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au:OLIVEIRA, MARIA GABRIELA L.

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Does the presence of exotic species decrease the initial development of native species in Brazilian seasonally dry tropical forests?
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Silva, Carlos Leandro Costa

; Almeida, Gabriela de Oliveira

; Pinto, Andréa de Vasconcelos Freitas

; Rodal, Maria Jesus Nogueira

; Ferreira, Wanessa Nepomuceno

; Silva, Maria Amanda Menezes

Acta Botanica Brasilica

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2022, Volume 36 elocation e2021abb0029

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT We assessed the impacts of the biological invasion of Azadirachta indica on the quality of plant species native to a Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest. We planted Amburana cearensis, Libidibia ferrea, Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, and Cenostigma pyramidale individuals alone and interacting with the exotic species. We measured their diameters at ground level and heights for four months, calculating their monthly and general average. After this period, seedlings were destroyed to obtain their number of leaves, leaf area, specific leaf area, length and primary root area, wood density, wood dry matter, leaf dry matter, shoot dry matter, primary root dry matter, secondary root dry matter, root system dry matter, and total dry matter. The presence of the exotic species affected the functional characteristics of native species in different ways. We observed negative effects in M. caesalpiniifolia and A. cearensis, positive effects in C. pyramidale, and mixed effects in L. ferrea. In addition, we identified conflicting demands between pairs of characteristics of the interacting species A. cearensis and M. caesalpiniifolia. Based on the results, it is possible to conclude that A. indica decreases the quality of individuals of most native species studied, which may have consequences for their establishment and the local biodiversity.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-33062021abb0029

Do native plant species functionally similar to invasive species suffer more impacts from the invasion in seasonally dry tropical forests?
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Almeida, Gabriela de Oliveira

; Silva, Carlos Leandro Costa

; Mota, João André Ximenes

; Rodal, Maria Jesus Nogueira

; Ferreira, Wanessa Nepomuceno

; Silva, Maria Amanda Menezes

Rodriguésia

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2022, Volume 73 elocation e01172021

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Resumo Testamos a hipótese que das espécies estudadas do Semiárido brasileiro, as funcionalmente mais semelhantes com a arbórea exótica Azadirachta indicaseriam mais afetadas na germinação e no desenvolvimento inicial. Inicialmente foi produzido extrato bruto das folhas frescas da exótica em seis diluições. Para cada diluição foram colocadas para germinar 25 sementes, de quatro espécies nativas ( Cenostigma pyramidale, Libidibia ferrea, Mimosa caesalpiniifoliae Amburana cearensis), em placas de Petri com quatro repetições para cada espécie, onde foram avaliados: comprimento da radícula, porcentagem de emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência e tempo médio de emergência. Para avaliar a influência da exótica sobre o desenvolvimento dos indivíduos das espécies estudadas foi realizado um experimento em casa de vegetação. As sementes foram plantadas em 10 baldes de 20 l., sendo cinco baldes para cada espécie nativa isolada e cinco para ela em interação com a espécie exótica. O experimento durou quatro meses, e os atributos funcionais dos indivíduos foram coletados. Das nativas analisadas, de acordo com a análise de agrupamento usando os atributos funcionais das espécies plantadas isoladamente, M. caesalpiniifolia, C. pyramidalee L. ferreaforam funcionalmente mais próximas da exótica. No experimento de germinação notou-se que o extrato afetou apenas o comprimento da raiz, independente da proximidade funcional. Notamos que apenas M. caesalpiniifolia, plantada em interação, teve seu desenvolvimento inicial fortemente inibido. A semelhança funcional entre a exótica e as nativas não influenciou na germinação, mas afetou negativamente o desenvolvimento.

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that of the species studied in the Brazilian Semiarid, the ones most functionally similar to tree Azadirachta indicawould be more affected by this exotic species during germination and early development. At first, we produced a crude extract of A. indica fresh leaves in six different dilutions. We placed 25 seeds of four native species ( Cenostigma pyramidale, Libidibia ferrea, Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, and Amburana cearensis) to germinate in Petri dishes for each dilution, with four replicates for each species. We assessed: radicle length, emergence percentage, emergence speed index, and mean emergence time. We conducted an experiment in a greenhouse to assess how the exotic plant affected the development of individual plants of the studied species. We planted five seeds of each native species alone and five in interaction with the exotic species using ten 20-l buckets. The experiment lasted four months, and the functional attributes of the individuals were collected. Among the native species analyzed, according to the cluster analysis using the functional attributes of the species planted alone, M. caesalpiniifolia, C. pyramidaleand L. ferreawere functionally more similar to the exotic species. In the germination experiment, the extract affected only root length, regardless of the functional similarity. We noticed that only M. caesalpiniifoliahad its early development strongly inhibited when planted in interaction with the exotic species. Although the functional similarity between the exotic and the native species did not influence germination, it negatively affected the development.

https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860202273104

Revisores 2021
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Hoffmann, Agustín Freiberg

; Araiza, Alejandra

; Bernal, Alejandro César Luna

; González, Alicia Isabel Migliaro

; Moreno, Amparo

; Malajovich, Ana

; Ramos, Ana Consuelo

; Lacombe, Andrea

; Treichel, Carlos Alberto dos Santos

; Valdiviano, Carlos Bacilio De La Cruz

; Baroni, Cecilia

; Cracco, Cecilia

; López-Steinmetz, Cecilia

; Marotta, Cecilia

; Ball, César Daniel Costa

; Maldonado, Daniela Patricia Ado

; Trías, Daniel

; Mola, Débora

; Loureto, Diego L.

; Hill-Denee, Diti

; Angeriz, Esther

; Ferrer, Fabiana Espíndola

; Rada, Fernando

; Novoa, Gabriela

; Ariza, Gladys Rocio

; Albistur, Gerardo

; Zambrano, Henry Guillén

; Simkin, Hugo

; Oliveira, Isabel C.V. de

; Janeiro, Isabel

; Janer, Jader

; Sánchez, Javier

; Dapueto, Juan

; Ortega, Lenise Maria Ribeiro

; Crespi, Leonardo Peluso

; Funcasta, Lorena

; Furlán, Luis

; Isidório, Marcelo dos Santos

; Nemes, María Ines Baptistella

; Ayan, María Noel Rodriguez

; Brenlla, María Elena

; Civarolo, María Mercedes

; Chavannes, María Ana Folle

; Hidalgo, María Teresa

; Gonzalez, María Julia Morales

; Palermo, Marina Míguez

; Verde, Mario Javier Luzardo

; Ferreira, Mayrla Andrade

; Brunet, Nicolás

; Núñez, Nicolás Gómez

; Correa, Pablo Sebastián

; Garzaniti, Ramiro

; Condeza, Rayen

; Rodrigues, Rogério

; Bustos, Romina

; Saldívar, Rosa María Cueto

; Moncada, Saul

; Marques, Stela

; Oliveira, Sueli Machado Pereira de

; Pribisev-Beleslin, Tamara

; Paz, Valentina

; Gradin, Victoria Beatriz

; Ortuño, Victor E.C.

Psicología, Conocimiento y Sociedad

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2021, Volume 11 N. 3 Pages 139 - 142

Abstract: Es | Text: Es | PDF: Es

https://doi.org/10.26864/pcs.v11.n3.rev

Characterization and application of Lippia alba (Mill) and Cymbopogon citratus D.C. Stapf. essential oils as natural sanitizers in coriander
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LIMA, Amanda Beatriz Sales de

; QUEIROGA, Inês Maria Barbosa Nunes

; SILVA, Gabriela Muricy de Souza

; COSTA, Jessyka Silva da

; GUEDES, Jossana Pereira de Sousa

; DANTAS, Cybelle de Oliveira

; CAVALCANTI, Mônica Tejo

Food Science and Technology

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dec 2019, Volume 39 N. 4 Pages 993 - 998

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Abstract Essential oils (EOs) are a promising alternative for food preservation and can be used instead of synthetic antimicrobial compounds such as sanitizers, as long as they are efficient and safe. In view of this possibility of use, Lippia alba (Mill) (LAEO) and Cymbopogon citratus D.C. Stapf. (CCEO) essential oils were evaluated as natural antimicrobials and applied into coriander for its biocontrol. The EOs were extracted and their physical properties, total phenolics, cytotoxicity to Artemia salina L. and antimicrobial potential in vitro and on natural coriander microbiota were determined. The EOs had a LD50 (median lethal dose - checked), are considered biologically active. MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) varied from 1.25 to 5.00 μL/ mL and from 0.62 to 5.00 μL/ mL for LAEO and CCEO, respectively, on standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Thyphimurium, Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. The lowest MIC values for LAEO and CCEO were selected for application in coriander. EOs reduced the pathogenic microbial load in the coriander revealing its potential as a natural sanitizer, and thus demonstrating superior or equivalent efficacy to commercial sanitizer. By correlating the cytotoxic and antimicrobial results obtained, we have shown that these EOs present potential for application in foods.

https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.15718 697 downloads

Molecular Diagnostics of Dengue by Reverse Transcription-Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) in Disposable Polyester-Toner Microdevices
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Mendes, Geovana M.

; Oliveira, Kézia G.

; Borba, Juliane C.

; Oliveira, Thais S.

; Fiaccadori, Fabíola S.

; Nogueira, Maurício L.

; Bailão, Alexandre M.

; Soares, Célia Maria A.

; Carrilho, Emanuel

; Duarte, Gabriela R. M.

Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society

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sep 2019, Volume 30 N. 9 Pages 1841 - 1849

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Dengue is one of the most prevalent infectious tropical diseases in the world, with high incidence in over 100 countries. Rapid and reliable diagnosis of dengue is of great importance for public health. To simplify molecular diagnostics, isothermal amplification techniques have recently emerged as an alternative to conventional methods of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) amplification. Here, we developed a one-step method for dengue virus detection from real sample based on RT-LAMP (reverse transcription-loop mediated isothermal amplification) in a disposable microdevice. The reaction was thermally controlled with a thermoblock for 15 min at 72 ºC. At the end of the incubation time, we either removed the solution for detection of fragments by gel electrophoresis or added DNA intercalator for visual detection on-chip. Our results demonstrated that it is possible to detect dengue virus through RT-LAMP directly from a serum sample, without previous ribonucleic acid (RNA) extraction. The success of RT-LAMP was confirmed in reactions initiated with 0.8 fg µL-1 of RNA, which represents 200 copies of RNA per µL. RT-LAMP in a polyester-toner (PeT) microdevice is a simple and inexpensive method that allows for rapid detection of dengue virus with high reliability and great potential for point-of-care applications.

https://doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20190092 1872 downloads

Hereditary thrombophilia by factor V Leiden G1691A (heterozygous) and FII prothrombin G20210A (homozygous) mutations in a patient with ischemic cerebrovascular accident
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Ruiz, Leonardo G. P.

; Oliveira, Maria Gabriela L.

; Ruiz, Adriana L. Z.

; Daher, Camila S.

; Nogueira, Mauricio L.

Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial

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apr 2018, Volume 54 N. 2 Pages 92 - 94

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

RESUMO Mutações relacionadas com o fator V de Leiden (G1691A) e a protrombina (G20210A) estão associadas a um significativo aumento do risco de tromboembolismo venoso. Por meio da realização de exames moleculares [metodologia de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) em tempo real, sistema Genexpert], em pacientes atendidos no Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto-SP, Brasil, foi determinada a identificação de uma paciente afetada por episódios de tromboembolismo venoso e portadora dos polimorfismos G1691A (heterozigota) e G20210A (homozigota).

ABSTRACT Mutations related to Factor V Leiden (G1691A) and prothrombin (G20210A) are associated with a significantly increased risk of venous thromboembolism. The identification of a patient affected by episodes of venous thromboembolism and carrier of G1691A (heterozygous) and G20210A (homozygous) polymorphisms was determined by molecular tests [real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology, Genexpert system] during attendance at the Base Hospital of São José do Rio Preto-SP, Brazil.

https://doi.org/10.5935/1676-2444.20180016 30427 downloads

Allergic dermatitis caused by Culicoides in Texel sheep in the state of Pará, Brazil
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Oliveira, Carlos Alberto

; Silva, Antonio Ozemir Fialho

; Cerqueira, Valíria D.

; Scofield, Alessandra

; Almeida, Milton Begeres

; Riet-Correa, Franklin

; Felippe-Bauer, Maria L.

; Riet-Correa, Gabriela

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira

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apr 2017, Volume 37 N. 4 Pages 301 - 306

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

RESUMO: A doença foi estudada em uma propriedade localizada no município de Castanhal, Pará, no período de dezembro de 2009 a dezembro de 2012. A propriedade possuía um plantel de 117 ovinos, 45 da raça Santa Inês e 72 Texel. Dos 72 ovinos da raça Texel, 56 estavam afetados. Os principais sinais clínicos observados foram alopecia, eritema, edema, hiperpigmentação e crostas nas orelhas, parte superior da cabeça e ao redor dos olhos. Em alguns animais as orelhas estavam deformadas, espessadas e com abscessos e/ou miíase. Histologicamente, as lesões caracterizavam-se por hiperqueratose ortoqueratótica, acantose, vacuolização e necrose das células da epiderme. Na derme havia infiltrado inflamatório composto principalmente por eosinófilos e macrófagos, edema e deposição de colágeno. Entre os insetos capturados foram identificados 294 exemplares de Culicoides (Hoffmania) plaumanni Spinelli, 57 de Culicoides (Hoffmania) insignis Lutz e 27 exemplares pertencentes a outras espécies de Culicoides. Conclui-se que C. plaumanni, C. insignis e, possivelmente, outras espécies de Culicoides estejam envolvidos na etiologia da dermatite alérgica nos ovinos da raça Texel no estado do Pará. Ovinos da raça Santa Inês que se encontravam na mesma área e nas mesmas condições não foram afetados, sugerindo menor susceptibilidade.

ABSTRACT: Allergic dermatitis was studied at a farm located in the municipality of Castanhal in the state of Pará, Brazil, from December 2009 to December 2012. Clinical and epidemiological data were obtained during monthly visits to the farm. Skin biopsies were performed for histopathological examinations, and insects were captured with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) traps and live-bait entomological vacuum devices. The property housed a herd of both genders, with 45 Santa Inês sheep of different ages and 72 Texel adults. Of the 72 Texel sheep, 56 were affected. Of these, 24 exhibited alopecia, erythema, edema, and crust in the ears, on top of the head, and less often, around the eyes. In addition to the lesions described above, 14 animals exhibited hyperpigmentation of the ears and/or around the eyes and crust in the nose. Another 18 animals exhibited chronic lesions characterized by deformed and thickened ears, alopecia with hyperpigmentation, and in most cases, secondary bacterial infections with abscesses and/or myiasis. Some of these animals had lost part of their ears. Histologically, the lesions were characterized as orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, vacuolization, and necrosis of epidermal cells. An inflammatory infiltrate was present in the dermis, which was composed mainly of eosinophils and macrophages, some lymphocytes and mast cells, and few neutrophils, in addition to edema and collagen deposition. The Santa Inês sheep were not affected. Among the captured insects, 294 specimens of Culicoides (Hoffmania) plaumanni Spinelli, 57 specimens of C. (Hoffmania) insignis Lutz, and 27 specimens of other Culicoides species were identified. We conclude that C. plaumanni, C. insignis, and possibly other Culicoides species are involved in the etiology of allergic dermatitis in Texel sheep in the state of Pará. Santa Inês sheep in the same region and under the same conditions were not affected, which suggests lower susceptibility of these animals.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017000400001 1421 downloads

Alpha-synuclein A53T mutation is not frequent on a sample of Brazilian Parkinson’s disease patients
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Longo, Gabriela S.

; Pinhel, Marcela A. S.

; Gregório, Michele L.

; Oliveira, Bruno A. P.

; Quinhoneiro, Driele C. G.

; Tognola, Waldir A.

; Oliveira, Fábio N.

; Martins, Denise Poltronieri

; M. Cezario, Sabrina

; Sado, Caroline L.

; Nakazone, Marcelo A.

; Calastri, Maria C. J.

; Souza, Dorotéia R. S.

Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria

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jun 2015, Volume 73 N. 6 Pages 506 - 509

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Introdução A patogênese da doença de Parkinson (DP) envolve fatores ambientais e suscetibilidade genética, destacando-se a mutação de alfa-sinucleína (SNCA.)Objetivos Analisar a variante genética SNCA-A53T em pacientes com DP familiar (DPF) e DP esporádica (DPE).Método Foram estudados 294 indivíduos, independente de sexo, com etnia miscigenada, sendo 154 com DP e 140 sem a doença (grupo controle). A genotipagem deSNCA-A53T foi realizada por PCR/RFLP. Nível de significância para p < 0,05.Resultados Entre os pacientes, 37(24%) tinham DPF e 117 (75,9%) DPE. A ausência da mutação SNCA-A53T em todos os indivíduos.Conclusão DPE é destacada entre os pacientes, no entanto a mutaçãoSNCA-A53T ausente em todos os indivíduos, não diferenciando os grupo controle e pacientes, o que deve ser confirmado em população brasileira, considerando uma ampla casuística, além da ancestralidade.

Introduction The pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) involves both genetic susceptibility and environmental factors, with focus on the mutation in thealpha-synucleingene (SNCA).Objective To analyse the polymorphism SNCA-A53T in patients with familial PD (FPD) and sporadic PD (SPD).Method A total of 294 individuals were studied, regardless of sex and with mixed ethnicity. The study group with 154 patients with PD, and the control group included 140 individuals without PD. The genotyping ofSNCA-A53T was performed by PCR/RFLP. Significance level was p < 0.05.Results Among all patients, 37 (24%) had FPD and 117 (75.9%) had SPD. The absence ofSNCA-A53T mutation was observed in all individuals.Conclusion SPD is notably observed in patients. However, the SNCA-A53T mutation was absent in all individuals, which does not differ controls from patients. This fact should be confirmed in a Brazilian study case with a more numerous and older population.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0004-282X20150032 4487 downloads

PET-Saúde - medicina e educação em saúde no Programa de Saúde da Família: um relato de caso
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Esteves, Adiney Ferreira

; Rodrigues, Fernando Mansano

; Lorecchio, Gabriela P. L.

; Oliveira, Bruna M. de Moraes

; Laluna, Maria Cristina Martinez Capel

Revista Brasileira de Educação Médica

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mar 2012, Volume 36 N. 1 Pages 187 - 190

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

A educação em saúde no Programa de Saúde da Família é uma ferramenta para a melhoria da saúde que o profissional da está utilizando cada vez mais. Dentro desse contexto, a Faculdade de Medicina de Marília, a partir de 2003, iniciou modificações para se adaptar a esta nova demanda profissional. A partir dessas mudanças, realizou-se um relato de experiência, conforme a vivência que os estudantes teveram, registrando como foram essas modificações nos quatro primeiros anos do curso de graduação em Medicina.

Health education in the Family Health Program is increasingly used by professionals to improve healthcare. Beginning in 2009 the School of Medicine in Marília, São Paulo State, implemented changes to adapt to these new professional demands. A case report was conducted on this experience with students' reactions to changes in the first four years of their undergraduate medical training.

3922 downloads Cited 1 time in SciELO

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Monitoring of Lutzomyia longipalpis Lutz & Neiva, 1912 in an area of intense transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil
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Amóra, Sthenia Santos Albano

; Bevilaqua, Claudia Maria Leal

; Dias, Edmilson de Castro

; Feijó, Francisco Marlon Carneiro

; Oliveira, Paula Gabriela Melo de

; Peixoto, Gislayne Christianne Xavier

; Alves, Nilza Dutra

; Oliveira, Lorena Mayana Beserra de

; Macedo, Iara Térsia Freitas

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária

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mar 2010, Volume 19 N. 1 Pages 39 - 43

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

No Brasil, o crescimento urbano da leishmaniose visceral (LV) está associado com a adaptação do seu vetor, Lutzomyia longipalpis, aos ambientes modificados pelo homem. Este estudo relata a vigilância entomológica de L. longipalpis e os efeitos das variáveis ambientais sobre a sua densidade populacional. Os flebotomíneos foram capturados no município de Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, no Nordeste do Brasil, a partir de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2006. Duas armadilhas tipo CDC foram colocadas mensalmente durante quatro noites consecutivas no peridomicílio das casas escolhidas. A análise dos dados foi baseada no teste Qui-quadrado e regressão linear. Um total de 2.087 flebotomíneos foram capturados, dos quais 99,86% foram L. longipalpis. Mais fêmeas do que machos foram capturados (p < 0,05). Na análise mensal das variáveis ambientais a temperatura, umidade relativa e a chuva não tiveram impacto significativo sobre a densidade populacional de L. longipalpis. No entanto, houve diferenças sazonais: aproximadamente 70% dos flebotomíneos foram capturados durante a estação chuvosa (p < 0,05). Assim, L. longipalpis, a espécie predominante, representa um risco à saúde pública. Portanto, devido à maior prevalência no período chuvoso, recomendamos intensificar as medidas de controle da LV antes e durante este período para reduzir o risco de transmissão da doença.

Urban increase of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil is associated with the adaptation of its vector, Lutzomyia longipalpis, to environments modified by humans. The present study reports the results of an entomological monitoring of L. longipalpis and the effect of environmental variables on its population density. Sandflies were captured in the municipality of Mossoró, State of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil, from January 2005 to December 2006. Two CDC light traps were placed monthly for four consecutive nights in the peridomicile of selected households. Data analysis was based on the chi-square test and linear regression. A total of 2,087 sandflies were captured, 99.86% of which were L. longipalpis. A higher proportion of females were captured (p < 0.05). Monthly analysis of the variables temperature, relative humidity and rainfall did not show a significant influence on population density. However, there were seasonal differences: approximately 70% of sand flies were captured during the rainy season (p < 0.05). The predominant species, L. longipalpis, is present in substantial number, representing a public health risk. Therefore, because of higher prevalence during the rainy season, we recommend intensified VL control measures before and during this season to reduce the risk of disease transmission.

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11.

Other medicinal plants and botanical products from the first edition of the Brazilian Official Pharmacopoeia
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Brandão, Maria G.L.

; Zanetti, Naiara N. S.

; Oliveira, Gabriela R. R.

; Goulart, Lorena O.

; Monte-Mor, Roberto L. M.

Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia

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mar 2008, Volume 18 N. 1 Pages 127 - 134

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Em trabalho anterior foi descrita a relação das plantas medicinais e produtos botânicos presentes nas quatro edições da Farmacopéia Brasileira (FBRAS). O trabalho discutiu também sobre a substituição das plantas nativas do Brasil por outros produtos importados e sintéticos ao longo das últimas décadas. Neste artigo, são apresentados novos dados sobre plantas medicinais e produtos botânicos presentes na 1ª Edição da FBRAS e em seus dois suplementos.

In a previous work, we described the list of medicinal plants and botanical products present in the four editions of the Brazilian Official Pharmacopoeia (FBRAS). The work also discussed the replacement of native Brazilian plants by imported products and synthetics over the last decades. In this paper, we present new data concerning medicinal plants and botanical products present in the first Edition of the FBRAS an in its two supplements.

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