Abstract Synthetic colourants are widely used for colouring foods. However, their safety has been questioned. Due to this limitation and the global trend of consuming healthy foods, the industry is faced with the need to replace artificial colourings, which has given rise to a growing interest in colourants from natural sources. Thus, this work obtained the moisture adsorption isotherms of the natural food dyes of anthocyanins, betalains and curcumin and evaluated the humidity, water activity (aw), hygroscopicity, colour and antioxidant capacity in vitro. Isotherms were determined by the static gravimetric method with saturated salt solutions (LiCl. H2O, MgCl2.6H 2O, Mg(NO3)2.6H2O, NaCl, KCl and K2 SO4) at 25 °C. Experimental data were adjusted by GAB, BET, Halsey, Oswin and Henderson models. All models, except Henderson's for Curcumin, fitted the data and BET was used to represent the moisture adsorption isotherm. All the isotherms were type sigmoidal, characteristic of most foods. The observed water content (<0.3%) and a w (<0.03) can be considered favourable to stability. Colour analysis indicated a high colouring strength and the antioxidant capacity suggested that, in addition to representing a source of colour in food products, natural dyes may have an additional function, with possible health benefits.

Resumo Introdução: A ultrassonografia é um método emergente e ainda raramente utilizado na avaliação da congestão pulmonar. A congestão pulmonar é um importante fator de risco para eventos cardíacos e óbito entre pacientes com doença renal terminal (DRT) em hemodiálise (HD). Objetivo: Foram investigadas as possíveis variáveis associadas a congestão pulmonar em indivíduos diabéticos com DRT em HD, utilizando a ultrassonografia torácica para detectar água extracelular nos pulmões. Métodos: Foram estudados 73 pacientes com diabetes como causa primária de DRT submetidos a HD regular. A congestão pulmonar foi avaliada pela contagem do número de linhas B detectadas por ultrassonografia torácica. O estado de hidratação foi avaliado por análise de bioimpedância e a função cardíaca por ecocardiografia. O índice de colabamento da veia cava inferior (VCI) foi medido por ultrassonografia. Todos os pacientes foram classificados segundo a escore da NYHA. Foram analisadas as correlações entre o número de linhas B e variáveis contínuas e as comparações entre o número de linhas B em relação às variáveis categóricas. Regressão linear multivariada foi utilizada para testar as variáveis enquanto preditores independentes do número de linhas B. Resultados: Nenhuma das variáveis relacionadas a estado de hidratação e função cardíaca apresentou associação com o número de linhas B. Na análise multivariada, apenas o índice de colabamento da VCI (b = 45,038; p < 0,001) e as classes da NYHA (b = 13,995; p = 0,006) foram preditores independentes do número de linhas B. Conclusão: A avaliação clínica baseada na classificação da NYHA e na medição do índice de colabamento da VCI foram mais confiáveis do que a análise de bioimpedância para predizer congestão pulmonar.

Abstract Introduction: Ultrasound is an emerging method for assessing lung congestion but is still seldom used. Lung congestion is an important risk of cardiac events and death in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on hemodialysis (HD). Objective: We investigated possible variables associated with lung congestion among diabetics with ESRD on HD, using chest ultrasound to detect extracellular lung water. Methods: We studied 73 patients with diabetes as the primary cause of ESRD, undergoing regular HD. Lung congestion was assessed by counting the number of B lines detected by chest ultrasound. Hydration status was assessed by bioimpedance analysis and cardiac function by echocardiography. The collapse index of the inferior vena cava (IVC) was measured by ultrasonography. All patients were classified according to NYHA score. Correlations of the number of B lines with continuous variables and comparisons regarding the number of B lines according to categorical variables were performed. Multivariate linear regression was used to test the variables as independent predictors of the number of B lines. Results: None of the variables related to hydration status and cardiac function were associated with the number of B lines. In the multivariate analysis, only the IVC collapse index (b = 45.038; p < 0.001) and NYHA classes (b = 13.995; p = 0.006) were independent predictors of the number of B lines. Conclusion: Clinical evaluation based on NYHA score and measurement of the collapsed IVC index were found to be more reliable than bioimpedance analysis to predict lung congestion.

A new species of Masteria L. Koch, 1873 from Manaus, Brazil, Masteria manauara sp. nov., is herein described. The specimens were collected by hand or using litter bags in the leaf litter around Attalea attaleoides (Barb. Rodr.) palm trees. The new species resembles Masteria colombiensis Raven, 1981 by lacking paraembolic apophysis on male copulatory organs and having spiniform apophysis on the ventral metatarsus I. It differs in the tibial spur, made of two subdistal, spiniform and converging spurs. Females are unique in having two spermathecae with slender helicoidal stalks. Males and females have only six eyes, and are tiny, even when compared with other Masteria species.