Abstract The quantity and quality of potato tubers are related to irrigation. We studied the effect of three levels of water deficit (L= low, M= medium, and H= high) on the yield and quality of three potato varieties (Fiana, Atlantic, and Ágata), induced by varying the parameter α3 of the maximum allowable deficit (MAD) function of a comprehensive irrigation programming model. The work was carried out in the north of Sinaloa, Mexico (autumn-winter cycle 2015-2016), using a design in divided plots with two factors and four repetitions, where the large plots were the levels of water deficit and the sub-plots were the varieties. There was a significant effect (p= 95%) on yield (Y) as it decreased by 3.65 t ha-1 in H compared to L. In the variety factor, Fiana and Ágata were the best in quantity and quality, with Fiana standing out with fewer noncommercial (NCO) tubers. In the water deficit-variety interaction, Fiana was the best, with more tubers of first and second quality (Q1 and Q2) in L. In M, Ágata was the best in Y but the lowest in Q1 and highest in deformed (DEF) and NCO. In H, the behavior was similar; Ágata was the best but with less Q1 and Q2 and a significant presence of DEF and NCO. A 29.5, 28.8, and 28.4 cm water requirement was estimated in L, M, and H, respectively. The behavior of Fiana suggests managing it under drip irrigation, while Ágata under gravity irrigation and limited water conditions.

Resumen La cantidad y calidad de tubérculos de papa están relacionados con el riego. Se estudió el efecto de tres niveles de déficit hídrico (B= bajo, M= medio y A= alto) en el rendimiento y calidad de tres variedades de papa (Fiana, Atlantic y Ágata), inducido al variar el parámetro α3 de la función máximo déficit permitido (MDP) de un modelo de programación integral del riego. El trabajo se realizó en el norte de Sinaloa, México (ciclo otoño-invierno 2015-2016), utilizando un diseño en parcelas divididas con dos factores y cuatro repeticiones, donde las parcelas grandes fueron los niveles de déficit hídrico y las sub-parcelas las variedades. Se tuvo efecto significativo (p= 95%) en rendimiento (Y) al reducirse 3.65 t ha-1 en A con respecto a B. En el factor variedades, Fiana y Ágata fueron las mejores en cantidad y calidad, destacando Fiana con menos tubérculos rezaga (REZ). En la interacción déficit hídrico-variedad, Fiana fue la mejor con más tubérculos de primera y segunda calidad (C1 y C2) en B. En M, Ágata fue la mejor en Y, pero la más baja en C1 y más alta en deformes (DEF) y REZ. En A, el comportamiento fue similar, Ágata fue la mejor, pero con menos C1 y C2 y presencia importante de DEF y REZ. Se estimó un requerimiento hídrico de 29.5, 28.8 y 28.4 cm en B, M y A respectivamente. El comportamiento de Fiana sugiere manejarla bajo goteo, mientras que Ágata en riego por gravedad y bajo condiciones limitadas de agua.

Introduction: Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) are a frequent consultation and severe cases carry morbidity and mortality, so their early identification and management is essential to improve prognosis. Aim: To identify the risk factors associated with an unfavorable evolution and mortality in patients treated for SSTI in our center. Materials and Method: A case-control study of a consecutive series of 172 patients diagnosed with SSTI between January 2018 and January 2019 was carried out, clinical, laboratory and imaging variables were collected. Cases were defined as those that required surgery, were admitted to a critical patient unit or died, and as controls were patients with a good response to medical treatment. Results: When performing the statistical analysis: leukocytosis > 12,000 cel/mm3 (OR 6.56; 95% CI; 3.21-13.42), and CRP > 150 mg/dl (OR 7.79; 95% CI; 3.59-16.91), turned out to be risk factors for unfavorable evolution. The high LRINEC score (25.5% vs. 15.1%, p = 0.1034) and late surgery on admission (31.3% vs. 16.2%, p = 0.2632) were more frequent in cases of evolution unfavorable but without significant difference. Discussion: The use of clinical, laboratory and imaging parameters is essential for an early diagnosis and timely treatment. Conclusions: Leukocytosis, elevated CRP, and late surgery are poor prognostic factors in SSTI. The LRINEC score is still controversial due to its low sensitivity.

Resumen Introducción: Las infecciones de piel y partes blandas (IPPB) son una consulta frecuente y los casos graves conllevan morbimortalidad, por lo que su identificación y manejo precoz es fundamental para mejorar el pronóstico. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a una evolución desfavorable y mortalidad en pacientes tratados por IPPB en nuestro centro. Materiales y Método: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles de una serie consecutiva de 172 pacientes con diagnóstico de IPPB entre enero de 2018 y enero de 2019, se recolectaron variables clínicas, de laboratorio e imagenológicas. Se definió como casos aquellos que requirieron cirugía, ingresaron a una unidad de paciente crítico o fallecieron, y como controles a los pacientes con buena respuesta al tratamiento médico. Resultados: Al realizar el análisis estadístico: la leucocitosis > 12.000 cel/mm3 (OR 6,56; IC 95%; 3,21-13,42), y la PCR > 150 mg/dl (OR 7,79; IC 95%; 3,59-16,91), resultaron ser factores de riesgo para evolución desfavorable. El puntaje LRINEC elevado (25,5% vs. 15,1%, p = 0,1034) y la cirugía tardía al ingreso (31,3% vs. 16,2%, p = 0.2632) fueron más frecuente en los casos de evolución desfavorable, pero sin diferencia significativa. Discusión: El uso de parámetros clínicos, de laboratorio e imágenes es fundamental para un diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento oportuno. Conclusiones: La leucocitosis, la elevación de la PCR y la cirugía tardía son factores de mal pronóstico en IPPB. El puntaje LRINEC aún es controversial por su baja sensibilidad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The supply of nutrients is a decisive component of agroecosystems, but in Cuba only 25 % of cultivated areas are fertilized, negatively influencing their productivity. Based on the benefits of mycorrhizal inoculants and green manures, their integration was evaluated with the objectives of establishing more efficient nutrient supply schemes, which guarantee high yields with lower amounts of fertilizers and a way for the effective mycorrhization of crops. Methods: The response of Canavalia to the inoculation of three AMF strains in eight edaphic conditions was evaluated, as well as eleven integration experiments of the green manures inoculated as precedents and or intercropped in the nutrient supply schemes of cassava, banana, tobacco, corn, tomato, coffee and king-grass. Furthermore, AMF and rhizobia co-inoculation was studied. Results: The Canavalia responded positively to mycorrhizal inoculation, with average increases in biomass, NPK contents and mycorrhizal propagules between 50 % and 300 %. The effectiveness of the strains depended on the pH of the soil. The Canavalia inoculated and used as a precedent or intercropped was successfully integrated into the fertilization schemes of the crops, guaranteeing high yields, effective mycorrhizal functioning and reducing fertilizer requirements between 25 and 75 %. Co-inoculation increased the potentiality of the Canavalia. Conclusions. The inoculated Canavalia was a satisfactory way for the effective management of the mycorrhizal symbiosis, forming more efficient agricultural production technologies and with lower amounts of inputs.

RESUMEN Introducción: El suministro de nutrientes es un componente decisivo de los agroecosistemas, pero, en Cuba solo el 25 % de las áreas cultivadas son fertilizadas, influyendo negativamente en su productividad. A partir de los beneficios de los inoculantes micorrízicos y los abonos verdes se evaluó su integración con los objetivos de establecer esquemas de suministro de nutrientes más eficientes, que garanticen rendimientos altos con menores cantidades de fertilizantes y ser una vía para la micorrización efectiva de los cultivos. Métodos: Se evaluó la respuesta de canavalia a la inoculación de 3 cepas de HMA en 8 condiciones edáficas, así como se ejecutaron 11 experimentos de integración de los abonos verdes inoculados como precedentes o intercalados en los esquemas de suministro de nutrientes de yuca, banano, tabaco, maíz, tomate, cafeto y king-grass. Además, se estudió la coinoculación HMA y rizobios. Resultados: La canavalia respondió positivamente a la inoculación micorrízica, con incrementos promedios en biomasa, contenidos de NPK y propágulos micorrízicos entre 50 % y 300 %. La efectividad de las cepas dependió del pH del suelo. La canavalia inoculada y utilizada como precedente o intercalada se integró exitosamente en los esquemas de suministro de nutrientes de los cultivos, garantizando rendimientos altos, funcionamiento micorrízico efectivo y disminuyendo entre 25 % y 75 % los requerimientos de fertilizantes. La coinoculación incrementó la potencialidad de la canavalia. Llegamos a la consclusión de que la canavalia inoculada resultó una vía satisfactoria para el manejo efectivo de la simbiosis micorrízica, permitiendo tecnologías de producción agropecuaria más eficientes y con menores cantidades de insumos.

Abstract Introduction Medical specialty residents have become a high-risk population for mental health disorders, mainly due to long working days, limited time for rest and recreation, problems inherent in the work environment, and substance use. Since all these factors not only alter the training of future specialists, but also the care they provide for people, the study of an intervention in this population is of interest to the health system and human resource training in the health sector. Objective To evaluate the mental health status, prevalence of work exhaustion and associated psychosocial and work factors in medical residents in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area. Method This was a cross-sectional, observational, descriptive, and comparative study, in which, through a digitized survey on the Google Forms platform, the GHQ-28, ASSIST, and Maslach Burnout Inventory scales were administered to medical specialty residents from various health institutions in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area. Results The total sample comprised 306 residents, representing 11.23% of the total residents in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area (2,724). Female physicians had a higher percentage of participation with 61.4% (n = 188), with male physicians accounting for 38.6% (n = 118). The average age was 28.9 years and 84.9% (n = 260) were pursuing a clinical specialty, and 15.1% (n = 46) a surgical one p ˂ 05. On average, they worked 74.1 hours per week, whereas in surgical specialties they worked another 10 hours (82.63 ± 23.40 vs. 72.67 ± 19.76, p = .002). 72.5% (n = 222) showed a high risk of developing burnout. 9.2% (n = 28) obtained scores compatible with severe depression, which was related to a higher number of hours worked per week and heavier alcohol consumption than residents without depression, 21.24% (n = 65) of respondents frequently thought about dropping out, 22.5% (n = 69) felt dissatisfied with their work, while 14.05% (n = 43) of the residents had recently noticed that they had had frequent thoughts of taking their own lives. Discussion and conclusion The higher number of hours worked per week, surgical specialties, and the presence of workplace harassment were recognized as psychosocial and occupational factors associated with mental health problems in resident physicians, such as depression, thoughts of death, burnout, and psychoactive substance use. In a country like Mexico, where medical residents are a crucial pillar of the public health system, it is necessary to ensure their well-being, and seek to improve the working and academic conditions of medical residencies to ensure that this is reflected in the quality and safety of patient care.

Resumen Introducción Los residentes de especialidades médicas se han convertido en una población de alto riesgo para padecer alteraciones de la salud mental, principalmente por la extensión de las jornadas laborales, tiempo limitado para su descanso y recreación, los problemas propios del ambiente laboral o el consumo de sustancias. Todos estos factores alteran no solo la formación de futuros especialistas, sino la atención que brindan a las personas, por lo que el estudio e intervención en esta población es de interés para el sistema de salud y la formación de recursos humanos en salud. Objetivo Evaluar el estado de salud mental, la prevalencia de desgaste laboral y los factores psicosociales y laborales asociados en médicos residentes de la Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara. Método Se trató de un estudio transversal, observacional, descriptivo y comparativo, en el cual, por medio de una encuesta digitalizada en la plataforma de Google Forms, se aplicaron las escalas GHQ-28, ASSIST y el Inventario de Burnout de Maslach a los residentes de especialidades médicas de diferentes instituciones de salud en la zona metropolitana de Guadalajara. Resultados La muestra total fue de 306 residentes, lo que representó el 11.23% del total de residentes de la zona metropolitana de Guadalajara (2,724). Las médicas tuvieron un mayor porcentaje de participación con el 61.4% (n = 188), y los médicos 38.6% (n = 118). La edad promedio fue de 28.9 años y el 84.9% (n = 260) realizaba una especialidad clínica, el 15.1% (n = 46) una quirúrgica p ˂ 05. En promedio trabajaban, 74.1 horas por semana, mientras que en las especialidades quirúrgicas trabajaban 10 horas más (82.63 ± 23.40 vs. 72.67 ± 19.76, p = .002). El 72.5% (n = 222) presentaron alto riesgo de presentar burnout. El 9.2% (n = 28) presentaron puntuaciones compatibles con depresión grave, lo cual se relacionó con mayor cantidad de horas trabajadas por semana y un mayor consumo de alcohol que los residentes sin depresión; el 21.24% (n = 65) de los encuestados pensaban frecuentemente en renunciar, el 22.5% (n = 69) no sentían satisfacción por su trabajo; y el 14.05% (n = 43) de los residentes habían notado últimamente que la idea de quitarse la vida venía repetidamente a su cabeza. Discusión y conclusión El mayor número de horas laboradas a la semana se manifestaba las especialidades quirúrgicas y la presencia de acoso laboral se reconocieron como factores psicosociales y laborales asociados a los problemas de salud mental en médicos residentes. Entre éstos estaban la depresión, los pensamientos de muerte, el burnout y el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. En un país como México, en el que los médicos residentes son un pilar fundamental para el funcionamiento del sistema de salud público, es necesario asegurar su bienestar, procurando la mejora en las condiciones laborales y académicas de las residencias médicas, a fin de que se reflejen en la calidad y seguridad en la atención de sus pacientes.

Abstract Prejudice and discrimination have important effects on the well-being and quality of life of trans people. Hence, investigating with said population implies, in addition to actions to obtain relevant and truthful information, having the necessary actions to attend to their needs and peculiarities. These are populations that are difficult to access (hard-to-reach), stigmatized, in which there is no defined sampling frame, that have physical and mental health indicators lower than those of any other group with which we have worked and that, therefore, it is necessary to take extreme the precautions not to reproduce types of relationships that may be harmful or offensive. The purpose of the present article was to systematize part of our field experience with transgender people, so that it can be useful for those who study with this population. These recommendations aim to provide some conceptual, methodological and ethical guidelines, useful throughout the research process. In particular, we made a series of recommendations that cover from the moment of taking conceptual decisions about the design of the study, through contact with the organizations, until the completion of the field work and subsequent stage of dissemination of results. In particular, a series of recommendations are made regarding: specifying the definition of the group with which one works, recording the variety of gender identifications as people present them, using to sampling methods for hard-to-reach populations or hidden populations, deliver a retribution for the participation (consider participants as experts to be compensated for their work), including activists as experts in every stage of the study (study design, field work, data analysis and dissemination of results), piloting the instruments in specific population, preferably opt for group applications modality and continue with a debriefing, have specific assistance for participants during the application (special needs derived from their age, educational level, reduced mobility, among others), use non-stigmatizing and inclusive language, call together with trans organizations (in order to establish greater trust in the population), attend to a mobility of the population (so as not to replicate the sample in different places), carry out a committed listening and contemplate referral protocols (if necessary given the type of situations described by the participants and their current degree of elaboration), consider different trajectories of transition, conduct inter-analysis sessions and disseminate appropriately within the transgender population. These propositions are discussed in terms of their effects on trans communities, their usefulness and ethical scope, their articulation with the general requirements of all research, and their implications for activism. On the other hand, these recommendations can serve as criteria for evaluating the ethical dimension of research projects with trans people. It may therefore be important to project reviewers, editors, and reviewers of manuscripts submitted for publication. The perspective that we assume in this work is aligned with those called "evidence-based activism", which implies articulating a variety of knowledge, scientifically accredited and of an "experiential" type, in order to explore situations in which the team members Research staff are part of networks that involve them personally in their study topics. It is precisely the relationship with groups that work for the rights of minorities, activists and members of these groups is essential, since they have knowledge acquired through their experience as part of discriminated groups and they can contribute to the mobilization of knowledge in the governance of health issues.

Resumen El presente trabajo expone y fundamenta recomendaciones basadas en la experiencia de investigación en personas transgénero, con la intención de que puedan ser útiles a quienes realicen estudios con dicha población. Estas recomendaciones incluyen orientaciones conceptuales, metodológicas y éticas, aplicables a lo largo del proceso de investigación. En particular, las orientaciones cubren los siguientes temas: definir con precisión el colectivo con el que se trabaja, registrar la variedad de identificaciones de género posibles al interior del mismo, utilizar métodos de muestreo aptos para poblaciones de difícil acceso, retribuir la participación, incluir líderes e investigadores transgéneros como expertos, pilotar los instrumentos en la población que será investigada, optar por modalidades de recolección grupal de datos, ofrecer asistencia individualizada durante la recolección, utilizar un lenguaje no estigmatizante e inclusivo, convocar la participación en conjunto con organizaciones transgénero, atender a la movilidad geográfica de la población, realizar una escucha comprometida y contemplar protocolos de derivación, considerar las diferentes trayectorias de transición, realizar sesiones de interanálisis y, finalmente, difundir apropiadamente los hallazgos al interior de la población transgénero. Se discuten estas proposiciones en términos de sus efectos en las comunidades trans, su utilidad y alcances éticos, su articulación con exigencias generales de toda investigación y sus implicaciones para el activismo.

Abstract: Biosphere reserves have among their functions to support scientific research, education, training and monitoring. In the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve (RBCH), created in 2005, this function has been fulfilled with the creation of the Omora Ethnobotanical Park in 2000, and its implementation in 2008 as a co-founder site of the Chilean Network of Studies Long-Term Socio- Ecological (LTSER-Chile). In 2016, this network has been strengthened with the addition of the new Cape Horn Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research Network (LTER-Cape Horn). The latter includes the Omora Ethnobotanical Park, and three new sites added to the monitoring of the sub-Antarctic Magellanic ecoregion. From south to north, the four sites are: (1) Gonzalo Island (56°31’S; 68°43’O), at the southern end of the Diego Ramírez Archipelago, with sub- Antarctic vegetation dominated by grasses and cryptogams, devoid of woody species; (2) Horn Island (55°58’S; 67°13’O), at the southern end of the Cape Horn Archipelago, hosting the southernmost forest ecosystems on the planet, which are dominated by the evergreen beech (Nothofagus betuloides); (3) Omora Ethnobotanical Park (54°57’S; 67°40’O), Navarino Island, an ideal site for studies on climate change and its impact on biota and sub-Antarctic ecosystems, since it protects a watershed that includes a representative mosaic of characteristic habitats of the RBCH in an altitudinal gradient with a thermal decrease analogous to that which occurs with increases in latitude; and (4) Caleta 2 de Mayo Site (54°52’S; 68°41’O), Yendegaia Bay, in an ecotonal zone between evergreen and deciduous forests (product of the local climate gradient), at a site that will be central to future connectivity between Continental Chile, Tierra del Fuego, Navarino Island, and the RBCH. In 2015, UNESCO approved the Report of the First Periodic Review of the RBCH that proposed the protection of the Diego Ramírez Archipelago and the creation of the Diego Ramírez Islands-Drake Passage Marine Park. This goal was achieved with the promulgation of this new park on February 2, 2018, and its entry into force on January 21, 2019 with the publication of the creation decree in the Diario Oficial of Chile. In this context, the new LTER-Cape Horn network acquires great local, national and global relevance. At the local scale, it covers a representative environmental heterogeneity of the great diversity of landscapes and terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems of the RBCH and the sub-Antarctic Magellanic ecoregion. At the national scale, it incorporates sub-Antarctic sites, located at the southern end of South America, to LTSER-Chile and to the Monitoring Network of the Ministry of the Environment. On a global scale, the terrestrial ecosystems of the LTER-Cape Horn network stands out for two main reasons: (1) these sub-Antarctic ecosystems lack a geographical replicate in other continents of the southern hemisphere, and (2) high latitude ecosystems are especially sensitive to global climate change. Thus, the LTER-Cape Horn network helps to overcome critical geographical gaps in the implementation of the International Network for Long-Term Ecological Research (ILTER). In order to articulate these four sites and strengthen the training of technical capacities and knowledge transfer to decision makers in the area of special interest tourism and other sustainable economic activities, the LTER-Cape Horn network will be managed locally from the new Cape Horn Sub-Antarctic Center (Cape Horn Center) that will be inaugurated in Puerto Williams in 2021. The implementation of the LTER-Cape Horn network is based on a close collaboration with various public institutions: Ministry of National Assets, Ministry of the Environment, Subsecretary of Fisheries and Aquaculture of the Ministry of Economy Development and Tourism, National Forestry Service, General Water Directorate of the Ministry of Public Works, Navy of Chile, Chilean Police (Carabineros), Municipality of Cape Horn, Provincial Government of Chilean Antarctica, and the Regional Government of Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica. In the following phases, the LTER-Cape Horn network and the Cape Horn Center aim to strengthen the participation of the local community, especially the Yahgan Indigenous Community of Bahía Mejillones, artisanal fisheries, tour operators, and the educational community, including private actors. Located at the “southern summit” of the Americas, Puerto Williams, capital of the Chilean Antarctic Province emerges as a global hub for transdisciplinary sub-Antarctic research, equipped with a new center and the network of long-term socio-ecological studies. Collaboration with regional, national and international actors will allow the LTER-Cape Horn network and the Cape Horn Center to: (i) provide critical data, which will open up new opportunities for monitoring climate change and its impact on biodiversity and ecosystems in sub-Antarctic latitudes; (ii) consolidate long-term monitoring, which is an essential component to effectively design mitigation and adaptation actions; (iii) strengthen a local sustainable development model that, associated with the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, contributes from the south of the world, to a biocultural conservation model that meets the needs of socio-economic well-being and environmental sustainability at multiple regional and planetary scales.

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Resumen Se evaluó el Índice Sintetizado de Sequía en el Valle de Cauca, aplicando un Análisis de Componentes Principales sobre imágenes satelitales que describen: Temperatura Superficial Terrestre, Índice Vegetación Diferencia Normalizada y Precipitación. La magnitud de sequía que representa este índice, se identificó en la primera componente y validó con el Índice Estandarizado de Precipitación Trimestral (SPI-3), obtenido de 78 estaciones meteorológicas, que alcanzaron correlaciones entre 0.55 y 0.71 durante eventos cálidos ENOS, caracterizando la sequía integral sobre el departamento, exhibiendo zonas de no sequía en el suroccidente, al centro-sur una fase de transición de húmedo a extremadamente seco, el Valle interandino mostró sectores con sequía severa y al oriente zonas extremadamente secas. Además, en un municipio piloto de la zona más seca del departamento, se empleó un modelo de susceptibilidad para detectar zonas afectadas por la sequía, aplicando un Proceso de Análisis Jerárquico.

Abstract The Synthesized Drought Index in the Valle del Cauca was evaluated, applying Principal Component Analysis to satellite images that described: Land Surface Temperature, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Precipitation. The magnitude of drought represented by this index was identified in the first component and validated with the Quarterly Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI - 3), obtained from 78 weather stations, which achieved correlations of between 0.55 and 0.71 during warm ENSO events. Comprehensive drought in the department was characterized by exhibiting areas of non-drought in the southwest, in the center-south a transition phase from wet to extremely dry, the Inter-Andean Valley showed sectors of severe drought, and to the east, extremely dry areas. Additionally, in a pilot municipality in the driest area of the department, a susceptibility model was implemented to detect areas affected by drought, applying the Analytical Hierarchical Process.

Resumen. Las prácticas parentales como disciplina inconsistente, control psicológico e imposición se han vinculado con el desarrollo de problemas de conducta internalizada y externalizada en preadolescentes. Este estudio buscó identificar la asociación de estas prácticas en el desarrollo de problemas de conducta en preadolescentes mexicanos, a través de ecuaciones estructurales (306 estudiantes de primarias públicas en la Ciudad de México, Edad M = 10, DE = 0.92). Los estudiantes completaron Escalas de Prácticas Parentales, el Cuestionario de Parentalidad de Alabama, así como el Cuestionario de Fortalezas y Dificultades. La imposición paterna y el control psicológico materno predijeron problemas internalizados, mientras que la disciplina inconsistente fue un predictor de externalizados. Los resultados demuestran que aunque los valores detrás de las prácticas parentales difieran entre culturas, sus asociaciones con los problemas de conducta son similares.

Abstract. Parental practices such as inconsistent discipline, psychological control, and imposition have been linked to the development of internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors in preadolescents. This study aimed to identify the association these practices had on Mexican preadolescent problem behaviors through Structural Equation Modeling. The sample consisted of 306 elementary students from three public schools in Mexico City (age M = 10, SD = 0.92). Students completed subscales from the Parental Practice Scale, the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Paternal imposition and maternal psychological control were significant predictors for internalizing problems, while inconsistent discipline was a significant predictor of externalizing problems. The results highlight that although parental practice values might differ across cultures, their association to problem behaviors are similar.

Abstract The Minority Stress Model (Meyer, 2003) has made it possible to explain how sexual prejudice produces negative effects on the health and wellbeing of people belonging to sexual minorities, through distal and proximal stressors. A qualitative study was conducted to investigate the effects of sexual prejudice on the mental health of transgender adults in Chile. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 transgender people, both male and female, in four cities of the country. The results allow us to identify the presence of distal factors associated with overt discrimination, as well as, proximal factors associated with the experience of stigma and its effects on self-concept. Finally, effects on mental health are described, among which the presence of anxious-depressive symptomatology, suicidal ideation and attempts, self-injurious behavior and consumption of alcohol and other substances.

Resumen El Modelo de Estrés de las Minorías (Meyer, 2003) ha permitido explicar de qué forma el prejuicio sexual produce efectos negativos en la salud y bienestar de personas pertenecientes a las minorías sexuales, a través de la identificación de estresores de tipo distales y proximales. Este estudio buscó indagar los efectos del prejuicio sexual en la salud mental de personas transgénero en Chile desde un enfoque cualitativo. Se realizaron entrevistas semi-estructuradas a 17 personas transgénero femeninas y masculinas en cuatro ciudades del país. Los resultados nos permite identificar la presencia de factores distales asociados a discriminación manifiesta y factores proximales asociados a la vivencia del estigma y su relación con el autoconcepto. Finalmente, se describen efectos en la salud mental, entre los que destacan la presencia de sintomatología ansioso-depresiva, ideación e intentos suicidas, conductas autolesivas y consumo de alcohol y otras sustancias.

Abstract: The in vitro propagation of two cultivars of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot, began using axillary buds and meristems as explants source, these were established in Murashige and Soog (MS) medium plus 6-benzylamino purine (BAP) at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg L-1. The variables evaluated were number and length of buds. The greatest response was provided with 1.0 mg L-1 of BAP in both explants. For multiplication and shoot rooting, explants were subcultured on MS medium at 50 and 100% and added with 0.5 and 1.0 mg L-1, 0.5 mg L-1 indolebutyric acid (IBA) and vitamins. The best response for bud numbers was 6.37, while for shoot length 2.72 cm, both in the MS medium at 50% with 1.0 mg L-1 of BAP. The highest value obtained for number and length of roots was in MS medium at 50% with 0.5 mg L-1 BAP that obtained 100% rooting in both cultivars.

Resumen: La propagación in vitro de dos cultivares de vid (Vitis vinifera L.), Cabernet Sauvignon y Merlot, se inició utilizando yemas axilares y meristemos como fuente de explante, éstos se establecieron en medio de cultivo Murashige y Skoog (MS) más 6-bencilaminopurina (BAP) al 0.5, 1.0 y 1.5 mg L-1. Las variables evaluadas fueron: número y longitud de brotes. La mayor respuesta se presentó con 1.0 mg L-1 de BAP en ambos explantes. Para la etapa de multiplicación de brotes y enraizamiento fueron subcultivados los explantes en medio de cultivo MS al 50 y 100% adicionados con 0.5 y 1.0 mg L-1 de BAP, más 0.5 mg L-1 ácido indol-3-butírico (AIB) y vitaminas. La mejor respuesta para número de brotes fue de 6.37, mientras que para longitud de brotes de 2.72 cm, ambos en el medio MS al 50% con 1.0 mg L.1 de BAP. Los valores más altos obtenidos para número y longitud de raíces fueron en el medio MS al 50% adicionado con 0.5 mg L-1 de BAP donde se obtuvo el 100% de enraizamiento en ambos cultivares.

Abstract: The coastal areas of the Magellan ecoregion host considerable diversity of macroalgae and mollusks. Indigenous peoples, such as the Yaghan, have developed biocultural interactions with austral coastal ecosystems. This study is an interdisciplinary ecological, ethnoecological and philosophical analysis. It applies the conceptual framework of biocultural ethics to characterize the intertidal habitat within the biocultural context of the Yaghan people. This is done through the composition of inhabitants, such as macroalgae and mollusks, linked to seasonal habits of abundance. Based on this account, we suggest methods and activities of biocultural conservations. We applied the Field Environmental Philosophy approach, which was carried out in Róbalo bay, Navarino island (55°S). Ecological results showed that biomass and macroalgae diversity increased in summer and decreased over the winter. Mollusks Mytilus edulis chilensis and Perumytilus purpuratus showed no seasonal variability abundance. Ethnographic results based on the literature and observant participation showed that low seasonal variability in mollusk abundance has been crucial to the subsistence of the Yaghan people. From the perspective of contemporary environmental ethics, we identified several values in the Yaghan worldview. For example, there are instrumental values in mollusks: they have been a source of food, aesthetic decoration, development of tools and building huts. We found references to the intrinsic values in mollusks, particularly in narratives and other ethnographic sources. These Yaghan values are rooted in a profound sense of empathy for biodiversity. As a result of the combined ecological, ethnographic, and philosophical issues, we suggest communication through metaphor (the submerged forest of Cape Horn) and field activities (open your eyes, dive with an open mind) for biocultural conservation.

Resumen: Las zonas costeras de Magallanes poseen alta diversidad de macroalgas y moluscos. A su vez, han sido habitadas por pueblos originarios, como el pueblo yagán, que han desarrollado una variedad de interacciones bioculturales con los ecosistemas costeros. Este trabajo es un estudio interdisciplinario ecológico, etno-ecológico y filosófico que utiliza el marco conceptual de la ética biocultural para caracterizar el hábitat intermareal en el contexto biocultural del pueblo yagán a través de la composición de habitantes como macroalgas y moluscos, vinculado con hábitos estacionales de abundancia. Mediante esta caracterización se proponen métodos y actividades de conservación biocultural. Para ello, adaptamos la aproximación metodológica interdisciplinaria de la Filosofía Ambiental de Campo, en un estudio realizado en bahía Róbalo, isla Navarino (55°S). Los resultados ecológicos mostraron que la biomasa y riqueza de macroalgas aumentó en verano y disminuyó en invierno; en contraste, los moluscos sésiles Mytilus edulis chilensis y Perumytilus purpuratus no presentaron una variabilidad estacional en su abundancia. Los resultados etnográficos basados en revisión de literatura y participación observante, muestran que la baja variabilidad estacional de la abundancia de moluscos ha sido vital para la subsistencia del pueblo yagán. Desde la perspectiva de la ética ambiental contemporánea identificamos diversos valores en la cosmovisión yagán. En un sentido amplio, identificamos un valor instrumental en los moluscos, que han sido utilizados por el pueblo yagán como fuente de alimentación, decoración estética, elaboración de herramientas y construcción de chozas. En las narrativas y otros registros etnográficos, identificamos un valor intrínseco, de los moluscos, arraigado en un profundo sentido de empatia. Para contribuir a la conservación biocultural, proponemos la metáfora “bosques sumergidos del Cabo de Hornos” y la actividad de campo “ojo buceo con ojo”, que recuperan hábitos de encuentros experienciales con el hábitat intermareal y el conjuntos de sus cohabitantes.

Abstract: The Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve (CHBR), is the largest one in Chile, and the only one that integrates marine and terrestrial ecosystems. It includes three national parks (NP): Cape Horn NP, Alberto de Agostini NP, and Yendegaia NP. The CHBR, is immersed within the Magellanic sub-Antarctic ecoregion, which has been identified as one of the last pristine areas left in the world. Nonetheless, it is not free from local and global threats, such as invasive exotic species, climate change, massive tourism and other economic activities that do not value biological and cultural diversity. To contribute towards an appreciation of the values of biocultural diversity, the scientific team at Omora Park (Navarino Island, 55°S), has developed the Field Environmental Philosophy (FEP) methodological approach, which integrates ecological sciences, arts, and environmental ethics through four interrelated steps: 1) interdisciplinary research, 2) poetic communication through the composition of metaphors, 3) design of field activities with an ethical and ecological orientation, and 4) in situ conservation, to contribute to biocultural conservation. We present the methods and results of a multidisciplinary work focused on invertebrates and freshwater ecosystems of the CHBR, with the aim to contribute: a) to a better understanding of the possible responses of aquatic insects to climate change in the long-term, and b) generate tools for research and education to ecologically and ethically value freshwater invertebrates and ecosystems. The conceptual foundations are based on the Land Ethics of Aldo Leopold, and the biocultural ethics of Ricardo Rozzi. Through the praxis of the FEP we generate concrete actions for the conservation of the natural and cultural heritage. Finally, we propose new research methodologies that include valuing of the invertebrates’ lives. FEP provides a methodology that contributes towards the transformation of the prevalent way in which global society understands, values and relates to freshwater ecosystems and their co-inhabitants, fostering more respectful and sustainable life habits in the short and long term.

Resumen: La Reserva de la Biosfera Cabo de Hornos (RBCH) es la más grande de Chile e integra ecosistemas marinos y terrestres, e incluye tres parques nacionales (PN): PN Cabo de Hornos, PN Alberto de Agostini y PN Yendegaia. Se encuentra inmersa dentro de la ecorregión subantártica de Magallanes, que ha sido identificada como una de últimas áreas prístinas del planeta. Sin embargo, no se encuentra libre de amenazas locales y globales, tales como las especies exóticas invasoras, el cambio climático, el turismo masivo y otras actividades económicas que no valoran su diversidad biológica y cultural. Para contribuir a la valoración de la diversidad biocultural, el Parque Omora (isla Navarino, 55°S), ha desarrollado la Filosofía Ambiental de Campo (FILAC), una aproximación metodológica que integra las ciencias ecológicas, las artes y la ética ambiental a través de cuatro pasos interrelacionados: 1) investigación interdisciplinaria, 2) comunicación poética a través de la composición de metáforas y relatos simples, 3) diseño de actividades de campo guiadas con un sentido ético y ecológico y 4) conservación in situ; para contribuir a la conservación biocultural. Presentamos los métodos y resultados de un trabajo multidisciplinario enfocado en los invertebrados y ecosistemas dulceacuícolas de la RBCH, con el fin de: a) contribuir a entender mejor las posibles respuestas al cambio climático por parte de insectos acuáticos en el largo plazo, y b) generar herramientas de investigación y educación que contribuyan a valorar ecológica y éticamente a los invertebrados acuáticos. Las bases conceptuales se fundan en la ética de la tierra de Aldo Leopold y en la ética biocultural de Ricardo Rozzi. A través de la práctica de la FILAC proponemos actividades concretas para la conservación del patrimonio natural y cultural. La valoración ética de los insectos puede contribuir a generar percepciones positivas e incentivar acciones de conservación por parte de la comunidad local, regional, nacional e internacional. Finalmente, exploramos nuevas metodologías de investigación y observación que contemplan el respeto y valoración de la vida de los invertebrados. La FILAC aporta así una metodología que contribuye a transformar la forma prevaleciente en que la sociedad global comprende, valora y se relaciona con los ecosistemas dulceacuícolas y sus co-habitantes y fomenta hábitos de vida más respetuosos y sustentables en el corto y largo plazo.

Abstract: Magellanic Subantarctic channels’ coastal zones have several types of rocky substrate, which might provoke changes in communities’ structure. The present study compared the composition, functional traits and community structure of the low intertidal on two types of rocky substrates (boulders and platforms) during winter and summer on Navarino Island, Beagle Channel. Taxa richness was evaluated by the categorization of sessile and mobile organisms, determining their abundance and dissimilarity between seasons and type of rocky substrates. 33 taxa were identified. The highest taxa richness was found in the boulders substrate. The patellogastropod Nacella spp. had the greatest contribution to abundance for mobiles invertebrate in both substrates. The highest average dissimilarity between boulders and platforms observed for mobile organisms. The taxa that contributed most to this dissimilarity were the carnivorous Anasterias antarctica (18%) and Trophon geversianus (13%). The first was most abundant in boulders and the second in platforms. The type of substrate may affect the identity, life history and morphological features of mobile organisms on the rocky shores of the Magellanic sub-Antarctic channels.

Resumen: La zona intermareal de canales subantárticos de Magallanes presenta diversos tipos de sustratos rocosos, los cuales pueden provocar cambios en la estructura de las comunidades que habitan este ecosistema. Este estudio comparó la composición taxonómica, rasgos funcionales (e.g., móviles y sésiles) y parámetros de estructura comunitaria como riqueza, abundancia, disimilitud en dos tipos de sustratos rocosos (bolones y plataformas) durante invierno y verano en sitios del intermareal bajo en isla Navarino, canal Beagle. La riqueza de taxones fue evaluada mediante la categorización de organismos sésiles y móviles, determinando su abundancia y disimilitud entre estaciones y sustratos. Se identificaron 33 taxones. La mayor riqueza de taxones fue observada en el sustrato de bolones. El patelogasterópodo Nacella spp presentó la mayor contribución en abundancia para organismos móviles en ambos sustratos. En cuanto a la estructura comunitaria, el mayor promedio de disimilitud entre bolones y plataformas fue para organismos móviles. Los taxones que más contribuyeron a esta disimilitud fueron los carnívoros Anasterias antarctica (18%) y Trophon geversianus (13%). La primera especie más abundante en bolones y la segunda en plataformas. El tipo de sustrato puede afectar la estructura comunitaria, la cual se ve reflejada principalmente en la identidad, historia de vida y los rasgos morfológicos de los organismos móviles en las costas rocosas de los canales subantárticos de la Reserva de Biósfera Cabo de Hornos.

The recognition of same-sex relationships has increased, but same-sex intimate partner violence has been less studied. Historically, this problem had been studied in heterosexual relationships, women being victims and men main aggressors. This heteronormative approach to intimate partner violence (IPV) often neglects same-sex relationships (Finneran, Chard, Sineath, Sullivan, & Stephenson, 2012; Russell, 2015). For this study, IPV is defined as every act causing psychological, physical or sexual damage, within the context of intimate relationships (Harvey et al., 2007) perceived as such. To our knowledge, there are no studies about IPV in same-sex relationships in Chile. Data about this topic is scarce in the Latin American context (Ferreira et al., 2015). Therefore, it is necessary to provide contextualized knowledge about IPV in same-sex relationships to face this psychosocial problem. The aim of this study was to describe IPV in same-sex relationships in gay men and lesbian women and its sociodemographic characteristics. In addition, results are compared to detect possible differences between groups. LGBT populations are considered a difficult-to-reach or hidden population (Paz-Bailey et al., 2013). For this reason, a snowball sampling procedure was used. The sample consists of 467 participants who identify themselves as gay men (57.4%) or lesbian women (42.6%), aging from 18 to 67 years (M = 27.9; SD = 7.9). The sample was recruited in four Chilean cities (Antofagasta, Valparaíso, Santiago, and Concepción). A specially designed questionnaire was administered to collect data for this study. Results were obtained through descriptive and comparative analyses with a Chi-square Test. Analyses indicate that 80 subjects (17.2%) had experienced some form of IPV (psychological, physical, or sexual); 87.7% of them reported psychological violence; and about half of them (47.5%) physical violence. Likewise, 19.3% respondents reported that there had been an IPV perpetrator. For group analysis, 20.1% of lesbian women and 19.3% of gay men reported some IPV experience. Statistically significant differences between gay men and lesbian women respondents were detected for psychology violence perpetrated [x²(1) = 6.37, p = .01, w = .64]. Gay men reported a higher percentage perpetrating psychological violence in their relationship (87.5%), as compared to the group of lesbian women (65.8%). Also, a statistically significant relation was found between IPV experiences and educational levels [x²(3) = 10.53, p = .01, w = .51]. Subjects with higher educational levels report less IPV frequency. Finally, a statistically significant relation was found between IPV victims and IPV perpetrators. This study represents the first approach to describe and characterize IPV in gay men and lesbian women, thus creating a baseline for making comparisons with future findings on LGBT issues in Chile and Latin America. Results support evidence concerning greater prevalence of psychological violence in both gay men and lesbian women, as compared to other types of violence such as physical and sexual (Barrett & St. Pierre, 2013; Finneran y Stephenson, 2013; Hellemans et al., 2015; Messinger, 2011). In addition, this resultis similar to those of previous studies on general population (Russell, 2015). An important result is IPV mutuality in the sample, namely, IPV occurs in two directions: persons experiencing partner violence concurrently perpetrate violence against their partners. Findings support the view that, in general, violence in same-sex relationships takes place gradually from relation al dynamics marked by violence (Barrientos, Rodríguez-Caballería, Escartín & Longares, in press). In this context, although data from this study are exploratory-descriptive, they make up a good approach to the problem since they include gay men and lesbian women from different Chilean areas of varied sociodemographic characteristics. If similar findings are reported in other studies, they could help direct psychosocial interventions, public policies, and future research. In any case, results must be carefully considered since they are non-representative samples and, in theory, not comparable with each other. Limitations and implications for future IPV research in same-sex relationships are discussed.

La violencia en las relaciones de pareja del mismo sexo es un tema poco explorado. Históricamente, esta problemática ha sido estudiada en el marco de relaciones heterosexuales ubicando a las mujeres como víctimas y a los hombres como principales agresores. El propósito de este estudio fue describir las experiencias de violencia de pareja (VP) en una muestra de 268 hombres gay y 199 mujeres lesbianas. Se utilizó un muestreo tipo bola de nieve para reclutar la muestra en cuatro ciudades chilenas (Antofagasta, Valparaíso, Santiago y Concepción). Para la recolección de datos se aplicó un cuestionario especialmente diseñado para este estudio. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y Chi-cuadrado para indagar posibles relaciones por sexo y características sociodemográficas. Entre los principales resultados se puede señalar que del total de la muestra (N = 467) sólo 80 personas (17.25%) reportaron haber sido receptoras de algún tipo de VP. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el reporte de violencia psicológica entre hombres gay y mujeres lesbianas [χ²(1) = 6.37, p = .01, w =.64]. Los hombres gay reportaron mayor frecuencia de violencia psicológica (87.5%) en comparación con las mujeres lesbianas (65.8%). También se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre experiencias de VP y nivel educativo [χ²(3) = 10.53, p = .01, w = .51]. Las personas con mayor nivel educativo reportan frecuencias menores de VP. Finalmente, se encontró una relación estadísticamente significativa entre haber sido víctima de VP y haber sido perpetrador de VP. Los resultados son discutidos y se plantean implicaciones para futuras investigaciones.

The external morphometrics of shell and radula morphology were performed in two species of micromollusks of the genus Eatoniella in Navarino Island, Chile. A total of 50 specimens of E. picea and 72 of E. nigra were analyzed. These species have similar morphology, but E. picea has a smaller diameter/length ratio (0.53 ± 0.02) than E. nigra (0.61 ± 0.04). In relation to the radula morphology, E. picea has wider middle cuspid teeth and small denticles in its border, meanwhile E. nigra has pointed central cuspid teeth.