RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de cloro na água de dessedentação de poedeiras sobre o desempenho zootécnico, a qualidade da casca dos ovos, os índices hemogasométricos e o teor de cálcio na tíbia. Foram utilizadas 144 poedeiras leves Hy Line, de 61 semanas de idade, distribuídas em 24 gaiolas de metabolismo. As aves foram submetidas, durante um período de 28 dias, a dietas hídricas utilizando-se hipoclorito de sódio como fonte de cloro para compor as seguintes concentrações: 5ppm (controle), 20ppm, 50ppm e 100ppm. O desempenho foi avaliado mediante o consumo de água e ração, a produção e o peso dos ovos, a massa de ovos e a conversão alimentar. A qualidade da casca foi aferida por meio da gravidade específica. Ao final do experimento, coletou-se sangue arterial para avaliação dos índices hemogasométricos e sacrificou-se uma ave de cada repetição para coleta de tíbias e aferição do teor de cálcio. Verificou-se redução do consumo de água a partir de 20ppm de cloro e no consumo de ração em aves que receberam água com 100ppm de cloro. A análise de regressão demonstrou que quanto maior for o nível de cloro na água, maior será a redução no consumo. Não foram observadas diferenças na produção e no peso dos ovos, na massa de ovos, na conversão alimentar, na gravidade específica dos ovos, no teor de cálcio nas tíbias e nos índices hemogasométricos (potencial hidrogeniônico, pressão parcial de gás carbônico, pressão parcial de oxigênio, sódio, potássio, cloro, bicarbonato, concentração total de dióxido de carbono, ânion gap e saturação de oxigênio). Não se recomenda a utilização de níveis superiores a 5ppm de cloro na água de dessedentação de poedeiras leves.

ABSTRACT The study aimed to evaluate the effect of different levels of chlorine in drinking water of laying hens on zootechnical performance, eggs shell quality, hemogasometry levels and calcium content in tibia. 144 Hy-Line laying hens, 61 weeks old, were used distributed in 24 metabolism cages. They were subjected to water diets, for a period of 28 days, using sodium hypochlorite as a chlorine source in order to obtain the following concentrations: 5ppm (control), 20ppm, 50ppm, and 100ppm. Their performance was evaluated through water consumption, feed intake, egg production and weight, egg mass, feed conversion. Shell quality was measured by specific gravity. At the end of the experiment, arterial blood was collected for blood gas level assessment and a poultry of each replicate was sacrificed to obtain tibia and calcium content measurement. There was a water consumption reduction from 20ppm of chlorine and feed intake reduction in poultry receiving water with 100ppm of chlorine. The regression analysis showed that the higher the level of chlorine in water, the higher the reduction in consumption. There were no differences in egg production and weight, egg mass, feed conversion, specific gravity, tibia calcium content, and hemogasometry levels (hydrogenionic potential, carbon dioxide partial pressure, oxygen partial pressure, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide total concentration, anion gap and oxygen saturation). The use of levels above 5ppm of chlorine is not recommended in the water of lightweight laying hens.

The Brazilian beef industry has experienced an increase in the utilization of adapted and non-adapted Bos taurus breeds in crossbreeding systems. In spite of this, little is known about the adaptability of these groups and of their crossbred progeny when raised in a tropical climate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological responses related to adaptability of Nelore (NE), crossbred Angus x Nelore (TA) and Senepol x Nelore (SN) cattle submitted to a heat tolerance trial. The study was conducted in the Southeast - Embrapa Cattle (CPPSE), São Carlos, Brazil. During the summer of 2008, 45 heifers, 15 of each breed type, were evaluated over three days: at 7:00 a.m. (resting measure), at 13:00 (after six hours in the sun with no access to water and shade) and at 15:00 (after a further two hours in the sun with access to shade). Rectal temperature and sweating rate were measured and the data were analyzed using restricted maximum likelihood. The effect of breed type was significant for rectal temperature only at 15:00 and for the sweating rate at all three test periods. Based on these results, Senepol x Nelore heifers showed a better adaptation in the heat tolerance test than the other breed types.

Os autores sugerem a aplicação de um software sobre imagens radiográficas digitalizadas para análise morfométrica da fossa intercondilar e dos côndilos femorais. O programa permite o tracejamento de linhas guias que facilitam a mensuração da extremidade distal do fêmur. Foram analisadas 39 radiografias simples da fossa intercondilar femoral dos joelhos direito e esquerdo, obtidas de indivíduos do sexo masculino reunidos em grupo normal (n=23) e grupo lesionado (n=16). A média de idade da amostra foi de 26,56 anos. As variáveis analisadas foram largura bicondilar femoral, larguras da fossa intercondilar ao nível do sulco poplíteo e da base da fossa, a altura da fossa intercondilar e a largura do côndilo femoral lateral. A fossa intercondilar foi classificada quanto ao formato em cônica, circular e retangular. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que a largura da base da fossa e a largura do côndilo femoral lateral seriam fatores de risco importantes na lesão do L.C.A. Os valores médios das variáveis analisadas aproximam-se dos descritos na literatura especializada em mensurações diretas em peças cadavéricas e ressonância nuclear magnética e demonstram que a aplicação de um software sobre as imagens radiográficas digitalizadas proporciona uma mensuração confiável, mesmo utilizando-se de imagens radiográficas simples e de baixo custo.

The authors suggest the use of software in digitalized radiographic images to morphometric analysis of the intercondylar notch and the femoral condyles. The software allows the draw of guide lines which facilitate the measurement of the distal extremity of femur. Thirty-nine radiographic simple has been analyzed of femoral intercondylar notch of right and left knees, of male sex individuals collected into normal (n=23) and injured (n=16) groups. The age average was 26-56 years old.The analyzed variable had been femoral bicondylar width, widths of intercondylar notch to the level of the popliteal groove and the notch base, intercondylar notch height and the width of lateral femoral condyle. The intercondylar notch was classified according to its shape into conical , circular and rectangular. The results suggest that the base width of the notch and the width of the femoral condyle would be important risk factors of the injury of A.C.L. The average range of analyzed variables are near to the ones described in the specialized literature in direct measurements in corpse pieces and magnetic resonance imaging and demonstrate that the use of a software in digitalized radiographic images provides a realiable measurement, even if simple and low cost radiographic images are used.

In the present work, clays pillared with aluminium and impregnated with transition metals (Fe, Co and Cr) were prepared, characterised and studied as catalysts in the oxidation of chlorobenzene. The pillared clay was synthesised using a natural montmorillonite from San Juan (Argentina) as the starting material and an aluminium polycation solution. The catalysts were prepared by impregnating the pillared clay and then calcinating at 500ºC. The catalysts were characterised by XRD, temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) and nitrogen adsorption isotherms. The samples were tested in the deep oxidation of chlorobenzene in some cases reaching more than 90% of total conversion.