ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the inclusion of chitosan (CHI) and technical cashew nut shell liquid (CNSLt) as natural feed additives in cattle diets on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and in vitro gas production kinetics. We conducted a completely randomized design with 5×4 factorial arrangement, with 20, 35, 50, 65, and 100% Tifton 85 hay and four additives, monensin (200 mg/kg DM), CNSLt (500 mg/kg DM), CHI (500 mg/kg DM), and CNSLt+CHI (500 mg/kg DM/each). Dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility showed a linear reduction according to forage levels. The highest DM digestibility was observed with CHI on cattle diets. Inclusion of CHI increased DM digestibility. The highest in vitro organic matter and crude protein (CP) digestibilities were observed for CNSLt+CHI. The in vitro dry matter digestibility increased linearly with concentrate in the diet. There was interaction of forage:concentrate ratio and the additives for neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and hemicellulose digestibility. Chitosan, CNSLt, and CNSLt+CHI promoted the lowest acetate:propionate ratio compared with monensin. Total gas production showed interaction of the forage:concentrate ratio and additives. Lag time was lowest with CNSLt+CHI. Chitosan and CNSLt can be considered alternative fermentation modulators to ionophores by improving nutrient digestibility and increasing ruminal propionate concentrations.

Resumo A pecuária no Brasil teve papel relevante na formação do espaço rural. Tal processo ocasionou um passivo ambiental, pois se desenvolveu sem considerar os impactos ao meio ambiente, relativos à erosão e compactação dos solos, emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE), além do uso intensivo de terra e dos recursos hídricos. Em significativa parcela das propriedades o manejo inadequado resultou em pastagens com níveis de degradação. A literatura aponta a importância da intensificação da tecnologia como forma de garantir pastagens sustentáveis. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar a relação entre nível tecnológico de produção de bovinos e de degradação de pastagens na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Vermelho, em Goiás - Brasil. Esta área é considerada como representativa da pecuária no cerrado brasileiro. Foi utilizada amostra estratificada por compartimentos com 60 estabelecimentos agropecuários. Utilizaram-se as técnicas de análise de correspondência múltipla, análise de cluster e regressão beta para obter o Índice de Degradação de Pastagens (IDP). Verificaram-se associações bivariadas entre o Índice Tecnológico (IT) e as variáveis: renda, relevo e tamanho da propriedade. Foi possível constatar o emprego de maior nível tecnológico nas maiores propriedades e em terrenos mais planos. Também se constatou que o maior nível tecnológico propicia maior remuneração aos gestores. Porém não se observou relação entre a tecnologia empregada nos estabelecimentos e taxa de lotação animal, o que pode comprometer os resultados econômicos e bem-estar animal. Assim, como não foi observada associação entre índice tecnológico e índice de degradação de pastagens, sugerindo ocorrência de degradação de pastagens, mesmo quando do uso de tecnologias na produção de bovinos.

Abstract In Brasil ranching has played a fundamental role in the occupation of rural land. This process results in a series of environmental impacts, such as the erosion and compaction of the soil, and the emission of greenhouse gases, in addition to the intensive use of the soil and water resources. In part of the properties, inadequate management resulted in pastures with degradation levels. The literature points out the importance of intensifying technology as a way to guarantee sustainable pastures. The present study aims to identify and analyze the relationships between the technological level level of cattle production and the degradation of pastures in the Vermelho River basin in Goiás, central Brazil. This area is considered to be representative of livestock in the Brazilian Cerrado. The sample consisted of 60 cattle ranches, selected from each of the three sectors of the Vermelho River basin. The data were analyzed using a Multiple Correspondence Analysis, cluster analysis, and Beta regression to obtain Pasture Degradation Indice (PDI). Bivariate associations were found between the Technological Index (TI) and three variables - the manager’s income, topographic relief, and the size of the property. It was possible to verify the use of a higher technological level in the largest properties as well as in flatter areas. It was also found that the higher technological level provides higher remuneration to managers. However, there was no relationship between the technology used in the establishments and the cattle density, which can reduces profitability economic and animal welfare. There was also no association between TI and PDI, suggesting pasture degradation, even when using more intensive technologies in cattle production.

Abstract In order to evaluate the effect of rosemary oil and micro mineral sources on the performance and egg quality of laying hens, 288 hens were used and distributed in a completely randomized design using a 2x3 factorial (mineral sources x rosemary oil) with six different diets and six replications. Diets were formulated containing inorganic or organic minerals, with or without added rosemary oil (100 and 200 mg kg-1). The treatments showed interaction for average egg weight, yolk color, albumen and yolk percentage, with significant results from the use of organic minerals compared to inorganic minerals. The addition of 200 mg kg-1 rosemary oil in diets improved laying rate, egg mass, specific gravity, number of pores on the shell when compared to other treatments. In conclusion, the use of 200 mg kg-1 of rosemary oil improves the performance of red laying hen eggs. The association between organic minerals and 100 mg kg-1 rosemary oil in laying hen diets increases yolk color and percentage of albumen. The use of organic minerals is superior to inorganic minerals as to improve the quality of eggs, increasing average egg weight, yolk color and percentage of albumen.

Resumo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a viabilidade econômica de implantação de quatro modelos de sistema de produção de bovinos de corte. Foram considerados os sistemas: média da bacia hidrográfica do rio Vermelho, sistema de baixo consumo de suplemento concentrado, sistema de baixo consumo de suplemento com terminação em confinamento e sistema intensivo a pasto, com suplementação nos períodos de águas e de seca. Investimentos foram estimados conforme o nível de tecnificação de cada sistema. A análise de viabilidade econômica do projeto foi realizada com uso do valor presente líquido e a taxa interna de retorno, considerando-se a taxa mínima de atratividade equivalente ao juro real da poupança (6,17%). Por meio da margem bruta, margem líquida e taxa de lucratividade foi avaliada a permanência no setor, caso os sistemas já estejam instalados. Todos os sistemas apresentaram margem bruta, líquida e lucratividade que evidenciam a sustentabilidade econômica no curto e longo prazo, caso estejam implantados. No entanto, ao analisar o projeto para entrada no setor, apenas os sistemas de baixo consumo de suplemento concentrado e sistema intensivo a pasto apresentam viabilidade econômica.

Abstract: The present study evaluates the economic viability of four different models of beef cattle production in the rio Vermelho hydrographic basin. The study focuses on the traditional extensive ranching system, which was compared to three intensive systems, one based on low levels of concentrated supplementation, a second with low levels of concentrated supplementation and confinement for fattening and an intensive grazing system, with supplementation during the dry and rainy seasons. The investments were estimated for the different levels of technical specifications of each system. The net present values and internal return rate were used for the assessment of the economic viability of the project, considering the minimum rate of attractiveness, equivalent to the inflation-adjusted savings interest rate (6.17%). The continuity of the sector was evaluated based on the gross and net margins, and profitability rates, where the system is already installed. All four systems had gross and net margins and profitability consistent with their economic sustainability over both the short and long terms. However, only two systems (reduced consumption of concentrated supplements and the intensive grazing system) were economically viable as start-ups.

ABSTRACT This study analyzed the productive strategies and technology of beef producers in the Vermelho basin in Goiás, Brazil. The data were used to develop a technological index, applicable to the local beef production systems. The data were obtained using questionnaires. A set of 60 properties was selected to provide a representative sample of the relief and soil quality within the study area. The data were analyzed using multiple correspondence, cluster analysis, and beta regression procedures. The variables that most contributed to the definition of the technological level were identified. The variables and production units each formed three clusters, corresponding to three levels of technology: low, mid, and high. The data were used to calculate a predictive index for the analysis and mapping of the technology used in the study area. High cattle densities were found in systems with low technology, indicating low productivity and profitability, and reduced environmental sustainability.

ABSTRACT This study aims to describe the prevalence, distribution, and factors associated with soil-transmitted helminthiases (STHs) in rural localities in Piaui, Brazil. Two cross-sectional surveys (n=605 subjects; 172 families) were carried out in order to obtain socio-demographic, anthropometric, spatial and parasitological data. Parasites were evaluated using Kato-Katz and centrifugal sedimentation techniques. Eggs were measured to assess infection with zoonotic Strongylida parasites. Kernel maps were constructed with Q-GIS. The prevalence of hookworm infection was 12.4% (75/605). Other helminthes found were Trichuris trichiura (n=1; 0.2%) and Hymenolepis nana (n=1; 0.2%). The hookworm positivity rate was significantly lower among subjects who had used albendazole when compared with individuals who had not used anthelmintics or had used antiprotozoal drugs in the last 6 months (8/134 [6.0%] vs. 59/415 [14.2%]; p=0.009). A total of 39/172 (22.7%) families had at least one infected member. The association between the number of dwellers and hookworm positivity in the family was present in a logistic regression multivariate model. Assessment of worm burdens showed 92.2% light, 6.2% moderate, and 1.6% heavy infections. Hookworm eggs (n=34) measured 57.2 - 75.4 µm in length and 36.4 - 44.2 µm in width (mean ± SD = 65.86 ± 4.66 µm L and 40.05 ± 1.99 µm W), commensurate with human hookworms. Hotspots suggest that transmission has a focal pattern. STHs persist in impoverished rural areas in Northeastern Brazil where currently available control strategies (mass drug administration) apparently do not allow the elimination of the infection.

BACKGROUND To cope with the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), new molecular methods that can routinely be used to screen for a wide range of drug resistance related genetic markers in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome are urgently needed. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the performance of multiplex ligaton-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) against Genotype® MTBDRplus to detect resistance to isoniazid (INHr) and rifampicin (RIFr). METHOD 96 culture isolates characterised for identification, drug susceptibility testing (DST) and sequencing of rpoB, katG, and inhA genes were evaluated by the MLPA and Genotype®MTBDRplus assays. RESULTS With sequencing as a reference standard, sensitivity (SE) to detect INHr was 92.8% and 85.7%, and specificity (SP) was 100% and 97.5%, for MLPA and Genotype®MTBDRplus, respectively. In relation to RIFr, SE was 87.5% and 100%, and SP was 100% and 98.8%, respectively. Kappa value was identical between Genotype®MTBDRplus and MLPA compared with the standard DST and sequencing for detection of INHr [0.83 (0.75-0.91)] and RIFr [0.93 (0.88-0.98)]. CONCLUSION Compared to Genotype®MTBDRplus, MLPA showed similar sensitivity to detect INH and RIF resistance. The results obtained by the MLPA and Genotype®MTBDRplus assays indicate that both molecular tests can be used for the rapid detection of drug-resistant TB with high accuracy. MLPA has the added value of providing information on the circulating M. tuberculosis lineages.

BACKGROUND In high tuberculosis (TB) burden countries, there are few data on the performance of new molecular commercialised assays developed locally. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the performance of a new molecular commercialised assay for TB diagnosis (Detect-TB) in three laboratories. METHODS A total of 302 sputum samples from an equal number of patients with presumptive diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) were submitted for routine smear microscopy, culture, and Detect-TB assay at three different sites in Brazil (the cities of Caxias do Sul, São Paulo and Canoas). FINDINGS Seventy four (24.7%) TB cases were diagnosed (65 bacteriologically confirmed). When compared to smear microscopy/culture results, the overall sensitivity and specificity of Detect-TB assay was 84.6% (CI 95%; 73.7-91.6) and 93.1% (CI 95%; 89.1-95.8), respectively. When compared to bacteriological and clinical diagnostic criteria, the sensitivity and specificity of Detect-TB assay was 74.3% (CI 95%; 63.3-82.9) and 92.9% (CI 95%; 88.7-95.6), respectively. Among the three sites - Caxias do Sul, São Paulo and Canoas - the sensitivity and specificity were respectively 94.7% and 97.8%; 71.4% and 93.9%, 82.1% and 88.9%. MAIN CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the Detect-TB assay could be applied routinely in reference laboratories across different regions in Brazil.

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the anti-quorum sensing activity of phenolic extracts from grumixama (Eugenia brasiliensis), also known as Brazilian cherry, in concentrations that did not interfere with bacterial growth. The pulp phenolic compounds were extracted by using solid phage extraction in a mini-collumn C18 and quantified by spectrophotometry. The anti-quorum sensing activity was evaluated by testing the inhibition of violacein production in Chromobacterium violaceum and by evaluating the swarming motility in Aeromonas hydrophila and Serratia marcescens, both phenotypes regulated by quorum sensing. The phenolic extract strongly inhibited the production of violacein in C. violaceum, reducing its production in comparison with a control with no extract. No inhibition of growth was observed at the concentrations tested for quorum sensing inhibition. Confirming the quorum sensing inhibition phenotype, the extract was also able to inhibit swarming motility in S. marcescens and in A. hydrophila, although in the later the effect was marginal. Overall, these results indicate that phenolic extract from E. brasiliensis presents quorum sensing inhibitory activity most likely due to the presence of fruit phenolics which have been implicated as quorum sensing inhibitors in Gram negative bacteria.

Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) threatens global TB control and is a major public health concern in several countries. We therefore developed a multiplex assay (LINE-TB/MDR) that is able to identify the most frequent mutations related to rifampicin (RMP) and isoniazid (INH) resistance. The assay is based on multiplex polymerase chain reaction, membrane hybridisation and colorimetric detection targeting of rpoB and katG genes, as well as the inhA promoter, which are all known to carry specific mutations associated with multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). The assay was validated on a reference panel of 108 M. tuberculosis isolates that were characterised by the proportion method and by DNA sequencing of the targets. When comparing the performance of LINE-TB/MDR with DNA sequencing, the sensitivity, specificity and agreement were 100%, 100% and 100%, respectively, for RMP and 77.6%, 90.6% and 88.9%, respectively, for INH. Using drug sensibility testing as a reference standard, the performance of LINE-TB/MDR regarding sensitivity, specificity and agreement was 100%, 100% and 100% (95%), respectively, for RMP and 77%, 100% and 88.7% (82.2-95.1), respectively, for INH. LINE-TB/MDR was compared with GenoType MTBDRplus for 65 isolates, resulting in an agreement of 93.6% (86.7-97.5) for RIF and 87.4% (84.3-96.2) for INH. LINE-TB/MDR warrants further clinical validation and may be an affordable alternative for MDR-TB diagnosis.

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar o período ideal de suplementação de 20ppm de ractopamina nas dietas de suínos machos castrados em terminação. Foram utilizados 50 suínos machos castrados com peso inicial de 65,85±4,34kg, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos (0, 7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 dias de suplementação de ractopamina pré-abate), sendo quatro repetições para os tratamentos 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias e cinco repetições para o tratamento com suplementação por 35 dias. A unidade experimental foi composta por dois animais. A conversão alimentar melhorou (P<0,05) e o peso de carcaça quente, quantidade de carne magra e o índice de bonificação aumentaram linearmente (P<0,05) de acordo com o aumento do período de suplementação de ractopamina. O retorno econômico para quantidade de carne magra produzida por animal aumentou linearmente até sete dias de suplementação, período a partir do qual se manteve no platô (P<0,05). A suplementação de 20ppm de ractopamina na dieta dos suínos machos castrados em terminação, durante o período de 35 dias, melhora a conversão alimentar, aumenta o peso de carcaça quente, a quantidade de carne magra e o índice de bonificação. A suplementação de 20ppm de ractopamina na dieta de suínos em terminação resulta em retorno econômico para quantidade de carne magra produzida por animal, independentemente da duração da suplementação.

The study was conducted to determine the optimal period of supplementation of 20ppm of ractopamine in diets of finishing barrows. Fifty pigs, with initial weight of 65.85±4.34kg were used. The pigs were distributed in randomized blocks design of six treatments (supplementation of ractopamine for 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days pre-slaughter), with four replications for treatments 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days and five replicates for the treatment supplemented by 35 days. Each experimental unit consisted of two animals. The feed conversion improved (P<0.05) and the hot carcass weight, the amount of lean meat and the index of carcasses increased linearly (P<0.05) with increasing period of ractopamine supplementation. The economic return for the amount of lean meat produced per animal improved linearly until the period of seven days of supplementation with ractopamine, from which remained at a plateau (P<0.05). Supplementation of 20ppm of ractopamine in the diet of finishing barrows during the 35 days improved feed conversion, increases the hot carcass weight, the amount of lean meat and the index of carcasses. The supplementation of 20ppm ractopamine in the diet of finishing barrows results in economic return for the amount of lean meat produced per animal regardless of the length of supplementation.

Direct smear examination using Ziehl-Neelsen staining for pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) diagnosis is inexpensive and easy to use, but has the major limitation of low sensitivity. Rapid molecular methods are becoming more widely available in centralized laboratories, but they depend on timely reporting of results and strict quality assurance obtainable only from costly commercial kits available in high burden nations. This study describes a pre-commercial colorimetric method, Detect-TB, for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in which an oligonucleotide probe is fixed onto wells of microwell plates and hybridized with biotinylated polymerase chain reaction amplification products derived from clinical samples. The probe is capable of hybridising with the IS6110 insertion element and was used to specifically recognise the M. tuberculosis complex. When combined with an improved silica-based DNA extraction method, the sensitivity of the test was 50 colony-forming units of the M. tuberculosis reference strain H37Rv. The results that were in agreement with reference detection methods were observed in 95.2% (453/476) of samples included in the analysis. Sensitivity and specificity for 301 induced sputum samples and 175 spontaneous sputum samples were 85% and 98%, and 94% and 100%, respectively. This colorimetric method showed similar specificity to that described for commercially available kits and may provide an important contribution for PTB diagnosis.

O objetivo com este trabalho foi avaliar o perfil de ácidos graxos e a concentração de prostaglandina na tíbia de frangos de corte alimentados com rações contendo óleo de linhaça no período de 1 a 42 dias de idade. Nas fases inicial e de crescimento (1 a 21 dias e 22 a 42 dias, respectivamente), foi adotado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 4 tratamentos (2,0; 3,5; 5,0 ou 6,5% de óleo de linhaça), 6 repetições e 50 aves/unidade experimental. No período de 1 a 42 dias de idade, o perfil lipídico das rações refletiu sobre o perfil de ácidos graxos dos ossos. O aumento do nível de óleo de linhaça às rações promoveu redução linear da concentração do ácido graxo 20:4n-6 nas células ósseas, porém com menor intensidade ao longo da idade. As concentrações dos ácidos graxos poliinsaturados ômega 3 (EPA ácido eicosapentaenóico, DPA docosapentaenóico e DHA docosahexaenóico) nas células ósseas reduziram no decorrer da idade das aves, contudo, esse efeito do óleo de linhaça foi menos intenso para o EPA e DHA. A concentração de prostaglandina determinada no sobrenadante das células ósseas não foi influenciada pelos níveis de óleo de linhaça aos 21 e 42 dias de idade. A adição de 5,17 e 6,5% de óleo de linhaça às rações mostrou-se efetiva em potencializar a incorporação dos ácidos graxos 18:3n-3 e 20:5n-3 nos ossos dos frangos, respectivamente, no período de 1 a 42 dias de idade.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the fatty acid profile and PGE2 concentration in tibia of broiler chickens fed on diets with different linseed oil (LO) levels from one to 42 days of age. At the initial and growing phases (1 to 21 days and 22 to 42 days of age, respectively) a completely randomized design was used with four treatments, six replications and 50 birds per experimental unit. The birds were fed diets with different linseed oil levels (2.0; 3.5; 5.0 and 6.5%). It was observed in the period from 1 to 42 days of age that the diet fatty acid profile reflected on the bone fatty acid profile. The increase in the amount of linseed oil in the diets promoted a linear reduction of 20:4n-6 in the linseed oil concentration in the bone cells, but lower over time. The eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations decreased in bone cells concentrations decreased in bone cells with birds age, but the effect of adding linseed oil to the diets was less intense for EPA and DHA. The bone PGE2 concentration was not influenced by the linseed oil levels in the diets, in the period from 22 to 42 days of age. Diet with addition of 5.17% and 6.5% linseed oil was effective to enhance the incorporation of 18:3n-3 and 20:5n-3 in broiler chicken bones, respectively, in the period from 1 to 42 days of age.

O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho e os parâmetros ósseos de frangos de corte alimentados com rações contendo diferentes níveis de óleo de linhaça no período de 1 a 42 dias de idade. Nas fases inicial e de crescimento (1 a 21 dias e 22 a 42 dias, respectivamente), foi adotado delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 4 níveis de óleo de linhaça (2,0; 3,5; 5,0 ou 6,5%), 6 repetições e 50 aves/unidade experimental. Os níveis de óleo de linhaça tiveram efeito linear crescente sobre o diâmetro e o peso absoluto da tíbia, mas não influenciaram o peso do fêmur. Os dados revelaram interação idade e nível de óleo de linhaça para o índice de Seedor, comprovando que os efeitos positivos e negativos dos maiores níveis de óleo de linhaça observados para o fêmur e a tíbia, respectivamente, aumentaram no final da fase de crescimento. Os parâmetros de crescimento e qualidade do fêmur e da tíbia apresentaram comportamento cúbico, decorrente da idade. Os níveis de óleo de linhaça e a idade tiveram efeito quadrático sobre o peso das cinzas do fêmur. A concentração de cinzas foi positivamente influenciada pelos níveis de óleo de linhaça nas rações, contudo, os melhores resultados foram evidenciados a partir dos 28 dias. A resistência óssea não foi influenciada pela ingestão de óleo de linhaça, mas sofreu efeito cúbico da idade. Verificou-se interação significativa idade × nível de óleo de linhaça para a densidade mineral óssea, e que os melhores efeitos do óleo ocorrem na fase inicial de criação das aves. Rações contendo 6,5% de óleo de linhaça são benéficas para o crescimento e a mineralização dos ossos longos de frangos de corte.

This study aimed to evaluate the performance and bone parameters of broiler chickens fed on diets with different linseed oil (LO) levels from 1 to 42 days of age. At the initial and growing phases (1 to 21 days and 22 to 42 days of age, respectively) a completely randomized design was used with four linseed oil levels (2.0, 3.5, 5.0 or 6.5%), six replicates and 50 birds per experimental unit. The birds were fed diets with different linseed oil levels (2.0; 3.5; 5.0 and 6.5%). A linear effect of linseed oil was observed on tibia absolute diameter and weight but the femur was not influenced by linseed oil inclusion in the diet. Data revealed significant interaction between age and linseed oil levels for the Seedor index, demonstrating that the positive and negative effects of the highest linseed oil levels observed for femur and tibia, respectively, increased at the end of the growth phase. The femur and tibia growth and quality parameters presented cubic performance in function of age. The inclusion of linseed oil and age showed a quadratic effect on the femur ash weight. The ash concentration was positively influenced by the levels of linseed oil in the diets but the best results were shown after 28 days. The bone strength was not influenced by the different linseed oil levels, but showed cubic performance in function of age. However, there was significant age × linseed oil level interaction for bone mineral density, so that the best results with linseed oil addition were observed at the initial rearing stage of the birds. It was concluded that diets with 6.5% linseed oil are beneficial to growth and mineralization of long bones in broiler chickens.

Um experimento foi conduzido para avaliar a influência de fatores antinutricionais de alguns alimentos sobre o epitélio intestinal e o desempenho de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 480 pintos de um dia de idade, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (A = ração testemunha à base de milho e soja; B = ração contendo Leucaena leucocephala - 6% [LL]; C = ração contendo Leucaena cunningan - 6% [LC] e D = ração contendo feijão guandu - Cajanus cajan - 20% [CC]), quatro repetições e 30 aves por unidade experimental. Houve redução de ganho de peso e aumento da conversão alimentar com a utilização de LL e LC, no período de 1a 21 e de 1a 42 dias de idade. Aos 21 dias de idade, observou-se aumento no tamanho dos vilos do jejuno e na relação vilo:cripta do jejuno e íleo, nas aves que receberam LC. Houve aumento significativo (P<0,05) das células caliciformes no duodeno e jejuno em aves de todos os tratamentos e apenas LL e LC aumentaram as células caliciformes do íleo. Aos 42 dias de idade, houve aumento no número de células caliciformes causado por CC no duodeno e por LL, LC e CC no íleo. O consumo de ração e a profundidade de cripta não foram influenciados. A alteração da morfologia da vilosidade do jejuno, bem como a alteração na relação vilo:cripta no período inicial, influenciou negativamente o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar nos períodos inicial e total.

A trial was conducted to evaluate the influence of antinutritional factors in some feedstuffs on broiler chick's performance and intestinal epithelium. A total of 480 one-day old broiler chicks were allotted to a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments (A= corn and soybean meal based control diet; B = diet containing Leucaena leucocephala - 6% [LL]; C = diet containing Leucaena cunningan - 6% [LC] and D = diet containing Pigeous bean - Cajanus cajan - 20% [CC]), four replicates and 30 broiler chicks per experimental unit. The broiler chicks, which were fed with LL and LC containing diets showed lower weight gain and a worse feed: gain in the periods from 1 to 21 and from 1 to 42 days of age. At 21st days of age only the broiler chicks fed with LC containing diet showed a higher villi size in jejunum and villi: crypt ratio in jejunum and ileum. There was significant increase on the number of Goblet cells in the duodenum and jejunum in the broiler chicks of all treatments at the 21st day of age, and only broiler chicks fed with LL and LC containing diets showed an increased number of Goblet cells in the ileum. At 42th day of age, an increase of Goblet cells was observed in the duodenum of broiler chicks fed with CC containing diets, and in the ileum of broiler chicks fed with LL, LC e CC containing diets. Feed intake and crypt depth were not influenced by treatments in any of the experimental periods. Alterations on jejunum villi morphology, villi: crypt ratio and increased number of Goblet cells in the initial period resulted on a worse weight gain and feed: gain in the initial and total growth periods of the broiler chicks.