Resumo: A deterioração das sementes induz à formação de radicais livres e a proliferação de microrganismos, sendo que a aplicação de antioxidantes externos pode amenizar estes efeitos. Objetivou-se estudar a ação antioxidante e antimicrobiana da água catódica e anódica sobre a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de Coffea arabica L. Parte das semente foi embebida em água catódica, e a outra parte em água anódica, por períodos de 1, 6, 12, 24 e 36 horas. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi avaliada pelo teste de germinação e de tetrazólio, e a qualidade sanitária pelo Blotter test. Os dados foram submetidos às análises e correlação de Pearson para todas as variáveis resposta avaliadas. A embebição nas águas catódica e anódica, até 24 horas promove melhora na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de café. A água anódica apresenta efeito benéfico à qualidade sanitária das sementes de café, reduzindo a incidência de Fusarium spp, Penicillium spp, Cladosporium spp e Alternaria spp. após uma hora de embebição e de Arspergillus spp após seis horas. A embebição em água catódica por período de uma hora proporciona redução dos fungos Arspergillus spp, Fusarium spp, Cladosporium spp e Alternaria spp, e de Penicillium spp com seis horas.

Abstract: Seed deterioration induces the formation of free radicals and proliferation of microorganisms, but the application of external antioxidants may lessen these effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of cathode and anode water on the physiological quality and health of Coffea arabica L. seeds. Part of the seeds were soaked in cathode water and the other part in anode water for periods of 1, 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours. The physiological quality of the seeds was evaluated by the germination test and tetrazolium test, and seed health by the Blotter test. Analysis of variance and Pearson correlation analysis were performed on the data for all the response variables. Soaking in cathode water or anode water up to 24 hours improves the physiological quality of coffee seeds. Anode water has a beneficial effect on the health of coffee seeds, reducing the incidence of Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp., and Alternaria spp. after one hour of soaking and of Aspergillus spp. after six hours. Soaking in cathode water for a period of one hour leads to a reduction in the fungi Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Cladosporium spp., and Alternaria spp., and reduction in Penicillium spp. after six hours.

RESUMO O tegumento e conteúdo de água das sementes podem interferir na sua tolerância a choques térmicos, assim como o seu ambiente de origem. Para testar essas possibilidades, sementes de Plathymenia reticulata e Stryphnodendron adstringens foram coletadas no norte do Estado de Minas Gerais (representando savana seca) e no nordeste do Estado do Mato Grosso (representando savana úmida) do bioma Cerrado, e suas respostas a choques térmicos de 110, 140 e 170 ºC por 2,5 minutos foram avaliadas sob diferentes condições; intactas, escarificadas, e embebidas após escarificação. Sementes escarificadas e embebidas germinaram mais rapidamente para ambas as espécies. Sementes de savana seca apresentaram menor teor de água inicial e germinação mais lenta para ambas as espécies, porém maior tolerância a choques térmicos que sementes de savana úmida. Sementes de P. reticulata não sobreviveram após tratamento de 140 ºC, mas sementes de S. adstringens de savana seca suportaram tratamento de 170 ºC, independentemente de estarem escarificadas e/ou embebidas. Conclui-se que sementes de P. reticulata são menos tolerantes a choques térmicos que sementes de S. adstringens, que sementes secas são mais tolerantes a choques térmicos que sementes embebidas, e que sementes de savanas secas são mais tolerantes a choques térmicos que sementes de ambientes úmidos.

ABSTRACT Seed coat and water content may be direct determinants of seed tolerance to heat shocks, which may also be determined by the origin of the seeds. To check this, seeds of Plathymenia reticulata and Stryphnodendron adstringens were collected in the north of Minas Gerais State (representing a dry savanna) and in the northeast of Mato Grosso State (wet savanna) of the Cerrado biome and subjected to heat shocks of 110, 140 and 170 ºC for 2.5 minutes under three conditions; intact, scarified, and scarified and soaked. Soaked and scarified seeds of both species germinated more quickly. For both species, seeds from dry savanna showed lower initial water content and slower germination, but greater tolerance to heat shocks than seeds from wet savannas. No survival was detected among seeds of P. reticulata after treatment of 140 ºC, while seeds of S. adstringens from dry savannas tolerated treatment of 170 ºC, regardless of being scarified and imbibed or not. We conclude that seeds of P. reticulata have a lower tolerance to heat shock than seeds of S. adstringens, that imbibed seeds are less tolerant to heat shock than non-imbibed seeds and that seeds from dry savannas are more tolerant to heat shock than those from wet savannas

Abstract Heat treatment aims to reduce the compression stresses generated during the panel production, improving its dimensional stability and providing greater resistance to attack by xylophagous organisms, despite decreasing the mechanical properties. This work aimed to evaluate the physical-mechanical properties of medium density particleboard (MDP) of Eucalyptus sp. subjected to post-heat treatment with two temperature levels (200 and 260ºC) and two periods (5 or 10 minutes). The apparent density, water absorption and thickness swelling (TS) after 2 and 24h, internal bonding, MOE and MOR in static bending were evaluated. The post-heat treatment at 200 °C for 5 minutes was the most efficient, improving the TS, with smaller reductions in the mechanical properties. The temperature had a greater influence in the first hours of immersion in water (TS2h), while for a longer period (TS24h) the heat treatment time was more effective. The temperature influenced the mechanical properties more negatively than the heat treatment time.

ABSTRACT During the Brazilian slavery period, many African migrants were brought to the American continent. Historically, some of these migrants escaped from the Brazilian gold mines and farms to which they had been brought and settled in remote valleys and this was the main mode of resistance to the slavery system. These runaway-slave descendant communities are called quilombos, a group with distinct ethnic identity, specific behavioral habits, including geographic isolation and conservative practices. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of rodent-borne viruses in two Afro-descendent communities from Mato Grosso do Sul State, Midwestern Brazil. A total of 319 individuals from rural and urban quilombola communities were enrolled. Twelve (3.76%) had anti-rodent-borne virus IgG antibodies. Seven (2.19%) were anti-mammarenavirus reactive and nine (2.82%) had anti-orthohantavirus antibodies. The literature includes limited data on the health status of quilombola communities, but all the studies emphasize the disparity of attention of local healthcare personnel to these communities compared to the general population. The findings of this study highlight the vulnerability and the precarious health conditions of quilombola groups, especially those living in rural areas and thus, point to the need of preventive measures to improve access to healthcare for this ethnic group.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different radial regions of Pinus oocarpa wood on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard panels. Three different radial regions (internal, intermediate and external) and the mixture (integral log) were assessed. Experimental panels were produced with a nominal density of 0.70 g/cm3 using 8% urea-formaldehyde adhesive; they were compressed at a specific pressure of 40 kgf/cm2 and temperature of 160 °C, for 8 minutes. Wood radial position affected particleboard quality and a direct influence of the chemical composition and density of the material used was observed. Only the panels produced the mixture (integral log) and with the internal region met all the requirements stipulated by the marketing standard.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o efeito da inclusão laminar sobre as propriedades físicas e mecânicas de painéis aglomerados de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. Foram utilizados painéis comerciais de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar produzidos na China. Para avaliar o efeito da inclusão laminar foram avaliadas duas espécies de madeira (Pinus e Eucalyptus) e duas pressões (10 e 15 kgf.cm-2), juntamente com um controle (sem inclusão laminar). Os painéis com inclusão laminar obtiveram melhorias nas propriedades físicas, com uma redução significativa na AA2h, AA24h e IE2h. Houve um aumento significativo nas propriedades MOE e MOR paralelo e dureza Janka, enquanto as propriedades MOE e MOR perpendicular diminuíram significativamente. A inclusão laminar de pinus e eucalipto resultou em resultados semelhantes quando adicionadas ao painel com uma pressão de 10 kgf.cm-2. O uso de pressão de 15 kgf.cm-2 não é indicado para a inclusão laminar de pinus em painéis de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. Não houve efeito do nível de pressão ao avaliar a inclusão laminar de eucalipto nas propriedades dos painéis de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to assess the effect of the laminar inclusion on the physical and mechanical properties of sugarcane bagasse particleboard. We used the commercial panels of sugarcane bagasse produced in China. To evaluate the effect of the laminar inclusion was tested two wood species (Pinus and Eucalyptus) and two pressures (10 and 15 kgf.cm-2) along with a control (without laminar inclusion). The panels with laminar inclusion obtained improvements in the physical properties, with a significant reduction in the WA2h, WA24h and TS2h. There was a significant increase in the properties MOE and MOR parallel and Janka hardness, while the properties MOE and MOR perpendicular decreased significantly. The pinus and eucalyptus veneers inclusion resulted in similar results when added to the panel with a 10 kgf.cm-2 pressure. The use of 15 kgf.cm-2 pressure is not indicated for the pinus veneer inclusion in sugar cane bagasse panels. There was no effect of the pressure level when evaluating the eucalyptus veneer inclusion on the properties of the sugarcane bagasse panels.

This study was to evaluate the effect of post-heat treatment on the physical and mechanical properties of MDF (Medium Density Fiberboard) panels. Commercial MDF panels were produced in Brazil using Pinus wood and urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesive. The post-heat treatments were carried in a factorial 3 x 2 (three temperatures of heat treatment - 200, 225 and 250 °C, and two times - 5 and 10 minutes), and a control treatment (without heat treatment). Subsequently, the physical and mechanical tests were performed. From the results it can be concluded that: 1) The most effective thermal post-treatment for improving the dimensional stability of the MDF was applied at 225 ° C and 10 min; 2) All the thermally treated panels revealed a significant decrease in the modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity (MOR and MOE) to bending when compared with the control panels without post-heat treatment.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of commercial panels produced with sugarcane bagasse to investigate the possibility of us for the production of furniture. We evaluated industrial MDP (Medium density particleboard) panels made of Eucalyptus and Pinus by two Brazilian companies and an industrial MDP panel made from sugarcane bagasse, produced in China. We tested the physical characteristics of water absorption and thickness swelling of the panels after 2 and 24 h of immersion in water. To estimate the moisture content and density, we followed the procedure detailed in NBR 14810-3¹. The mechanical properties were characterized by performing bending (moduli of elasticity and rupture), compression (moduli of elasticity rupture), internal bonding, screw pullout and Janka hardness tests. We found that panels made from sugarcane bagasse showed comparable with or superior physical and mechanical properties to those made from Eucalyptus and Pinus.

O trabalho teve como objetivo obter modelos estatísticos para a estimativa da umidade de equilíbrio de painéis OSB em função da temperatura e da umidade relativa do ar, assim como também avaliar o efeito de algumas variáveis de produção sobre a umidade de equilíbrio dos painéis. O delineamento experimental se constituiu de seis condições de processamento, três temperaturas do ar e seis umidades relativas do ar. Nas condições de processamento, foram avaliadas três diferentes espessuras das partículas strand (0,4; 0,7 e 1,0 mm), duas densidades aparentes do painel (0,65 e 0,90 g/cm³) e também três níveis de pressão na prensagem dos painéis (40, 60 e 80 kgf/cm²). Para cada tratamento foram produzidos quatro painéis com a madeira de Pinus taeda e 6% de adesivo fenol-formaldeído. Na avaliação do experimento foi considerado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado disposto em esquema fatorial triplo 6 x 3 x 6, ou seja, 6 variáveis de produção (condições de processamento), 3 temperaturas do ar (30, 40 e 50°C) e 6 umidades relativas (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90%). As médias foram comparadas estatisticamente pelo Teste Scott-Knott em nível de 5% de significância. A modelagem da umidade de equilíbrio dos painéis OSB foi realizada mediante o ajuste de modelos polinomiais múltiplos para cada tratamento. Com base nas medidas de precisão e nos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que: 1) recomenda-se a utilização do modelo UEQ = β0 + β1UR + β2UR² + β3UR³ + β4Temp + ε para a estimativa indireta da umidade de equilíbrio dos painéis OSB; 2) A temperatura apresenta influência linear na umidade de equilíbrio dos painéis, enquanto que a umidade relativa do ar apresenta comportamento polinomial de terceira ordem, sendo que a umidade relativa do ar influencia de forma mais pronunciada a umidade de equilíbrio dos painéis OSB do que a temperatura ambiente; 3) Quanto ao efeito das variáveis de produção, a pressão de prensagem de 80 kgf/cm² e o aumento da espessura das partículas strand para 1,0 mm de espessura promoveu tendência de reduções nos valores médios de umidade de equilíbrio dos painéis OSB. Já o aumento da densidade do painel promoveu uma tendência de aumento da umidade de equilíbrio dos painéis OSB; e 4) O uso de modelos polinomiais múltiplos permite que sejam produzidas curvas de nível para a obtenção dos valores de umidade de equilíbrio dos painéis OSB em função da umidade relativa e da temperatura do local onde o painel esta exposto, se destacando pela sua praticidade de utilização.

The study aimed to obtain statistical models to estimate the equilibrium moisture content of OSB panels as a function of temperature and relative humidity of air, as well as evaluate the effect of some production variables on the equilibrium moisture content of the panels. The experimental design consisted of six processing conditions, three air temperature and six relative humidity of air. In the processing conditions, were evaluated three different thicknesses of the strand particles (0.4, 0.7 and 1.0 mm), two apparent densities of panels (0.65 and 0.90 g/cm³) and three levels of pressure in the pressing of the panels (40, 60 and 80 kgf/cm²). For each treatment four panels were produced with the wood of Pinus taeda and 6% of phenol formaldehyde adhesive. In the evaluation of the experiment was considered a completely randomized design arranged in a factorial triple 6 x 6 x 3, in order words, six production variables (processing conditions), three air temperatures (30, 40 and 50°C) and 6 relative humidity (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90%). The means were compared statistically by Scott-Knott test at the 5% level of significance. The modeling the equilibrium moisture content of OSB panels was performed with fit the multiple polynomial models for each treatment. Based on measurements of accuracy and the results can be concluded that: 1) it is recommended to use the model UEQ = β0 + β1UR + β2UR² + β3UR³ + β4Temp + ε for indirect estimation of equilibrium moisture content of OSB panels 2) The temperature shows linear influence on the equilibrium moisture content of the panels, while the relative humidity of air shows behaving of third order polynomial, and the relative humidity of air affects more pronouncedly the equilibrium moisture content of OSB panels than the ambient temperature; 3) In respect of the effect of production variables, the pressing of pressure of 80 kgf/cm² and the increased the thickness of the strand particles to 1.0mm thick promoted trend of reductions in average of the equilibrium moisture content of OSB panels. But the increased density of the panel promoted the trend of increasing of equilibrium moisture content of OSB panels; and 4) The use of multiple polynomial models allows that are produced contours to obtain the values of equilibrium moisture content of OSB as a function of relative humidity and temperature of the place where the panel is exposed, standing out for its convenience of use.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard from sugarcane bagasse. The experiment consisted of seven treatments arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement (two heat treatment times – 8 and 12 min, and three heat treatment temperatures – 200 °C, 230 °C, and 260 °C) and treatment control (without heat treatment). We evaluated the properties such as apparent density, water absorption after 2 and 24 h (WA2h andWA24h), thickness swell after 2 and 24 h (TS2h and TS24h), irreversible thickness swelling rate (ITS), internal bond, Modulus of Elasticity (MOE), and Modulus of Rupture (MOR) in static bending. In general, the use of heat treatment appeared very promising for improving the dimensional stability of sugarcane bagasse particleboard, without being made unviable by the mechanical properties reduction.

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar diferentes modelos estatísticos para a estimativa da umidade de equilíbrio de painéis OSB expostos a diferentes condições de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, bem como avaliar a influência do adesivo e do reforço laminar na umidade de equilíbrio. Os painéis foram produzidos com três diferentes tipos de adesivos (fenol-formaldeído - FF, melamina-uréia-formaldeído - MUF, e fenol-melamina-uréia-formaldeído - PMUF) e, ainda, com e sem a inclusão laminar. A avaliação da umidade de equilíbrio dos painéis foi efetuada nas temperaturas de 30, 40 e 50°C e nas umidades relativas de 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 e 90%. A modelagem da umidade de equilíbrio foi realizada por meio do ajuste de modelos estatísticos não lineares e polinomiais. De forma geral, os modelos polinomiais são os mais indicados para a estimativa da umidade de equilíbrio dos painéis OSB. Os modelos ajustados apenas com a umidade relativa do ar foram os que obtiveram as melhores medidas de precisão. O tipo de adesivo afetou a umidade de equilíbrio dos painéis, sendo observada para os adesivos PMUF e FF a mesma tendência de variação, e os maiores valores médios obtidos para os painéis produzidos com adesivo MUF. A inclusão laminar promoveu a diminuição da umidade de equilíbrio apenas para os painéis produzidos com o adesivo MUF.

The aim of this study was to evaluate different statistical models to estimate the equilibrium moisture content of OSB panels exposed to different conditions of air temperature and relative humidity, And also to evaluate the influence of the adhesive and veneer inclusion in the equilibrium moisture content. The panels were produced with three different adhesive types (phenol-formaldehyde - FF, melamine-urea-formaldehyde - MUF, and phenol-melamine-urea-formaldehyde - PMUF) and with and without veneer inclusion. The evaluation of the equilibrium moisture content of the panels was carried out at temperatures of 30, 40 and 50°C and relative humidity of 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90%. The modeling of equilibrium moisture content was performed using the statistical non-linear and polynomial models. In general, the polynomial models are most indicated for determining the equilibrium moisture content of OSB. The models adjusted only with air relative humidity presented the best precision measurements. The type of adhesive affected the equilibrium moisture content of the panels, being observed for adhesives PMUF and FF the same trend of variation, and the highest values obtained for the panels produced with adhesive MUF. The veneer inclusion decreased the equilibrium moisture content only in the panels with MUF adhesive.

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se a avaliação de 6 clones oriundos da Companhia Mineira Metais - Unidade Agroflorestal (VM-AGRO) para a confecção de painéis compensados multilaminados. Foram produzidos 6 painéis para cada clone estudado. Utilizou-se adesivo fenol-formaldeído com gramatura de 320g/m². O ciclo de prensagem seguiu os seguintes parâmetros: pressão de 1,47MPa, temperatura de 150ºC e tempo de 10 minutos. A partir dos resultados obtidos concluiu-se que os clones de Eucalyptus urophylla se apresentam com grande potencial para a produção de painéis compensados multilaminados, uma vez que apresentaram valores de suas propriedades físicas e mecânicas acima dos referenciados em literatura e, significativamente, superiores aos exigidos pelas normas ABNT 31:000.05-00/2 (flexão estática) e EN 314-2 (resistência ao cisalhamento), sendo considerados para uso como forma de concreto (FOR). O clone que se destacou em todas as propriedades físico-mecânicas, com melhores resultados, foi o 36.

This work aimed at the evaluation of six (6) Eucalyptus urophylla clones of Companhia Mineira Metais - Unidade Agroflorestal (VM-AGRO) for making particleboard panels. Six (6) panels to each clone studies were produced. About 320g/m² of Phenol phormol aldehyde adhesives Were utilized. The pressing cycle parameters were: pressure of 1.47MPa, temperature of 150ºC and 10 minutes of pressing time. It was concluded that clones of Eucalyptus urophylla show a great potential for production of particleboard panels, since they presented values of physical and mechanical properties above the ones referenced in literature and highly superior to those required by the ABNT Standards 31:000.05-00/2 (static bending) and EN 314-2 (shearing resistance), the tested clones can be used for producing concrete mold (FOR). The clone which stood out the most in all the properties tested was the clone 36.

INTRODUÇÃO: Em úlceras venosas, a presença de Staphylococcus aureus e coagulase negativo com fenótipos de resistência pode constituir fator agravante e limita as opções terapêuticas. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados estafilococos isolados de 69 pacientes, representando 98 úlceras no período de outubro de 2009 a outubro de 2010. A detecção fenotípica da resistência ao grupo macrolide, lincosamide, streptogramin B (MLS B) foi realizada pelo D-test. Isolados resistentes a cefoxitina e/ou oxacilina (disco-difusão) foram submetidos ao teste confirmatório para detecção da minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), empregando fitas de oxacilina (E-test®). RESULTADOS: A prevalência de S. aureus foi de 83% e de 15% de coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS). Identificou-se 28% de methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) e 47% de methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococcus (MRCoNS). Entre o S. aureus, 69,6% apresentaram resistência a eritromicina, 69,6% a clindamicina, 69,6% a gentamicina e 100% a ciprofloxacina. Setenta e quatro por cento dos MRSA apresentaram elevado nível de resistência a oxacilina, MIC ≥ 256µg/mL, e em 65,2% predominou a resistência constitutiva MLS Bc. Dos 20 isolados sensíveis a clindamicina, 12 apresentaram fenótipo MLS B induzível. Um total de 71,4% dos MRCoNS apresentaram resistência a eritromicina, ciprofloxacina e gentamicina. Dos isolados positivos para a enzima β-lactamases, as MIC tiveram breakpoint entre 0,5 a 2µg/mL. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados sinalizam elevada ocorrência de bactérias multirresistentes em úlceras venosas de pacientes recebendo atenção primária, evidenciando a necessidade de medidas preventivas que evitem surtos causados por patógenos resistentes a múltiplas drogas e a importância dos profissionais em discernir infecção de colonização em úlcera venosa, critério fundamental na indicação antibioticoterapia sistêmica.

INTRODUCTION: In venous ulcers, the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococcus resistance phenotypes can aggravate and limit the choices for treatment. METHODS: Staphylococcus isolated from 69 patients (98 ulcers) between October of 2009 and October of 2010 were tested. The macrolide, lincosamide, streptogramin B (MLS B) group resistance phenotype detection was performed using the D-test. Isolates resistant to cefoxitin and/or oxacillin (disk-diffusion) were subjected to the confirmatory test to detect minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), using oxacillin strips (E-test®). RESULTS: The prevalence of S. aureus was 83%, and 15% of coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS). In addition were detected 28% of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and 47% of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococcus (MRCoNS). Among the S. aureus, 69.6% were resistant to erythromycin, 69.6% to clindamycin, 69.6% to gentamicin, and 100% to ciprofloxacin. Considering the MRSA, 74% were highly resistant to oxacillin, MIC ≥ 256µg/mL, and the MLS Bc constitutive resistance predominated in 65.2%. Among the 20 isolates sensitive to clindamycin, 12 presented an inducible MLS B phenotype. Of the MRCoNS, 71.4%were resistant to erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. Considering the isolates positive for β-lactamases, the MIC breakpoint was between 0.5 and 2µg/mL. CONCLUSIONS: The results point to a high occurrence of multi-drug resistant bacteria in venous ulcers in primary healthcare patients, thus evidencing the need for preventive measures to avoid outbreaks caused by multi-drug resistant pathogens, and the importance of healthcare professionals being able to identifying colonized versus infected venous ulcers as an essential criteria to implementing systemic antibacterial therapy.