ABSTRACT Managing electrical conductivity levels is one of the fundamentals required to obtain greater production and better quality of vegetables. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution on the kohlrabi crop cultivated in semi-hydroponic system. A randomized block design was used with five treatments associated with the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution (1.31, 1.71, 2.37, 2.98, and 3.75 dS m-1) and four replications. The plants were harvested 78 days after transplanting and evaluated for growth, production, and postharvest quality. Nutrient solution with electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.31 dS m-1 promotes greater production of purple kohlrabi. The increase in EC reduced linearly most of the analyzed variables (leaf area, fresh mass of leaves, bulb and shoot, dry mass of leaves and total, bulb volume and firmness), with more significant losses for the bulb fresh mass (50.54%) and bulb volume (57.37%) variables. The use of nutrient solution with EC between 2.3 and 2.9 dS m-1 increased the vitamin C content and the titratable acidity.

RESUMO O manejo dos níveis de condutividade elétrica é um dos fundamentos necessários para se obter maior produção e melhor qualidade de hortaliças. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da condutividade elétrica da solução nutritiva na cultura da couve-rábano cultivada em sistema semi-hidropônico. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos associados à condutividade elétrica da solução nutritiva (1,31; 1,71; 2,37; 2,98 e 3,75 dS m-1) e quatro repetições. As plantas foram colhidas 78 dias após o transplante e avaliadas quanto ao crescimento, produção e qualidade pós-colheita. Solução nutritiva com condutividade elétrica (CE) de 1,31 dS m-1 proporciona maior produção de couve-rábano roxa. O aumento da CE reduziu linearmente a maioria das variáveis analisadas (área foliar, massa fresca de folhas, bulbos e parte aérea, massa seca de folhas e totais, volume e firmeza de bulbos), com perdas mais expressivas para as variáveis massa fresca de bulbos (50,54%) e volume de bulbos (57,37%). A utilização de solução nutritiva com CE entre 2,3 e 2,9 dS m-1 aumentou o teor de vitamina C e a acidez titulável.

ABSTRACT Sweet potato is among the most important food crops in the world. Due to its high genetic diversity, this species has cultivars that can respond in different ways depending on mineral fertilization. Among the nutrients, phosphorus is related to physiological and biochemical processes that can influence the final quality of the product. This study aimed to assess the influence of P doses on the quality and bioactive compounds of sweet potato cultivars - Paraná, BRS Amélia, and BRS Cuia. The pH, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), SS/TA ratio, soluble sugars, and the bioactive compounds - flavonoids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids - were evaluated. The P doses influenced sweet potato cultivars. The dose of 120 kg ha-1 promoted increments in the parameters pH, SS, TA, and SS/TA ratio for the cultivar BRS Cuia. The same dose promoted an increase in total soluble sugars for the cultivar BRS Amélia. P dose of 240 kg ha-1 promoted higher levels of flavonoids and anthocyanins in the cultivar Paraná, and there was an increase in carotenoid content at the dose of 60 kg ha-1.

RESUMO A batata-doce está entre as culturas alimentícias mais importantes do mundo. Por apresentar alta diversidade genética, essa espécie possui cultivares que podem responder de maneiras diferentes em função da adubação mineral. Dentre os nutrientes, o fósforo está relacionado com processos fisiológicos e bioquímicos que podem influenciar na qualidade final do produto. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de doses de P na qualidade e compostos bioativos de cultivares de batata-doce - Paraná, BRS Amélia e BRS Cuia. Foram avaliados o pH, sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), relação SS/AT, açúcares solúveis e os compostos bioativos - flavonoides, antocianinas e carotenoides. As doses de P influenciaram as cultivares de batata-doce. A dose de 120 kg ha-1 promoveu incrementos nos parâmetros pH, SS, AT e relação SS/AT para a cultivar BRS Cuia. A mesma dose promoveu incrementos nos açúcares solúveis totais para a cultivar BRS Amélia. A dose de 240 kg ha-1 promoveu maiores teores de flavonoides e antocianinas na cultivar Paraná, e houve aumento no teor de carotenoides na dose de 60 kg ha-1.

ABSTRACT The high concentrations of salts present in the water sources of the Brazilian Northeastern semi-arid region stand out as one of the limiting factors for agricultural production, contributing to soil salinization and/or sodification. Thus, it is extremely important to identify strategies to mitigate the effects of salt stress on plants, such as the foliar application of salicylic acid. In this context, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid as an attenuator of salt stress on leaf gas exchange, water relations, photosynthetic pigments, and growth of okra cv. Canindé grown in a hydroponic system. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in Pombal, PB, Brazil. The treatments consisted of four levels of electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution - ECns (3.0, 5.0, 7.0, and 9.0 dS m-1) and four concentrations of salicylic acid - SA (0, 1.2, 2.4, and 3.6 mM) distributed in a completely randomized design in a split-plot scheme, considering the ECns levels as the plots and SA concentrations as the subplots, with four replicates and two plants per plot. ECns from 3.0 dS m-1 inhibited the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, leaf gas exchange, and growth of okra cv. Canindé. Foliar application of salicylic acid at concentrations of up to 3.6 mM does not alleviate the effects of salt stress on water relations, gas exchange and growth of okra. Salicylic acid at a concentration of 1.8 mM stimulates chlorophyll a and b biosynthesis in okra under ECns of 3.0 and 4.0 dS m-1, respectively.

RESUMO As altas concentrações de sais presentes nas águas no semiárido do Nordeste brasileiro destacam-se como um dos fatores limitantes para produção agrícola, contribuindo para a salinização e/ou sodificação dos solos. Assim, é de extrema importância a identificação de estratégias para amenizar os efeitos do estresse salino sobre as plantas, como a aplicação foliar de ácido salicílico. Neste sentido, objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito da aplicação foliar de ácido salicílico como atenuante do estresse salino nas trocas gasosas, relações hídricas, pigmentos fotossintéticos e crescimento do quiabeiro cv. Canindé cultivado em sistema hidropônico. O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação, em Pombal, PB. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de quatro níveis de condutividade elétrica da solução nutritiva - CEsn (3,0; 5,0; 7,0 e 9,0 dS m-1) e quatro concentrações de ácido salicílico - AS (0; 1,2; 2,4 e 3,6 mM) distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo os níveis de CEsn considerados as parcelas e as concentrações de AS as subparcelas, com quatro repetições e duas plantas por parcela. CEsn a partir de 3,0 dS m-1 inibiu a síntese de pigmentos fotossintéticos, as trocas gasosas foliares e o crescimento do quiabeiro cv. Canindé. A aplicação foliar de ácido salicílico em concentração de até 3,6 mM não alivia os efeitos do estresse salino sobre as relações hídricas, trocas gasosas e crescimento do quiabeiro. Ácido salicílico com concentração de 1,8 mM estimula a biossíntese de clorofila a e b em quiabeiro sob CEsn de 3,0 e 4,0 dS m-1, respectivamente.

ABSTRACT Lettuce is a leafy vegetable sensitive to salinity, and under saline stress conditions it presents nutritional imbalance, mainly in calcium absorption. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effect of enriching the nutrient solution with calcium nitrate in solutions prepared with saline water in the lettuce crop. A completely randomized design was used, with five treatments and four replicates. The treatments were represented by five nutrient solutions [S1 - standard nutrient solution (SNP); S2 - SNP + NaCl (3.5 dS m-1); S3 - S2 + Ca (NO3)2 (50% = 6.86 mmol L-1); S4 - S2 + Ca(NO3)2 (100% = 9.15 mmol L-1); S5 - S2 + Ca(NO3)2 (150% = 11.43 mmol L-1)] in lettuce from the curly group, cv. Elba. After preparing the nutrient solutions, the solutions had the following electrical conductivities: 1.8 (S1); 4.8 (S2); 5.4 (S3); 6.0 (S4); 6.6 (S5) dS m-1. Variables of growth, nutrition and postharvest quality of lettuce were evaluated. With the exception of stem diameter, number of total leaves, plant pH and vitamin C content, the other variables were affected by the extra addition of Ca(NO3)2 in the nutrient solutions. The lettuce cv Elba grown in coconut fiber is tolerant to the salinity of 4.8 dS m-1 (S2). In conditions where the use of saline water with 3.5 dS m-1 for the preparation of the nutrient solution is unavoidable, the use of extra doses of Ca(NO3)2 in the lettuce crop is not recommended.

RESUMO A alface é uma hortaliça folhosa sensível à salinidade, e em condições de estresse salino apresenta crescimento reduzido e desequilíbrio nutricional, principalmente na absorção de cálcio. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do enriquecimento da solução nutritiva com nitrato de cálcio em soluções preparadas com água salina na cultura da alface. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram representados por cinco soluções nutritivas [S1 - solução nutritiva padrão (SNP); S2 - SNP + NaCl (3,5 dS m-1); S3 - S2 + Ca(NO3)2 (50% = 6,86 mmol L-1); S4 - S2 + Ca(NO3)2 (100% = 9,15 mmol L-1); S5 - S2 + Ca (NO3)2 (150% = 11,43 mmol L-1)] em alface do grupo crespa, cv. Elba. Após o preparo das soluções nutritivas, as soluções apresentaram as seguintes condutividades elétricas: 1,8 (S1); 4,8 (S2); 5,4 (S3); 6,0 (S4); 6,6 (S5) dS m-1. Foram avaliadas variáveis de crescimento, nutrição e qualidade pós-colheita da alface. Com exceção do diâmetro do caule, número de folhas totais, pH da planta e teor de vitamina C, as demais variáveis foram afetadas pela adição extra de Ca(NO3)2 nas soluções nutritivas. A alface cv. Elba cultivada em fibra de coco é tolerante à salinidade de 4,8 dS m-1 (S2). Em condições onde o uso de água salina com 3,5 dS m-1 para o preparo da solução nutritiva é inevitável, não é recomendado o uso de doses extras de Ca(NO3)2 na cultura da alface.

ABSTRACT The use of biostimulants in second-crop maize (Zea mays) can promote higher physiological activity in plants, resulting in higher grain yield. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of phytohormones and nicotinamide on growth and yield traits of second-crop maize. The statistical design used was a randomized block design arranged in a factorial scheme with two doses of phytohormones (0 and 500 mL ha-1) × five concentrations of nicotinamide (0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 mg L-1) with four replications. The use of biostimulants favored all variables evaluated for the maize crop. The isolated use of phytohormones and nicotinamide promoted grain yields of 6089.6 and 6242.5 kg ha-1, respectively, representing gains of 6.0 and 11.6%, respectively, compared with the control. The application of 800 mg L-1 nicotinamide resulted in the highest maize grain yield. The use of phytohormones and nicotinamide, isolated or associated, was favorable for the growth characteristics and grain yield of second-crop maize. A synergistic effect was noted between phytohormones and nicotinamide on the first ear insertion height and number of rows per ear.

RESUMO O uso de bioestimulantes no milho segunda safra (Zea mays) pode promover maior atividade fisiológica das plantas, resultando em maior produtividade de grãos. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características de crescimento e produtividade do milho segunda safra sob aplicação de fitormônios e nicotinamida. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi em blocos casualizados dispostos em esquema fatorial com 2 doses de fitohormônios (0 e 500 mL ha-1) × 5 concentrações de nicotinamida (0, 200, 400, 600 e 800 mg L-1) com quatro repetições. O uso dos dois bioestimulantes favoreceu todas as variáveis avaliadas para a cultura do milho. O uso isolado de fitormônios e nicotinamida promoveu produtividades de grãos de 6.089,6 e 6.242,5 kg ha-1, representando respectivamente, ganhos de 6,0 e 11,6%, em relação à testemunha. A aplicação de 800 mg L-1 de nicotinamida proporcionou maior produtividade de grãos de milho. O uso de fitohormônios e nicotinamida, isolados ou associados, foram favoráveis às características de crescimento e produtividade do milho segunda safra. Houve efeito sinérgico de fitormônios e nicotinamida para altura de inserção da primeira espiga e o número de fileiras por espiga.

Progenesis QI (PQI) is a multiplatform bioinformatics tool that facilitates the identification workflow for metabolomics experiments. PQI uses fragmentation data provided by MassBank of North America (MoNA) libraries, among others, for metabolite annotation. However, PQI does not officially support MoNA libraries and other libraries based on structure-data files (.sdf). This paper describes the development and application of a software named MoNA to Progenesis QI Library Converter, allowing PQI and MoNA by correcting the fragmentation data of the library for Progenesis readability. We evaluated several public experimental datasets, including human plasma, plant extracts, cultured cells, bacteria, rat serum, and rat hippocampus. The results showed that it is mandatory to proceed with file conversion of each library to allow PQI to access fragmentation information from .msp (main spectra profile) files. This step is highly recommended to improve the identification level of the metabolites.

Abstract The incorporation of alternative materials in partial replacement of clinker is studied to reduce the CO2 emissions that occur in the production of Portland cement. The influence of using mesquite ash as an alternative filler in LC3 cement pastes was analyzed. The alkali content of the system was adjusted by washing the ash, thus reducing the potassium content. The filler was replaced at 0, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% washed ash, and the same for unwashed ash. Subsulfation was corrected by adding an extra gypsum percentage. Paste performance was assessed by rheology and compressive strength, supported by hydration kinetics and microstructural development. Mesquite ash is a potential alternative filler for application in LC3. Washed ash makes the system purer, contributing to hydration and mechanical performance, however, natural ash also brings promising results.

Resumo A incorporação de materiais alternativos em substituição parcial ao clínquer é estudada afim de diminuir a emissão de CO2 que ocorre na produção do cimento Portland. Analisou-se a influência do uso da cinza de algaroba como fíler alternativo em pastas de cimento LC3. O teor de álcali do sistema foi ajustado lavando a cinza e, assim, reduzindo o teor de potássio. O fíler foi substituído em 0, 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% de cinza lavada e o mesmo para cinza não lavada. A subsulfatação foi corrigida adicionando-se uma porcentagem de gesso extra. O desempenho da pasta foi avaliado pela reologia e resistência à compressão, sustentada pela cinética de hidratação e desenvolvimento microestrutural. A cinza de algaroba é um potencial fíler alternativo para aplicação em LC3. A cinza lavada torna o sistema mais puro, contribuindo na hidratação e desempenho mecânico, entretanto, a cinza natural também traz resultados promissores.

Abstract Porcelain is a ceramic tile used worldwide, especially for its technical and aesthetic properties. In this increasingly competitive sector, innovative products are continually developed to meet the market’s demands, such as glazed ceramic tiles with a matte surface, low surface gloss, and silky texture. In this research, a matte glaze for porcelain tiles with low surface brightness (9 to 14 UB) and silky texture was obtained. In particular, 16 formulations of ceramic glaze were studied, which were ground and applied to binil on a laboratory scale and then fired in an industrial kiln at 1192 °C for 45 min. The fired specimens were physically, chemically, thermally, and structurally characterized. The formulation that yielded the best results was tested on an industrial scale and technologically characterized. This formulation met the aesthetic (texture and gloss) and technological (resistance to staining, chemical attack, surface abrasion, and cracking) requirements of the Brazilian technical standard.

ABSTRACT Nutritional management can be an efficient strategy to mitigate the effects of salinity on fruit production and quality. This study aimed to evaluate the production and quality of fruits of mini watermelon crop, Sugar Baby cultivar, grown in a protected environment, under salt stress and K+/Ca2+ ratios. The study was carried out in a greenhouse, using a randomized block design, 1 + 5 scheme, resulting in six treatments and four replications. Six nutrient solutions were employed, one using low-salinity water, with NaCl (0.5 dS m-1) and standard nutrient solution (S1, control treatment), and the others using salinized water at 5.0 dS m-1 (S2) and extra addition of K (S3 = 50% and S4 = 100%) and Ca (S5 = 50% and S6 = 100%). The production (fruit production, longitudinal and transverse diameter of fruit, rind thickness, pulp firmness) and postharvest quality (soluble solids, vitamin C, titratable acidity, and maturation index), in addition to the variables related to the color of the pulp (lightness, chroma index, and Hue angle) were evaluated. The addition of NaCl reduced fruit production, longitudinal, and transverse diameter of fruit, rind thickness, and vitamin C content. Among saline nutrient solutions, extra addition of 50% K (S3) attenuates the deleterious effects of salt stress on the production variables and vitamin C content. Under salt stress, extra addition of 50% K (S3) and 100% Ca (S6) intensifies the red color of the pulp.

RESUMO O manejo nutricional pode ser uma estratégia eficiente para mitigar os efeitos da salinidade na produção e qualidade de frutos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção e qualidade de frutos de mini melancia, cultivar Sugar Baby, cultivado em ambiente protegido, sob estresse salino e relações K+/Ca2+. O estudo foi realizado em casa de vegetação, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema 1 + 5, resultando em seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Foram aplicadas seis soluções nutritivas, uma utilizando água de baixa salinidade (0,5 dS m-1) e solução nutritiva padrão (S1, tratamento controle) e as demais utilizando água salinizada com NaCl, a 5,0 dS m-1 (S2) e adição extra de K (S3 = 50% e S4 = 100%) e Ca (S5 = 50% e S6 = 100%). Foram avaliadas as variáveis de produção (produção de frutos, diâmetro longitudinal do fruto, diâmetro transversal do fruto, espessura da casca, firmeza da polpa) e qualidade pós-colheita (sólidos solúveis, vitamina C, acidez titulável e índice de maturação), além das variáveis referentes a cor da polpa (luminosidade, croma e ângulo de Hue). A adição de NaCl reduziu a produção de frutos, diâmetro longitudinal dos frutos, diâmetro transversal dos frutos, espessura da casca e vitamina C. Entre as soluções nutritivas salinas, a adição extra de K a 50% (S3) atenua os efeitos deletérios do estresse salino nas variáveis de produção e o teor de vitamina C. Sob estresse salino, a adição extra de K em 50% (S3) e Ca em 100% (S6) intensifica a coloração vermelha da polpa.

This work describes a green synthesis, the characterization, and biological evaluation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The AgNPs suspension was synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of Eucalyptus grandis, which presented a characteristic band at 407 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum. The AgNPs presented a spherical shape and size of 9.7 ± 0.3 nm. The nanoparticles were stable over a month, indicating that E. grandis’ extract is suitable for their preparation and stabilization. The X-ray analysis showed that the crystallinity of AgNPs corresponded to the centered face phase of silver. The antibacterial and leishmanicidal activities of AgNPs were evaluated. The AgNPs presented antibacterial activity on the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli at 53.9 µg mL-1. The leishmanicidal activity evaluation against promastigote forms of Leishmania infantum, Leishmania amazonensis, and Leishmania braziliensis showed that the biological response is dependent on the volume of AgNP suspension. It was demonstrated that L. infantum was more sensitive to the nanoparticle’s treatment than L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis. The treatment of L infantum promastigotes with 150 µL of AgNP suspension reduced parasite growth by 67.9%, a result which was similar to the treatment with 1 (66.7%) or 2 µL (70.6%) of amphotericin B used as a positive control.

Resumo O óleo essencial de citronela (Cymbopogon winterianus) possui diversas atividades biológicas, entre elas a ação repelente a insetos. Alguns estudos mostraram que os ésteres do ácido cinâmico podem ser aplicados como pesticidas naturais, inseticidas e fungicidas. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a produção de ésteres a partir do óleo essencial de citronela com ácido cinâmico via esterificação enzimática. Além disso, foi investigada a toxicidade do óleo essencial antes e após a esterificação contra Artemia salina e a ação larvicida sobre Aedes aegypti. Os ésteres foram produzidos utilizando ácido cinâmico como agente acilante e óleo essencial de citronela (3: 1) em heptano e 15% em peso da enzima NS 88011 como biocatalisadores, a 70 ° C e 150 rpm. As taxas de conversão de cinamatos de citronelil e geranil foram 58,7 e 69,0% para NS 88011, respectivamente. Para a toxicidade sobre Artemia salina foram obtidos CL50 de 5,29 μg mL-1 para o óleo essencial e 4,36 μg mL-1 para os óleos esterificados com NS 88011. Na atividade inseticida contra larvas de Aedes aegypti, obteve-se CL50 de 111,84 μg mL-1 para o óleo essencial de citronela e 86,30 μg mL-1 para os óleos esterificados com a enzima NS 88011, indicando alta toxicidade dos ésteres. Os resultados demonstraram que as amostras avaliadas apresentam potencial de aplicação como bioinseticida.

Abstract The essential oil of citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) has several biological activities, among them the insect repellent action. Some studies showed that cinnamic acid esters can be applied as natural pesticides, insecticides and fungicides. In this context, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the production of esters from citronella essential oil with cinnamic acid via enzymatic esterification. Besides, the essential oil toxicity before and after esterification against Artemia salina and larvicidal action on Aedes aegypti was investigated. Esters were produced using cinnamic acid as the acylating agent and citronella essential oil (3:1) in heptane and 15 wt% NS 88011 enzyme as biocatalysts, at 70 °C and 150 rpm. Conversion rates of citronellyl and geranyl cinnamates were 58.7 and 69.0% for NS 88011, respectively. For the toxicity to Artemia salina LC50 results of 5.29 μg mL-1 were obtained for the essential oil and 4.36 μg mL-1 for the esterified oils obtained with NS 88011. In the insecticidal activity against Aedes aegypti larvae, was obtained LC50 of 111.84 μg mL-1 for the essential oil of citronella and 86.30 μg mL-1 for the esterified oils obtained with the enzyme NS 88011, indicating high toxicity of the esters. The results demonstrated that the evaluated samples present potential of application as bioinsecticide.

Resumo Por muitos séculos, as populações humanas sofrem e tentam combater os mosquitos transmissores de doenças. Doenças emergentes e reemergentes como Dengue, Zika e Chikungunya afetam bilhões de pessoas em todo o mundo e, recentemente, vem apelando ao controle com pesticidas químicos. O Malation (MT) é um dos principais pesticidas usados contra mosquitos, vetores dessas doenças. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a citotoxicidade e a mutagenicidade do MT para o bioindicador Allium cepa L. usando uma abordagem multivariada e integrativa. Além disso, uma tabela suplementar foi compilada com toda a literatura disponível de inseticidas avaliada pelo sistema Allium cepa para apoiar nossa discussão. Exposições ao MT durante 48h a 0,5 mg mL-1 e 1,0 mg mL-1 foram comparadas a um controle negativo (água destilada) e um controle positivo (10 mg L-1 de MMS). Foram avaliadas a presença de aberrações cromossômicas, frequência de micronúcleos e anormalidades no índice mitótico. As pontes anafásicas foram as alterações com maior incidência e apresentaram uma taxa significativamente elevada na concentração de 0,5 mg mL-1, inclusive quando comparadas ao controle positivo. A análise discriminante integrativa resume que o MT nas concentrações avaliadas apresentou efeitos semelhantes ao controle positivo, corroborando seu potencial de toxicidade para o DNA. Portanto, conclui-se que o MT, em sua composição pura e nas concentrações realistas utilizadas, possui potencial genotóxico na avaliação biológica de células de A. cepa. A análise integrativa multivariada foi fundamental para mostrar uma resposta completa de todos os dados, fornecendo uma visão global do efeito da MT no DNA.

Abstract For many centuries human populations have been suffering and trying to fight with disease-bearing mosquitoes. Emerging and reemerging diseases such as Dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya affect billions of people around the world and recently has been appealing to control with chemical pesticides. Malathion (MT) is one of the main pesticides used against mosquitoes, the vectors of these diseases. This study aimed to assess cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of the malathion for the bioindicator Allium cepa L. using a multivariate and integrative approach. Moreover, an appendix table was compiled with all available literature of insecticides assessed by the Allium cepa system to support our discussion. Exposures during 48h to 0.5 mg mL-1 and 1.0 mg mL-1 MT were compared to the negative control (distilled water) and positive control (MMS solution at 10 mg L-1). The presence of chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei frequency, and mitotic index abnormalities was evaluated. Anaphase bridges were the alterations with higher incidence and presented a significantly elevated rate in the concentration of 0.5 mg mL-1, including when compared to the positive control. The integrative discriminant analysis summarizes that MT in assessed concentrations presented effects like the positive control, corroborating its potential of toxicity to DNA. Therefore, it is concluded that MT in its pure composition and in realistic concentrations used, has genotoxic potential in the biological assessment of A. cepa cells. The multivariate integrative analysis was fundamental to show a whole response of all data, providing a global view of the effect of MT on DNA.

This study aimed to assess the effects of starting creep feeding at different ages on performance, behaviour, haematological, and biochemical parameters in piglets. A total of 138 piglets (1.34 ± 0.25 kg, n = 13 sows), weaned at 21 d-old, were assigned to treatments using a completely randomized design. The litter was divided into two groups: seven litters (n = 80 piglets) were subjected to creep feeding on the fifth day of age (creep 5) and five litters (n = 58 piglets), on the tenth day of age (creep 10). Piglets were weighed at birth, weaning, and after the first week in the nursery. Piglet behaviour was evaluated daily for 15 min until day 20. Blood was collected on day 13, at weaning, and at the end of the first week in the nursery. There was no difference in body weight in the suckling phase, but piglets fed Creep 5 showed greater body weight gain in the first nursery week. The Creep 5 group had lower feed leftovers during the five days of evaluation of feed intake. There were no differences in haematological parameters and amylase concentration; however, the piglets spent more time lying down, sucking, and massaging the udder. On day 8, the piglets in the Creep 5 group showed a higher frequency of exploratory behaviour. In conclusion, piglets fed Creep 5 had optimal performance after weaning and improved feed intake capacity by displaying more exploratory behaviour than Creep 10. Creep management did not alter haematological and biochemical parameters.

This study aimed to assess the effects of starting creep feeding at different ages on performance, behaviour, haematological, and biochemical parameters in piglets. A total of 138 piglets (1.34 ± 0.25 kg, n = 13 sows), weaned at 21 d-old, were assigned to treatments using a completely randomized design. The litter was divided into two groups: seven litters (n = 80 piglets) were subjected to creep feeding on the fifth day of age (creep 5) and five litters (n = 58 piglets), on the tenth day of age (creep 10). Piglets were weighed at birth, weaning, and after the first week in the nursery. Piglet behaviour was evaluated daily for 15 min until day 20. Blood was collected on day 13, at weaning, and at the end of the first week in the nursery. There was no difference in body weight in the suckling phase, but piglets fed Creep 5 showed greater body weight gain in the first nursery week. The Creep 5 group had lower feed leftovers during the five days of evaluation of feed intake. There were no differences in haematological parameters and amylase concentration; however, the piglets spent more time lying down, sucking, and massaging the udder. On day 8, the piglets in the Creep 5 group showed a higher frequency of exploratory behaviour. In conclusion, piglets fed Creep 5 had optimal performance after weaning and improved feed intake capacity by displaying more exploratory behaviour than Creep 10. Creep management did not alter haematological and biochemical parameters.

Abstract This study described the growth, morphometric, biomechanical, and chemical properties of the femur, tibiotarsus, and tarsometatarsus of European and Japanese quail. Analyses were performed at 13 and 15 days of incubation, at hatch, and at 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days post-hatch (n=6/subspecies/period). Bone specimens were analyzed by cone-beam computed tomography, biomechanical assays, chemical analyses, and histomorphometry. Variables were fitted by the Gompertz function and its derivative or assessed using the analysis of variance. Analysis of the derivative of Gompertz curves showed that the growth behavior of the tarsometatarsal bone was similar between quail subspecies, and the femur and tibiotarsus of European quail increased first in width and then in length, whereas the opposite occurred in Japanese quail. There was an interaction between quail subspecies and days of growth on femoral, tarsometatarsal, and tibiotarsal bone densities. Femoral and tibiotarsal cross-sectional areas were influenced by the interaction of quail subspecies and day of growth. Interaction effects were significant for breaking strength and phosphorus percentage. European and Japanese quail have different femoral and tibiotarsal growth patterns, especially in the first few days after hatching, whereas tarsometatarsal growth is similar between subspecies.