocks (bituminous shales and claystones) and evaporites (gypsum and secondary anhydrite) and represents part of the lacustrine-shallow marine post-rift phase I. This study used sequence stratigraphy concepts to define the relations between changes in the relative lake level and the formation of Ipubi deposits. Results show that the organic-rich shales of the Ipubi Formation formed during a transgressive pulse that covered large areas of the proximal domains. These deposits overlie a regional unconformity that marks the end of the deposition of the underlying Crato Formation. A High Stand stage that followed the transgression influenced the formation of evaporitic deposits. Climate conditions played a major role in influencing the triggering and stopping of evaporite deposition. Thus, a new relative lake level fall event caused the exposure of the Ipubi Formation deposits, and created another regional subaerial unconformity accompanied by widespread karstification of evaporite beds. A posterior transgression caused the deposition of siliciclastic rocks of the Romualdo Formation over the Ipubi Formation strata, and also promoted a new event of karstification of the Ipubi upper evaporite beds.

ABSTRACT Objective To design and validate an instrument for a performance evaluation of the instrumental activities of daily living according to the current needs and features of adults, considering the terminological update in Occupational Therapy. Materials and Methods This is a multivariate, quantitative, evaluation research study. A three-dimensional instrument was designed, one to assess the level of performance, another to assess the reasons for dependency and a third one to assess the importance of the activity. A field test was carried out in 38 users of community rehabilitation centers. Subsequently, the designed instrument was submitted to construct and content validation through expert judgment and factorial analysis of data from a sample of 89 people from the aforementioned rehabilitation centers according to the inclusion criteria. Results An analysis was performed by means of construct validation through a factorial statistical analysis. A Cronbach's alpha value above 0.7 was obtained for the three dimensions of the instrument, which results in a reliable instrument. Conclusion Due to the content and construct validation, together with a statistical analysis of its dimensions, the instrument can be considered as a suitable tool for the proposed population and can therefore be disseminated and used within this discipline.

RESUMEN Objetivos Diseñar y validar un instrumento de evaluación del desempeño de las AVDI, acorde a las necesidades y características actuales de los adultos considerando la actualización terminológica en Terapia Ocupacional. Métodos La investigación se encasilla como un estudio investigativo-evaluativo cuantitativo multivariado. Se diseñó un instrumento de tres dimensiones, una para valorar el nivel de desempeño, otra para valorar las razones de dependencia y una tercera para valorar la importancia de la actividad. Se realizó una prueba de campo a una muestra de 38 personas, usuarios de Centros de Rehabilitación Comunitaria y posteriormente el instrumento diseñado se sometió a validación de constructo y de contenido, a través de juicio de expertos y análisis factorial a los datos a una muestra de 89 personas adultas según los criterios de inclusión. Resultados El análisis se realizó mediante validación de constructo a través de un análisis estadístico factorial, identificando y obteniendo en las tres dimensiones un alfa de Cronbach con valores por sobre 0,7 lo que resulta en un instrumento fiable. Conclusión Gracias a la validación de contenido y construcción, se establece que el instrumento es adecuado para la población propuesta, por lo tanto, se puede difundir y utilizar para contribuir a la disciplina.

In this study, we report the synthesis of submicrometer calcium carbonate particles using the simplest approach of mixing solutions of calcium chloride and ammonium carbonate inorganic precursors in the presence of crystallization modifiers. Instead of the typical crystallization of CaCO3 into large calcite crystals with rhombohedral morphology, very small uniform spherical vaterite particles were formed with the addition of small amounts of the anionic homopolymer poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS). In contrast, large spheres made of a collection of calcite polycrystallite aggregates formed in the presence of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). Crystal growth in a pre-organized environment created by the selective distribution of CaII ions in the shell of polyestyrene-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA) core-shell spherical micelles revealed a rather poor control of the size and morphology. Therefore, the PSS anionic homopolymer can be applied to the synthesis of submicrometer CaCO3 particles from solutions of inorganic salts, which is a much cheaper and sustainable method than controlled CO2 gas production and diffusion.

Lactobacillus spp. isolados de diferentes porções do trato gastrintestinal de frangos foram testados quanto à capacidade de se manterem viáveis em uma emulsão água/óleo (A/O) contendo óleos de gergelim e de girassol. Após sessenta dias de estocagem sob refrigeração, três de cinco linhagens testadas sobreviveram em concentração igual ou superior a 10 6 UFC/g. Lactobacillus reuteri 2M14C, que apresentou maior capacidade de sobrevivência na emulsão desenvolvida (10 7 UFC/g), foi testado quanto à sua capacidade de sobreviver às condições do trato gastrintestinal in vivo em camundongos gnotobióticos. Após dez dias de monoassociação com L. reuteri 2M14C, foi testada também a capacidade de estimulação da atividade fagocítica de macrófagos peritoneais. A linhagem permaneceu em número superior a 10 9 UFC/g de conteúdo fecal durante os dez dias de monoassociação, e os camundongos monoassociados apresentaram atividade fagocítica maior (P<0,05) que a do grupo controle isento de germe. Os resultados sugerem que a formulação proposta é capaz de manter a viabilidade de células de lactobacilos para adição em ração animal, necessitando, no entanto, de um acompanhamento dessa viabilidade por tempo maior de estocagem. Além disso, os resultados demonstram que Lactobacillus reuteri 2M14C é um forte candidato a ser adicionado em formulações probióticas para uso em frangos.

Lactobacillus spp. isolated from different portions of chickens' gastrointestinal tract were evaluated concerning their ability to survive in a water-in-oil (W/0) emulsion containing sesame and sunflower oil. After sixty days of emulsion storage under refrigeration, three of five strains tested survived in number equal to or higher than 10(6)cfu/g. Lactobacillus reuteri 2M14C, which presented the highest survival in W/O emulsion (10(7)cfu/g), was tested for its capacity to resist throughout the passage through gnotobiotic mice gastrointestinal tract and for the ability to stimulate murine peritoneal macrophages phagocytosis. This strain remained at a number above 10(9)cfu/g feces during ten days of monoassociation, and monoassociated mice showed phagocytic activity significantly greater than the germ-free controls (P<0.05). The results suggest that the formulation can be used to incorporate viable Lactobacillus spp. cells in animal feed. Moreover, the results suggest that L. reuteri 2M14C is a strong candidate to be incorporated in probiotic formulations for use in chicken.

Twenty crossbred castrated barrows, averaging 22.26 ± 1.79 kg of body weight, were used. The animals were individually alloted in metabolic cages, in a randomized blocks design, with five treatments (0.45, 0.52, 0.59, 0.66 and 0.73 % of digestible isoleucine) and four replicates. The diets were based on corn and soybean meal with low crude protein (14.15 %) and different levels of digestible isoleucine. The diets were humidified and supplied twice a day (7 am and 7 pm) to reduce losses and facilitate ingestion. The experimental period lasted 12 days, being 7 days for adaptation to metabolic cages and experimental diets and 5 days for total feces and urine collection. Feces were analyzed for dry matter and nitrogen (N), whereas urine samples were analyzed for N. The plasma urea nitrogen was also determined. Then, the N intake, N excretion (feces and urine), N absorbed, N retention, N retention/N intake, N retention/N absorbed and total N excretion were determined. Only N intake (g/kg BW0.75/day) was influenced (p<0.05) by digestible isoleucine levels, showing a linear increase on N intake as digestible isoleucine levels increased in the diets.

Foram utilizados vinte suínos mestiços, machos castrados, com peso vivo inicial médio de 22,26 ± 1,79 kg; distribuídos individualmente em gaiolas de metabolismo, em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (0,45; 0,52; 0,59; 0,66; 0,73 % de isoleucina digestível) e quatro repetições. As dietas foram formuladas à base de milho e farelo de soja, com baixa proteína bruta (14,15 %), e diferentes níveis de isoleucina digestível. As dietas foram umedecidas e fornecidas duas vezes ao dia (7 e 19 h) para reduzir perdas e facilitar a ingestão. O período experimental teve duração de 12 dias, sendo 7 dias para adaptação às gaiolas metabólicas e rações experimentais e 5 dias de coleta total de fezes e urina. Posteriormente, foi determinado o teor de matéria seca das fezes e o teor de nitrogênio (N) das fezes e urina, bem como o nitrogênio da uréia plasmática. Foram, então, calculados o consumo de N, excreção de N (fezes e urina), N absorvido, N retido, N absorvido/N retido, N retido/N consumido, N retido/N absorvido e excreção total de N. Obteve-se significância (p<0,05) apenas para o nitrogênio ingerido (g/kg PV0.75/dia), em que o modelo linear apresentou aumento nos valores de N ingerido à medida que aumentaram os níveis de isoleucina digestível nas rações.

Avian colibacillosis produced by Escherichia coli infections cause high mortality and morbidity in poultry farms. The objective of this study was to identify the pathogenic isolates of Peruvian broiler farms based in the presence of five genes encoding the virulence factors: iss, iucC, tsh, cvaC and irp2 by the Multiplex PCR. A total of 36 chicks between 14 and 31 days old from three poultry farms located in the north, centre, and south of Peru were sampled. Three colonies suspected to be E. coli were isolated from the intestine of each bird (n=108 colonies), and were biochemically tested with TSI, SIM, LIA, CITRATE and EMB mediums for the confirmation of the diagnostic. The 41 positive colonies to E. coli were analysed by Multiplex PCR, resulting 65.95% potentially pathogenic (carriers of two or more virulence genes); moreover, 9.8% of the isolates had all five genes. Three pathotypes containing irp2, iucC and tsh genes were found in La Libertad and Lima area

La colibacilosis aviar producida por infecciones de Escherichia coli es causa de elevados niveles de mortalidad y morbilidad en la industria avícola. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar las cepas patógenas de explotaciones avícolas en el Perú en base a la presencia de cinco genes codificadores de los factores de virulencia: iss, iucC, tsh, cvaC e irp2, mediante la técnica de Multiplex PCR. Se muestrearon 36 aves entre los 14 y 31 días de edad, provenientes de tres centros avícolas ubicados en el norte, centro y sur del país. Se hicieron aislados intestinales y se obtuvieron tres colonias sospechosas de E. coli por ave (n=108 colonias), que fueron evaluadas bioquímicamente con TSI, SIM, LIA y CITRATO, y adicionalmente con agar EMB para confirmación del diagnóstico. Las 41 colonias positivas a E. coli fueron analizadas mediante Multiplex PCR, resultando 65.9% de colonias potencialmente patógenas (portadoras de dos o más genes codificadores de virulencia); asimismo, se demostró que el 9.8% de los aislados contenían los cinco genes. Adicionalmente, los tres patotipos que contienen los genes irp2, iucC y tsh fueron encontrados en las zonas de La Libertad y Lima

Diversidade e padrão de distribuição das algas verdes do infralitoral da Bacia potiguar, RN, nordeste do Brasil foram analisados a partir de material coletado em profundidades que variaram de 2 a 100 m. As coletas foram feitas em dois tipos de dragas durante as quatro campanhas: julho de 2002, maio e novembro de 2003 e maio de 2004, em 43 estações. Chlorophyta está representada por 54 espécies, cinco variedades e três formas. A família mais representativa é Caulerpaceae e dentro da família, o gênero mais diverso é Caulerpa, com 11 espécies. Os resultados mostraram que muitos táxons são raros (89%) e 10% estão presentes em baixa frequência. A espécie mais freqüente foi Caulerpaprolifera (Forssk.) J.V. Lamour. ocorrendo em quase todas as estações das plataformas costeiras e internas, encontradas em todas as campanhas. A distribuição das espécies por intervalo de profundidades mostrou que o maior número de táxons ocorreu entre 10 a 20 m, e uma ampla distribuição vertical foi registrada para Anadyomenestellata (Wulfen in Jacq.) C. Agardh,Chamaedoris peniculum (J. Ellis & Solander) Kuntze, Codium isthmocladum Vickers, Microdictyon sp., Udoteaoccidentalis A. Gepp & E. Gepp e Ventricaria ventricosa (J. Agardh) J.L. Olsen & J.A. West. Quatro espécies, Cladophoracoelothrix Kütz., C. ordinata (Børgensen) C. Hoek, Caulerpellaambigua (Okamura) Prud'homme & Lokhorst e Halimedasimulans M. Howe foram registradas pela primeira vez para o Rio Grande do Norte.

Diversity and distribution pattern of the infralittoral green macroalgae at Potiguar basin, Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil were analyzed from material collected at depths varying from 2 to 100 m. Collections were carried out with two types of dredges during four campaigns: July 2002, May and November 2003 and May 2004 at 43 stations. Chlorophyta is represented by 54 species, five varieties and three forms. The most representative family is Caulerpaceae, and the most diverse genus is Caulerpa, with 11 species. The results showed that most taxa (89%) are rare, and 10% are present at low frequencies. The most frequent species was Caulerpaprolifera (Forssk.) J.V. Lamour. occurring at almost all coastal and inner shelf stations, recorded in all campaigns. Species distribution by depth range showed that higher species number occurred on the inner shelf from 10 to 20 m, and a wide vertical distribution pattern was registered for Anadyomenestellata (Wulfen in Jacq.) C. Agardh,Chamaedoris peniculum (J. Ellis & Solander) Kuntze, Codium isthmocladum Vickers, Microdictyon sp., Udoteaoccidentalis A. Gepp & E. Gepp and Ventricaria ventricosa (J. Agardh) J.L. Olsen & J.A. West. Four species, Cladophoracoelothrix Kütz., C.ordinata (Børgensen) C. Hoek, Caulerpellaambigua (Okamura) Prud'homme & Lokhorst and Halimedasimulans M. Howe, were recorded for the first time in Rio Grande do Norte.

Lactobacillus delbrueckii UFV-H2b20 has been shown to increase clearance of bacteria injected into the blood of germ-free mice. Moreover, it induces the production of type 1 cytokines by human peripheral mononuclear cells. The objective of the present study was to investigate the production of inflammatory cytokines [interleukin-12 (IL-12 p40), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)] triggered in vitro by live, heat-killed or lysozyme-treated L. delbrueckii UFV-H2b20 and in vivo by a live preparation. Germ-free, L. delbrueckii-monoassociated and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-resistant C3H/HeJ mice were used as experimental models. UFV-H2b20 induced the production of IL-12 p40 and TNF-α by peritoneal cells and IFN-γ by spleen cells from germ-free or monoassociated Swiss/NIH mice and LPS-hyporesponsive mice (around 40 ng/mL for IL-12 p40, 200 pg/mL for TNF-α and 10 ng/mL for IFN-γ). Heat treatment of L. delbrueckii did not affect the production of these cytokines. Lysozyme treatment decreased IL-12 p40 production by peritoneal cells from C3H/HeJ mice, but did not affect TNF-α production by these cells or IFN-γ production by spleen cells from the same mouse strain. TNF-α production by peritoneal cells from Swiss/NIH L. delbrueckii-monoassociated mice was inhibited by lysozyme treatment. When testing IL-12 p40 and IFN-γ levels in sera from germ-free or monoassociated Swiss/NIH mice systemically challenged with Escherichia coli we observed that IL-12 p40 was produced at marginally higher levels by monoassociated mice than by germ-free mice (40 vs 60 ng/mL), but IFN-γ was produced earlier and at higher levels by monoassociated mice (monoassociated 4 and 14 ng/mL 4 and 8 h after infection, germfree 0 and 7.5 ng/mL at the same times). These results show that L. delbrueckii UFV-H2b20 stimulates the production of type 1 cytokines in vitro and in vivo, therefore suggesting that L. delbrueckii might have adjuvant properties in infection in which these cytokines play a major role.