RESUMO: Este estudo visou detectar possíveis mudanças na composição química e celular do leite de vaca em diferentes sessões de ordenha, e testar se a amostragem de leite proporcional ou composta pode ser usada em vez de uma análise separada do leite. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos: um em vacas ordenhadas três vezes ao dia e outro em vacas ordenhadas duas vezes ao dia. Em ambos os experimentos, três amostras de leite foram coletadas de cada vaca em cada ordenha: para determinar a composição do leite em cada ordenha; ter uma amostra composta, isto é, uma única amostra das mesmas alíquotas de leite de cada sessão de ordenha; e ter uma amostra proporcional, ou seja, uma única amostra de cada sessão de ordenha em um volume proporcional ao volume de leite produzido. O conteúdo de gordura e a relação gordura:proteína foram maiores no período da tarde nos dois experimentos. O conteúdo de proteína foi maior à tarde nas vacas ordenhadas duas vezes ao dia, mas não nas vacas ordenhadas três vezes ao dia. O nível de lactose não foi diferente nas sessões de ordenha em nenhum dos experimentos. O nível de ureia foi maior à tarde e à noite, nas vacas ordenhadas três vezes ao dia e, pela manhã, nas vacas ordenhadas duas vezes ao dia. A contagem de células somáticas não diferiu entre as ordenhas em nenhum experimento. Não houve diferença na composição do leite entre as amostras proporcionais e compostas em vacas ordenhadas três vezes ao dia. Recomenda-se a coleta de amostras proporcionais e compostas em duas ou três sessões diárias de ordenha, para que a análise dos componentes do leite se torne mais fácil e barata.

ABSTRACT: This study vised to detect possible changes in chemical and cellular composition of cow’s milk at different milking sessions and to test if proportional or composite milk sampling can be used instead of separate milk analysis. Two experiments were conducted: one in cows milked thrice daily and the other one in cows milked twice daily. In both experiments, three milk samples were collected from each cow in each milking session in order to determine milk composition at each milking; to have a composite sample, i.e., a single sample from the same aliquots of milk from each milking session; and to have a proportional sample, i.e., a single sample from each milking session in a volume proportional to milk volume yielded. Fat content and fat to protein ratio were higher in the afternoon on both experiments. Protein content was larger in the afternoon on cows milked twice daily, but not on cows milked thrice daily. Lactose level was not different across the milking sessions in any of the experiments. The urea level was higher in the afternoon and evening milking on cows milked thrice daily, and in the morning milking on cows milked twice daily. Somatic cell count did not differ between milking in any experiment. No difference in milk composition was noted between proportional and composite samples on cows milked thrice or twice daily. The collection of proportional and composite samples is recommended in twice or thrice daily milking sessions so that the analysis of milk components becomes more easy and cheap.

ABSTRACT The present study evaluated the effect of variation in the amount of total dietary fiber (TDF) in sow diets, provided from 74 to 114 days of gestation, on the digestibility of nutrients and energy during gestation, as well as productivity and metabolism during gestation and lactation. Thirty-three sows were used in a randomized experimental design. The amounts of TDF in three treatment diets were 156, 223, and 282 g kg−1. The daily intake of nutrients and energy was similar for all diets the entire period of gestation, differing only in the volume of ration consumed, which was 2.1, 2.2, and 2.4 kg day−1 (days 74 to 90) and 2.5, 2.6, and 2.8 kg day−1 (days 91 to 111) for the 156, 223, and 282 g kg−1 TDF diets, respectively. During gestation, the increase in TDF resulted in a significant linear decrease in the digestible energy and apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, crude protein, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and organic matter. During gestation, blood concentrations of protein and globulins exhibited a quadratic response to the amount of TDF in the diet, whereas cholesterol exhibited a significant linear increase. The productivity and reproductive performance of the sows during gestation and lactation or the birth weight of the piglets were not affected by the amount of TDF, but the average daily weight gain of the litter during nursing increased linearly with increasing levels of dietary fiber. Increasing the amount of TDF reduces the digestibility of nutrients and energy, without affecting the performance of the sows during gestation and lactation or that of the piglets at birth and increasing TDF during gestation improves the weight gain of piglets during lactation.

RESUMO: A determinação da qualidade do leite nas fazendas é um parâmetro mundialmente aceito e utilizado como base para os sistemas de pagamento. Os produtores modernos utilizam o conhecimento das características do leite para adotar medidas que visam melhorar produtividade e qualidade. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do ano, estação, estágio de lactação e número de lactação sobre as variáveis produção e composição do leite de vacas Holandesas (n=148,604). A produção de leite estimada por regressão múltipla foi de 25,50L/vaca/dia. O inverno foi à estação com a maior produtividade e os maiores teores de proteína e lactose. A gordura de leite foi maior no outono em vacas primíparas e no final da lactação. As vacas com estágio de lactação entre 6 a 60 dias e aquelas que se encontram na segunda ou terceira lactação apresentaram a maior produtividade. A concentração de lactose correlacionou-se positivamente com a produção de leite. O escore das células somáticas correlacionou-se negativamente com a produtividade e com a concentração de lactose. As variações mais importantes nas características do leite ocorrem entre estações, estágios de lactação e número de partos. A saúde da glândula mamária ainda é o maior desafio a superar.

ABSTRACT: Worldwide, milk analysis is an satisfactory measurement of milk quality on dairy farms. Milk composition is the base for payment systems, so knowledge of its characteristics at different periods is essential for modern dairy producer. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of year, season, stage of lactation, and lactation number on variations in milk yield and composition of Holstein cows (n=148,604). Milk yield estimated by multiple regression was 25,50L/cow/day. Winter was the season with the highest milk yield and the highest protein and lactose content. Milk fat was highest in the fall, in cows in late lactation and also in primiparous cows. Lactating cows from 6 to 60 days in lactation and those in 2nd or 3rd lactation showed the highest milk yield. Lactose concentration was positively correlated with milk yield. Somatic cell score was negatively correlated with milk yield and with lactose concentration. Most important variations in milk characteristics occur among seasons, lactation stages and parities. Mammary gland health is yet the greatest challenge to be overcome.

ABSTRACT Molecules with immune modulating activity are ubiquitously distributed in nature and their impact on aquaculture has been exploited in order to increase fish resistance to pathogens. Here, we investigated the effect of inactivated Parapoxvirus ovis (iPPVO) on blood cells and innate and acquired immune response of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). iPPVO inoculation had no effect on respiratory burst activity; however, following iPPVO inoculation, we observed a significant decrease on circulating monocytes concomitantly with an increased number of heterophilic granulocytes and thrombocytes, which are the main cells involved in innate immunity and provide connection with acquired immunity. Fish inoculated with a combination of bovine serum albumin (BSA) + iPPVO had significantly higher levels of antibodies to BSA compared to fish inoculated with BSA alone, but lower than fish inoculated with BSA + Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA). These findings points to the potential usefulness of iPPVO as immunomodulator in fish and instigate further research to identify its component that interact with immune cells and that could be exploited as adjuvants in fish.

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever um surto de sarna corióptica em bovinos, 56 anos após a sua primeira identificação no Brasil. Entre os meses de junho a julho de 2011, a dermatite caracterizada por alopecia, com crosta e espessamento da pele na inserção da cauda e na fossa isquiorretal, foi observada em 40 (35,7%) de 112 vacas holandesas de uma propriedade rural pertencente à Mesorregião do Nordeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Após o diagnóstico da sarna causada por Chorioptes bovis, as vacas foram pesadas, tratadas com 0,5% de ivermectina pour on em dose única e separadas em dois grupos: vacas no início da lactação e no final da lactação. A taxa de sobrevivência de C. bovis e a taxa de cura dos dois grupos de vacas infestadas foram monitoradas a cada sete dias por meio de raspas de pele. Após 28 dias do estudo, a taxa de cura com o tratamento foi maior em vacas no início da lactação (p <0,0001). A taxa de sobrevivência de C. bovis foi maior em vacas no final da lactação.

Here we describe an outbreak of chorioptic mange in cattle, 56 years after its first identification in Brazil. Between the months of June and July 2011, dermatitis characterized by alopecia and crusted and thickened skin at the insertion of the tail and in the ischiorectal fossa was recognized in 40 (35.7%) out of 112 Holstein cows on a farm in the northeastern mesoregion of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. After diagnosing mange caused by Chorioptes bovis, the cows were weighed and treated with 0.5% ivermectin, as a pour-on single dose, and were separated into two groups: cows in early lactation and those in late lactation. The survival rate of C. bovis and the healing rate in the two groups of infested cows were monitored every seven days through skin scrapings. After 28 days of evaluation, the cure rate through treatment was greater among cows in early lactation (p <0.0001). The survival rate of C. bovis was higher in cows in late lactation.

Objetivo. Dos experimentos se realizaron para determinar el estatus de selenio en equinos Criollo-Chileno a pastoreo y, evaluar la respuesta a la suplementación con Na2SeO3. Materiales y métodos. Exp.1A caballos pertenecientes a 10 criaderos del sur de Chile se les determinó la actividad sanguínea de glutatión peroxidasa (GPx, EC.1.11.1.9) (AcGPx). Los animales pertenecieron a 3 grupos, pastoreo de otoño (PO, n=40), pastoreo de otoño y suplementados con avena (PO+A, n=47), y, pastoreo de primavera (PP, n=41). Exp2Se utilizaron equinos con carencia de selenio, distribuidos en tres grupos: G1, n=7, tratado con Na2SeO3 el día 0 (Se= 0.05 mg/kg pv, im); G2, n=8, suplementado con Na2SeO3, los días 0 y 15 y GC, n=8, control. La AcGPx se determinó al día 0, 30 y 120. Resultados. La mediana (Me) de la AcGPx en todos los grupos fue menor al límite adecuado (>130 U/gHb), mayor en PO+A (Me=92, P25%=47, P75%=129 U/gHb) y PP (Me=85, P25%=45, P75%=114 U/gHb) que en PO (Me=35, P25%=20, P75%=85 U/gHb) (p<0.05). En el experimento 2 la AcGPx fue similar y menor al adecuado en todos los grupos. La suplementación con Na2SeO3 aumentó (p<0.05) la AcGPx en G1 (121±52 U/gHb) y G2 (124±69 U/gHb), sin alcanzar valores adecuados. Conclusiones. Los equinos Criollo-Chileno a pastoreo en el sur de Chile presentan carencia de Se, mayor en otoño que primavera y menor al suplementar con avena. Adicionalmente, la administración parenteral de Na2SeO3 mejora el estatus de Se, pero sin revertir el cuadro carencial.

Objective. Two experiments were conducted to determine the selenium status in grazing Chilean-Criollo horses and evaluate their response to a Na2SeO3 supplement. Material and methods. Exp.1The blood activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx, EC.1.11.1.9) (AcGPx) was determined in horses kept grazing in 10 breeding farms from the south of Chile: PO, n= 40 horses were kept grazing during autumn (PO), 47 horses were kept grazing during autumn and supplemented with oat grain (PO+A), and 23 horses were kept grazing during spring (PP). (Exp.2)23 horses kept on pasture were allotted into three groups: G1, n=7, supplemented with a dose of Na2SeO3 (Se= 0.05mg/kg bw, im) on day 0; G2, n=8, supplemented with similar doses of Na2SeO3, on days 0 and 15; and GC, n=8, control. AcGPx was determined on days 0, 30 and 120. Results. Median (Me) of the AcGPx on all the farms were below the adequate limit (>130 U/g Hb), being higher in PO+A (Me= 92, P25%= 47, P75%= 129 U/g Hb) and PP (Me = 85, P25%= 45, P75%=114 U/g Hb) than PO (Me= 35, P25%= 20, P75%= 85 U/g Hb) (p<0.05). Initial AcGPx was similar and below adequate in the three groups and increased after Na2SeO3 administration (p<0.05) in G1 (121 ± 52 U/g Hb) and G2 (124 ± 69 U/g Hb). Conclusions. A deficiency is observed in Chilean-Criollo horses grazing during autumn and spring in southern Chile, parenteral administration of Na2SeO3 (0.05mg/kg bw) in single or double doses improves the Se status without achieving adequate values.

Objetivo. Determinar los valores y el grado de asociación entre las concentraciones de cobre (Cu) hepático y sérico y de ceruloplasmina (Cp) sérica en equinos. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron 38 equinos adultos, beneficiados en plantas faenadoras de la Región de la Araucanía, Chile. Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre por venopunción yugular previo al beneficio para determinar las concentraciones séricas de Cu y de Cp y, de hígado posterior al beneficio para determinar la concentración de Cu. Se calculó los intervalos de referencia y la asociación entre las concentraciones de Cu hepático y sérico y Cp sérica mediante correlación de Pearson y regresión lineal. Resultados. Se estimaron intervalos para las concentraciones de Cu hepático (32 - 161 µmol/kg de materia húmeda) y sérico (10 - 24 µmol/L) y, para Cp sérica (0.08 - 0.43 ΔDO). Los valores de Cu hepático, al ser comparados con los reportados por la literatura, indican que los animales presentaron un nivel adecuado de Cu, a excepción de 1 caballo, que se encontró bajo el límite inferior. La cupremia se asoció con la concentración sérica de Cp (r=0.49; p<0.05), no apreciándose asociación entre las otras variables (p>0.05). Conclusiones. Las concentraciones de Cu hepático de equinos adultos, beneficiados en plantas faenadoras de la Región de la Araucanía, Chile, se encontraron dentro de los intervalos descritos en la literatura. Las concentraciones de Cu hepático no se asociaron con las de Cu o Cp séricas.

Objetivo. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la asociación, sensibilidad (Se) y especificidad (Es) de las enzimas glutamato deshidrogenasa (GDH, EC: 1.4.1.3), aspartato aminotransferasa (AST, EC: 2.6.1.1) y g-glutamil transpeptidasa (GGT, EC: 2.3.2.2) como indicadores de daño hepático en perfiles bioquímicos sanguíneos de vacas lecheras. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron los valores de la actividad plasmática de GDH, AST y GGT, obtenidos de 1566 vacas correspondientes a 112 perfiles bioquímicos realizados en rebaños lecheros. Se determinó la asociación entre la actividad de las enzimas y el área bajo la curva (ABC) y la Se y la Es mediante curva ROC considerando la presencia de daño hepático cuando GDH>30 U/L o GGT>39 U/L. Resultados. La AST presentó mayor asociación con la GDH (r=0.55) que la GGT (r=0.44), así como una mayor ABC (p=0.01) al utilizar GDH>30 U/L para indicar daño hepático. El grado de asociación entre AST y GGT fue de r=0.42. La sensibilidad de la AST para detectar daño hepático, utilizando el punto de corte de referencia del laboratorio (>150 U/L), fue inferior que al emplear GGT (>39 U/L). El punto crítico de máxima Se y Es de la curva ROC para daño hepático se obtuvo con AST>110 U/L, valor que incrementó la concordancia diagnóstica con la GDH (Kappa >0.300), pero no con la GGT. Conclusiones. La actividad plasmática de AST en vacas lecheras se asocia mayormente con la de GDH que con la de GGT y su límite de referencia para predecir daño hepático correspondería a >110 U/L.

Objective. The aim of this study was to establish the association, sensibility (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the plasmatic activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH, EC: 1.4.1.3), aspartate aminotransferase (AST, EC: 2.6.1.1) and g-glutamil transpeptidase (GGT, EC: 2.3.2.2) as liver damage markers in blood profiles of dairy cows. Materials and methods. The records of the plasma activity for GDH, AST and GGT obtained from blood profiles taken from 1566 cows from 112 dairy herds. The association between enzymatic activity, area below the curve (ABC), and Se and Sp using a ROC curve were determined, considering liver damage when GDH >30 U/L or GGT >39 U/L. Results. The AST was more likely associated to GDH (r=0.55) than to GGT (r=0.44). AST also had a higher ABC (p=0.01) when using GDH >30 U/L as an indicator of liver damage. The correlation between AST and GGT was of r=0.42. AST Se to detect liver damage with a cut-off level of >150 U/L was lower than the Se of GGT. The critical point for maximum Se and Sp of the ROC curve was obtained with AST>110 U/L and an increase in the diagnostic concordance with GDH (Kappa>0.300), was obtained using this value. Conclusions. Plasma activity of AST is more associated to GDH than to GGT in dairy cows. The cut-off level of plasma activity of AST for liver damage prediction in dairy cows would be >110 U/L.

El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la suplementación con una fuente inorgánica de magnesio (MgO) versus una fuente orgánica de magnesio (MgQ) sobre el balance de magnesio (Mg) de vacas lecheras a pastoreo. Se utilizaron 34 vacas Holstein-Friesian, cuatro de las cuales tenían cánulas ruminales. El trabajo fue dividido en dos ensayos: Ensayo-1, se utilizaron las cuatro vacas canuladas y en tres períodos experimentales de un día de duración cada uno, donde se otorgaron los tratamientos sin suplementación (control); =30g/vaca de magnesio en forma de MgO y 30g/vaca de magnesio en forma de MgQ. Se obtuvo muestras de líquido ruminal y sangre en siete oportunidades durante el día (d) y se determinó pH ruminal, concentración ruminal de Mg, potasio, amonio y concentración de Mg plasmático. En muestras de orina se determinó el aclaramiento urinario de Mg (CUM). Ensayo-2, se utilizaron 30 vacas, las cuales fueron divididas en tres grupos de diez animales cada uno a las cuales se les dieron los mismos tratamientos (C, MgO y MgQ) por un período de 20 días y donde: 0-5d = período basal; 6-15d = período de suplementación y 16-20d = período post-suplementación. En el ensayo-1, la magnesemia media del día fue superior en las vacas suplementadas y en el ensayo-2 fueron similares entre tratamientos. El CUM fue similar entre tratamientos en ambos ensayos. En el ensayo-1, el MgQ incrementó las concentraciones ruminales de Mg a lo largo del d en comparación con el control y en el ensayo-2 fueron similares entre tratamientos. En ambos ensayos, el pH ruminal en MgQ fue inferior al MgO. Se determinó, tanto MgO y MgQ ejercen un efecto similar sobre el balance de Mg en vacas lecheras a pastoreo; además, el MgQ acidifi ca el pH del líquido ruminal.

The aim of this study was to evaluate magnesium supplementation from an organic source (MgO) versus an inorganic form (MgQ) on magnesium (Mg) balance in lactating dairy cows grazing on a permanent pasture at the end of spring. Thirty lactating Holstein cows and four ruminal-fi stulated cows were used. Study was divided in two experiments: Experiment 1, fi stulated cows were given Mg supplementation as an oral drench after morning and afternoon milkings, without supplementation (Control) 30g/cow of Mg as MgO and 30g/cow of Mg as MgQ. Ruminal fl uid and blood samples were obtained at 8:30, 10:30, 13:00, 17:30, 19:30, 22:00 y 02:30 h to determine rumen pH, Mg, potassium (K) and ammonia (NH4+) concentrations and Mg concentration on plasma. Urine samples were also obtained at 8:30, 13:00, 17:30 y 22:00 h to determine clearance of urine Mg (CUM). Experiment 2, three groups of 10 lactating cows each (C, MgO y MgQ) were used during a total time of 20 days where: 0 -5 d (baseline period) 6 -15 d (supplementation period) and 16 -20 d (post-supplementation period). Ruminal fl uid y blood samples were obtained on days 0, 5, 10, 15 y 20 to determine same parameters as for experiment 1. In experiment 1, magnesemia was higher in supplemented cows and no differences among treatments were found in experiment 2. CUM values were similar among treatments in both experiments. In experiment 1, ruminal Mg concentrations increased in cows receiving MgQ compared to control cows and in experiment 2, were similar among treatments. In both trials, the ruminal pH of cows supplemented with MgQ were lower than those supplemented with MgO. It is concluded that MgO y MgQ have a similar effect on the Mg metabolic balance in dairy cows on pasture, Nevertheless MgQ tends to acidify the ruminal pH.

Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los cambios hematológicos y de presión arterial en perros después de una picadura cutánea de abejas. Material y métodos. Se utilizaron 10 perros adultos, a los cuales se les inoculó veneno de abeja mediante una picadura cutánea controlada. De cada animal se extrajo una muestra de sangre previa y los 15 y 300 minutos post inoculación. Se registró la presión arterial sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD), media (PAM) y de pulso (PP) desde 15 minutos previos hasta 45 minutos posteriores a la inoculación. Resultados. El recuento de eritrocitos, el hematocrito y la concentración de hemoglobina se redujeron a los 15 minutos post-inoculación (p<0.05), retornando a valores basales al tiempo 300. El recuento de reticulocitos disminuyó al tiempo 15 en relación al tiempo 0 (p<0.05), manteniéndose bajo a los 300 minutos. Se observó una disminución del recuento relativo de eosinófilos a los 300 minutos relación al tiempo 0 (p<0.05). La media de la PAS a los minutos 3, 15, 30 y 39 fueron inferiores a la del minuto -15, y en la PAD, las medias de los minutos 15, 42 y 45 fueron inferiores a del minuto 9 (p<0.05). A su vez, la PAM y la PP permanecieron constantes (p>0.05). Conclusiones. La picadura cutánea de abejas produce un descenso transitorio del recuento de eritrocitos, hematocrito y concentración de hemoglobina, junto con una disminución en el recuento de reticulocitos y del recuento relativo de eosinófilos, sin alterar mayormente la presión sanguínea.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine changes in hematological parameters and arterial blood pressure in dogs after a bee sting. Materials and methods. Ten adult dogs were used, to which bee venom was inoculated through a direct bee sting. Three blood samples was extracted from the animal, the first sample before inoculation, and the other two samples were extracted 15 and 300 minutes after inoculation. Systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP), mean (MAP) and pulse arterial pressure were also recorded for an hour, from 15 minutes before venom inoculation up to 45 minutes after, at intervals of three minutes between each record. Results. The erythrogram recorded a decrease in erythrocyte count, hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration at time 15 relative to time 0 (p<0.05), returning to basal values at time 300. The reticulocyte count decreased at 15 minutes in relation to time 0 (p<0.05), staying low at 300 minutes. White blood cell count showed a decrease in eosinophils at 300 minutes relative to time 0 (p<0.05). Regarding blood pressure, the mean SAP readings on minutes 3, 15, 30 and 39 were lower than minute -15, and the mean DAP readings on minutes 15, 42 and 45 were lower than minute 9 (p<0.05). The MAP and pulse pressure records remained constant (p>0.05). Conclusions. A skin deep bee sting can produce a transient decrease in erythrocyte count, hematocrit and hemoglobin, along with a decrease in reticulocyte count and eosinophil relative count, without major alterations in blood pressure.

La suplementación con nitrógeno no proteínico (NNP) afecta la fermentación ruminal así como el metabolismo del animal. Con el objeto de determinar los efectos de la suplementación con alto contenido de NNP sobre parámetros de fermentación ruminal y de los metabolismos de energía y proteínas, se utilizaron 18 borregas fistuladas con cánula ruminal (1,5 cm Ø), congregadas en 3 grupos de 6 animales cada uno: control (C, dieta base), moderado nitrógeno (MN, 182 mg N/kg0,75, tres veces al día) y elevado nitrógeno (EN, 425 mg N/kg0,75, tres veces al día). La dieta basada en heno de alfalfa (EM: 7,80 MJ/kg MS; PC: 16,8%MS) aportando 460 kJ/kg0,75/día, se distribuyó en 3 raciones cada 8 horas. El NNP se incorporó al heno de alfalfa como urea en solución, durante 17 días. En los días 1, 8 y 15 del experimento se obtuvieron muestras de líquido ruminal y sangre cada 1,5 hora desde el momento previo hasta 6,0 horas posterior al suministro de la ración de la mañana. La suplementación con NNP alcalinizó el pH ruminal, a su vez, la excreción de derivados de purinas fue similar entre los tres grupos (P>0,05). Las concentraciones plasmáticas de urea fueron superiores (P<0,05) en EN; intermediarias en MN e inferiores en C (P<0,05). La suplementación con NNP incrementó (P<0,05) las concentraciones plasmáticas de glucosa y de colesterol, y redujo las de βOH-butirato comparado con C (P<0,05). Se indica que la suplementación con NNP no modificó la síntesis de proteína bacteriana, incrementó la ureagénesis, favoreciendo el metabolismo energético, efecto dependiente de la cantidad suministrada de NNP

Supplementation with non-protein nitrogen (NPN) affects ruminal fermentation and animal metabolism. Eighteen ruminal fistulized (1.5 cm Ø), sheep one year old, kept in individual cages were used to determine the variations on the ruminal pH, urinary excretion of purines, and fluctuations in the blood concentrations of urea, creatinine, glucose, lactate, βOH-butyrate, cholesterol and triacyglicerol. Sheep were allotted in three groups of six animals each according to body weight; control (C, base diet), moderate NPN (MN, 182 mg N/kg0.75 3 times a day) and high NPN (HN, 425 mg N/kg0.75 3 times a day). The daily diet was based on lucerne hay pellets (ME: 7.80MJ/kg DM; CP: 16.8% DM), considering 460 kJ/kg0.75, distributed every 8 hours. The NPN was incorporated to the base diet as urea solution during 17 days. Ruminal fluid and blood samples were obtained the days 1, 8 and 15 at 0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 hours after morning feeding. The treatment with NPN increased ruminal pH (P<0.05) however did not modifyed the urinary excretion of purines (P>0.05). The treatment also increased the plasma concentrations of urea, being higher in HN, medium in MN and lower in the control group (P<0.05). On the other side the treatment increased (P<0.05) plasma concentrations of glucose and cholesterol, and reduced plasma concentration of βOH- butyrate (P<0.05). Results suggest that supplementation with NPN in doses of 182 or 425 mg N/ kg0,75, three times a day did not modifyed bacterial protein synthesis but increases the ureagenesis and energy metabolism according to the amount of NPN in the diet

Liver ureagenesis and gluconeogénesis are essential metabolic functions in ruminants. These metabolic processes are more intensive in ruminants than other mammals, especially on grazing ruminants or those supplemented with nitrogen because they absorb large amount of the ammonia produced in the rumen and only small amounts of the intestinal glucose. Diets based on the use of forages with a high content of crude protein, rapidly degradable in the rumen, or the supplementation with non-protein nitrogen, increases the ruminal production of ammonia. The excess of ammonia is absorbed and metabolized to urea by the liver. The production of large amounts of ammonia in the rumen and its subsequent absorption can exceed the liver capacity to metabolize urea causing an overcharge in the urea cycle, demanding a large amount of α-ketoglutarate and oxalacetate to produce glutamate and aspartate. Under this condition the gluconeogenic capacity of the organism is altered because these metabolites are also required in the Krebs cycle and gluconeogenesis. The relationships between liver ureagenesis and gluconeogenesis in ruminants fed a high content of nitrogen are reviewed.

Los rumiantes alimentados con forrajes de elevado contenido de proteína rápidamente degradable en el rumen o suplementados con nitrógeno no proteínico, absorben cantidades sustanciales de amonio en el rumen y muy poca glucosa en el intestino, en circunstancias que requieren mantener una adecuada capacidad ureagénica y gluconeogénesis para sostener su eficiencia productiva. En esta condición se eleva la producción de amonio ruminal, el cual se absorbe y posteriormente se metaboliza por el hígado en urea. Las elevadas concentraciones de amonio en el rumen pueden sobrepasar la capacidad hepática de sintetizar urea, lo que provoca una sobrecarga en el ciclo de la urea y demanda una excesiva cantidad de α-cetoglutarato y oxalacetato para la formación de glutamato y aspartato, metabolitos que también son requeridos en el ciclo de Krebs y en la vía gluconeogénica, alterando con ello la capacidad gluconeogénica del organismo. El trabajo recopila y analiza las interrelaciones entre la ureagénesis y gluconeogénesis hepática en rumiantes en condiciones de pastoreo con forrajes de elevado contenido de proteínas.

A acupuntura, é uma terapia que cada vez mais adquire uma credibilidade no mundo ocidental, a sua indicação pode ser para pacientes anêmicos e imunossuprimidos, e outras afecções. O experimento foi realizado com oito cães adultos, sendo 4 fêmeas e 4 machos. O estudo consistiu em análise das concentrações das células vermelhas e brancas avaliado em 4 tratamentos: controle (T0), acupuntura (T1), eletroacupuntura unilateral (T2) e eletroacupuntura bilateral (T3). Os acupontos utilizados foram intestino grosso 4, intestino grosso 11 e estômago 36. Todos os animais passaram por todos os tratamentos com um intervalo de 7 dias para cada tratamento. Os hemogramas séricos foram verificados 20 minutos antes do início do tratamento (M0), logo após o tratamento (M1), e 60 minutos (M2) e 120 minutos (M3) após o tratamento. O resultado da série vermelha não foi significativo, mas notou-se somente uma diminuição significativa da concentração média corpuscular (CHCM) (p<0,05) no tratamento T1 no M1 em comparação aos outros tratamentos; notou-se também uma redução significativa (p<0,05) na concentração plaquetária de T1, T2 e T3 em comparação ao grupo controle. A eletroacupuntura pode levar a uma trombocitopenia, quando estimulado estes pontos, provavelmente por um estímulo parassimpaticomimético.

Acupuncture is an alternative therapy which increasingly acquires credibility in the Western Hemisphere and it is indicated for anemic and immunosuppressed patients, as well as for other diseases. The experiment was performed with 8 adult dogs, 4 females and 4 males. The study consisted to analyze the concentrations of white and red cells evaluated at four treatments: controls (T0), acupuncture (T1), unilateral electroacupuncture (T2), and bilateral electroacupuncture (T3). The acupoints utilized were: 4 large intestine, 11 small intestine and 36 stomachs. All animals experienced all treatments with an interval of 7 days to each treatment. The serum hemograms were verified 20 minutes prior to initiation to treatment (M0), at the end of the treatment (M1), 60 minutes after treatment (M2) and 120 minutes post-treatment (M3). The results revealed that the red series was not significant, but there was only a significant decrease in medium corpuscular concentration (p<0.05) at T1 of M1 as compared to the other treatments; also there was a significant reduction (p<0.05) in the platelet concentration at T1, T2 and T3 as compared to controls. The electro-acupuncture may lead to thrombocytopenia, when stimulating these points, probably by a parasympathetic stimulus.

La hemoglobinuria posparto es una enfermedad metabólica esporádica que presentan las vacas lecheras, manifestándose dentro de las 6 semanas posparto asociada al rápido incremento de la producción de leche al inicio de la lactancia. Se caracteriza por una anemia aguda regenerativa por hemólisis intravascular con hemoglobinuria. Entre los factores que predisponen a su presentación están la ingesta de una dieta carente en fósforo, cobre o selenio, o bien concomitante a la presencia de agentes hemolíticos en plantas crucíferas como el nabo o colza. El trabajo describe aspectos relacionados a la presentación de brotes de la enfermedad en tres rebaños lecheros de la región del Bío-bío, Chile, con hipofosfatemia asociada a la incorporación de derivados de la remolacha azucarera en la dieta.

Bovine postpartum hemoglobinuria is a metabolic disorder observed sporadically in dairy cows up to 6 weeks postpartum associated to increasing milk production. It is characterized by an acute intravascular hemolytic anemia with hemoglobinuria. It presentation has been associated to diets with low content of phosphorus, cooper or selenium, as well as the ingestion of hemolytic substances present in some plants of the genus Brassica commonly used as forages (turnips, rapeseed). The aim of this work is to describe clinical aspects related to the presentation of this disease in three dairy herds with hypophosphatemia induced by the inclusion of sugar beet by-products in the diet.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de avaliar o efeito da somatotrofina bovina recombinante (BSTr) sobre a taxa de ovulação após a indução, sobre o metabolismo intermediário do colesterol e da glicose em ovelhas, e no o ganho de peso de cordeiros lactentes cujas mães foram tratadas com BSTr bem como as variações do peso e escore corporal das mesmas. Utilizou-se para tanto 3mg/kg de BSTr em formulação de liberação prolongada em dose única para o primeiro experimento e, 4mg/kg para o segundo. No primeiro experimento, os resultados obtidos mostraram que a incidência de estro foi de 100% nos grupos controle e tratado, onde o número de corpos lúteos encontrados foi de 0,9 ± 0,18 no grupo controle e 1,18 ± 0,12 no grupo tratado, não sendo diferentes estatisticamente. Também não houve diferenças entre os grupos quanto aos níveis de colesterol e glicose. No experimento 2, houve uma diminuição na condição corporal das ovelhas do grupo tratado entre os dias 1 e 10 e seu aumento entre os dias 10 e 20, (p<0,05). O peso dos cordeiros, das ovelhas e a variação do escore corporal entre os dia 1 e 20 não diferiram estatisticamente. Conclui-se que a somatotrofina bovina recombinante não interfere na taxa de ovulação em ovelhas, bem como no metabolismo intermediário do colesterol e da glicose destes animais. O seu uso afeta os escores corporais dos animais tratados alguns dias após o início do tratamento.

The aim of the present study was to investigate if the rBST was able to improve ovulation rates in ewes syncronizated with progesterone, to verify its effects on cholesterol and glucose metabolism (experiment one) and to evaluate weight gain in lactating ewes and their products (experiment two). Ewes were treated with 3mg/kg of rBST in the first experiment and 4mg/kg in the second. Ovulation rates were 0.9 ± 0.18 for the control group and 1.18 ± 0.12 for the treated group, and were not statisticaly different. Additionally, no differences between the groups were found in glucose and cholesterol serum levels in the first experiment. On the second experiment, body conditions scores in the treated group were decreased between days 1 to 10, then, increased between days 10 to 20 (p<0.05). Weight gain of lambs and ewes and body condition scores variations between days 1 and 20 were not different. In conclusion, rBST is not able to affect ovulation rates or energy metabolism in ewes. However, its use can affect ewes body condition scores at the beggining of the treatment.