Abstract Currently, antimicrobial resistance has become a global public health problem, which has made the need for new antimicrobial compounds to deal with resistant infections an emergency. However, environments that once offered so many innovative molecules, now already exhaustively exploited, do not meet this need. In this context, a geographically isolated, under-explored and extreme environment, such as Antarctica, which holds organisms with unique physiological and biochemical characteristics, assumes great importance as a potential source of new compounds with antimicrobial activity. In this patent review, we investigate the state of technological development in the field of antimicrobial compounds obtained from Antarctic organisms, highlighting the main countries and researchers active in the field, the species utilized, the compounds obtained, and their possible therapeutic applications. As results, few patent documents were found, however they encompass a wide diversity of compounds and species, indicating a great antimicrobial potential present in Antarctic biota, including compounds active against the most important human pathogenic microorganisms, such as including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. and multi-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Furthermore, due to the increasing trend in patent applications, a significant rise in the number of patents in this area is expected in the coming years.

RESUMO Foi determinada a ocorrência de rotavírus do grupo A e a caracterização molecular G e P de estirpes detectadas em bezerros de rebanhos de corte em propriedades rurais do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram analisadas amostras de fezes de 649 bezerros de 14 rebanhos de corte com idade entre 1 e 60 dias, independentemente da manifestação clínica de diarréia, colhidas de julho de 2003 a julho de 2004. Por meio das técnicas de ELISA e de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (PAGE), determinou-se a ocorrência de rotavírus do grupo A em 64,3% (09/14) dos rebanhos e em 6,2% (40/649) dos animais. A maior freqüência de infecção foi detectada em animais com idade entre 16 e 30 dias (10,5%). Foram diagnosticados bezerros infectados por rotavírus tanto em animais com sinais clínicos de diarréia (25,8%; 22/85) quanto naqueles assintomáticos (3,2%; 18/ 564), existindo, porém, uma correlação entre a presença da infecção e a manifestação clínica da diarréia (p < 0,01). A análise do perfil do genoma do rotavírus por PAGE identificou sete eletroferótipos distintos, indicando grande diversidade genômica dos rotavírus na região estudada. A genotipagem pela reação em cadeia da polimerase (RT-PCR) das amostras de rotavírus revelou que as estirpes circulantes nos rebanhos eram G6P[5], G6P[11], G6P[5]P[11] e G10P[11].

ABSTRACT The frequency of group A rotavirus and the molecular G and P characterization of strains in beef cattle were determined from July 2003 to July 2004, in herds of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Samples came from 649 calves, aged between 1 and 60 days, from 14 beef cattle herds, regardless of clinical manifestation of diarrhea. A 64.3% (9/14) frequency of rotavirus among herds and 6.2% (40/649) among animals were detected by ELISA and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The higher frequency infection was detected in animals aged between 16 and 30 days (10.5%). Rotavirus infection was diagnosed in animals with (25.8%; 22/85) or without (3.2%; 18/564) clinical signs of diarrhea. A correlation was found between the presence of infection and the clinical manifestation of diarrhea (p < 0.05). PAGE analysis of the rotavirus’s genome profile identified 7 distinct electropherotypes which indicated extensive genomic diversity of the rotavirus in the region under analysis. Genotyping by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of the rotavirus strains revealed the genotypes G6P[5], G6P[11], G6P[5]P[11] and G10P[11].

Testes de soroneutralização (SN) foram realizados para detecção de anticorpos contra os vírus da peste suína clássica (VPSC), da diarréia viral bovina (VDVB) e do vírus da doença da fronteira ou "border disease" dos ovinos (VBDO) em amostras de soros suínos coletadas para triagem de anticorpos antiVPSC, com o objetivo de determinar o valor da SN como prova sorológica diferencial. Noventa e nove soros de uma amostragem de 16.664 foram positivos em um teste de ELISA policlonal, incapaz de diferenciar anticorpos induzidos contra os diferentes pestivírus. Quando submetidos à SN, 81 apresentaram anticorpos somente contra o VPSC. Dezessete soros apresentaram anticorpos com reatividade cruzada contra os VPSC, VDVB ou VBDO, e na maioria deles (13/17) as diferenças entre os títulos obtidos pela SN não permitiram inferir qual seria o vírus provável indutor dos anticorpos detectados. Concluiu-se que a prova requer cuidados ao ser usada com essa finalidade, pois quando amostras isoladas de soro são examinadas a variação entre os títulos de anticorpos pode ser insuficiente para permitir essa diferenciação, necessitando uma amostragem que inclua um número significativo de animais dentro do criatório ou da granja suspeita.

Serum neutralization tests (SN) were performed against classical swine fever virus (CSFV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and border disease virus (BDV) on samples of swine serum collected for screening of antibodies to CSFV, in order to determine the SN value as a differential serological test. Ninety-nine sera out of a sample of 16,664 were positive for antibodies to pestiviruses in an ELISA test which did not distinguish antibodies to different pestiviruses. When submitted to SN, 81 sera were positive for CSFV antibodies only. In 17 sera, crossreactive antibodies to either CSFV, BVDV or BDV were detected. In most of these sera (13 out of 17) the differences between SN titres against the three viruses were not sufficient to estimate which was the most likely antibody-inducing virus. It was concluded that, for the SN to be useful in such differentiation, it is essential to examine a sample which must include a representative number of sera from the same farm where suspect animals were detected. When isolated serum samples are examined, such as those obtained with the sampling strategy adopted here, the SN may give rise to inconclusive results.