Resumen Introducción: La distribución espacial y temporal de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 sobrepasa las áreas endémicas de enfermedades transmitidas por vector (ETV), cuya vigilancia en México ha cambiado sustancialmente a partir del primer caso confirmado de COVID-19. Objetivos: Estimar y comparar las tasas de incidencia de las ETV antes y después de la introducción del SARS-CoV-2 en México. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de casos de ETV de 2014 a 2021. Las tasas de incidencia de cada ETV en el periodo previo (2014-2019) y posterior (2020-2021) a la introducción del SARS-CoV-2 en México fueron calculadas y comparadas. Resultados: Antes de la introducción del SARS-CoV-2, las tasas de incidencia de las ETV fueron altas y posterior a la introducción del coronavirus hubo un descenso en los índices epidemiológicos; sin embargo, solo se identificó diferencia estadística significativa en la tasa de incidencia de la malaria (p ≤ 0.05) y otras rickettsias (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusiones: Algunas medidas para reducir los casos de COVID-19, como el distanciamiento social, el confinamiento domiciliario, la reducción en el aforo en el transporte público y el trabajo en casa, probablemente contribuyeron a disminuir temporalmente el número de casos de las ETV; sin embargo, puede haber rebrote de las ETV en el futuro cercano.

Abstract Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 infection spatial and temporal distribution overlaps with endemic areas of vector-borne diseases (VBD), whose surveillance in Mexico has substantially changed since the first COVID-19 confirmed case. Objectives: To estimate and compare the incidence rates of VBDs before and after the introduction of SARS-CoV-2 in Mexico. Methods: Retrospective study of VBD cases from 2014 to 2021. The incidence rates of each VBD in the period before (2014-2019) and after (2020-2021) the introduction of SARS-CoV-2 in Mexico were calculated and compared. Results: Before the introduction of SARS-CoV-2, the incidence rates of VBDs were high and after the introduction of coronavirus there was a decrease in epidemiological indices; however, there was only statistically significant difference in the incidence rate of malaria (p ≤ 0.05) and other rickettsiae (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: Some measures to reduce COVID-19 cases, such as social distancing, home confinement, reductions in public transport and working at home (home office), probably temporarily decreased the number of VBD cases; however, there may be a resurgence of VBDs in the near future.

RESUMEN El ser humano es un ser social por naturaleza, y los desacuerdos y conflictos son situaciones comunes e inherentes a sus diferentes actividades sociales. En esta revisión se pretende describir el origen de los conflictos y las técnicas de mediación en la atención sanitaria. Se sabe de la necesidad de aprender las habilidades para la solución de conflictos, y se reconocen dentro de las prioridades cambiantes de los educandos del profesional sanitario. El desacuerdo y el conflicto son inevitables entre los miembros de los equipos clínicos, así como con los pacientes y sus familias durante el curso de la atención sanitaria. A pesar de la importancia que representa esta competencia, no se ha establecido como una necesidad educacional en los planes de estudio de los profesionales de la salud, no obstante de que los médicos requieren negociar y resolver conflictos de manera continua en los entornos sanitarios. Nuestra función como educadores es la de analizar el contexto profesional empírico cambiante y otorgar a los educandos las herramientas pertinentes para su desarrollo profesional con la mayor posibilidad de éxito en sus actividades cotidianas. Los invitamos a leer, analizar y criticar esta propuesta, que consideramos muy importante para que sea contemplada en los planes de estudio desde el pregrado y posgrado de las diferentes ramas de los profesionales de la salud, que incluyen tanto a médicos de las diferentes especialidades, el personal de enfermería y todos aquellos profesionales que trabajamos con el objetivo común de brindar asistencia sanitaria de calidad.

ABSTRACT Human beings are social beings by nature, and disagreements and conflicts are common situations inherent in their different social activities. This review aims to describe the origin of conflicts and the mediation techniques in healthcare. It is well known that conflict resolution skills are needed to be learned, and such skills are considered within the changing priorities of healthcare students. Disagreement and conflict are inevitable between members of clinical care teams, as well as with patients and their families during healthcare. Despite the importance of these skills, they have not been established as an educational need in healthcare professionals’ curricula, even though physicians are required to negotiate and resolve conflicts on an ongoing basis in healthcare settings. Our role as educators is to analyze the changing empirical professional context, and provide our students with the relevant tools with the greatest chance of success for their professional development in their daily activities. We invite you to read, analyze and criticize this proposal, which we consider very important to be included in the undergraduate and graduate curricula of the different fields of healthcare professionals, i.e. specialist physicians, nursing staff and all those professionals who work with the common goal of providing quality healthcare.

Abstract Clinical assessment of the visual pathway is an important aspect in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), visual evoked potentials (VEP) are the most commonly used neurophysiological study when optic neuritis (ON) is suspected. Objective: To determine the correlation of these tools with the behavior of the disease in Mexican patients with MS. Material and methods: 59 patients (118 eyes) with multiple sclerosis (MS) were included, who met the inclusion criteria: > 18 years, EM-RR phenotype with EDSS < 5.5, in treatment with some disease modifier. To all patients were performed; Complete neurological evaluation with EDSS, ophthalmological examination, conventional VEP, OCT, cerebral MRI with gadolinium. Results: The female sex was the most frequent 66.1%, 38 eyes had a history of ON (EM-ON). In VEPs, the P-100 wave with the longest latency was 177 msec. 50.85% had an average reduction of G-RNFL, 51.66% corresponding to the LE. Decreased values of G-RNFL were found at baseline OCT in patients with MS-ON (p < 0.0003). Conclusion: These results confirm the sensitivity of PEVs in patients with MS-ON and EM-NON, as well as the increase of this to detect damage in the visual pathway when using both studies.

Resumen La evaluación de la vía visual es importante en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple (EM), la tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT) permite ver in vivo la retina, los potenciales evocados visuales (PEV) son el estudio neurofisiológico más empleado en sospecha de neuritis óptica (NO). Objetivo: Determinar la correlación de estas herramientas con el comportamiento de la enfermedad en pacientes mexicanos con EM. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron 59 pacientes (118 ojos) con esclerosis múltiple (EM) que cumplieron criterios de inclusión: > 18 años, fenotipo EM-RR con EDSS < 5.5 en tratamiento con algún modificador de la enfermedad. A los pacientes se les realizó: valoración neurológica completa con EDSS, examen oftalmológico, PEV convencionales, OCT, IRM cerebral con gadolinio. Resultados: El sexo femenino fue el más frecuente 66.1%, 38 ojos presentaban historia de NO (EM-NO). En los PEVs la onda P-100 con la latencia más prolongada estuvo en 177 ms. 50.85% tenían espesor G-CFNR reducido, correspondiendo 51.66% al OI. Se encontraron valores disminuidos de G-CFNR en la OCT basal en pacientes con EM-NO (p < 0.0003). Conclusión: Estos resultados confirman la sensibilidad de los PEVs en pacientes con EM-NO y EM-NON, y el incremento de ésta para detectar daño en la vía visual al utilizar ambos estudios.

ABSTRACT Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) is an invasive species in America and is the main vector of the pathogen associated with Huanglongbing, a deadly disease of citrus plants in the world. The management of such a problem includes the intensive use of insecticides to reduce vector populations and risk of pathogen transmission. As an alternative to synthetic insecticides to control D. citri, the present study determined the chemical composition of diverse plant essential oils and assessed the toxicity and repellency of oil extracts against D. citri. Their chemical composition and abundance were determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Adults and nymphs were exposed to leaf citrus discs treated by spraying or immersion with different oil extract concentrations. Repellency was assessed by exposing adults to treated leaves in experimental arenas and determining the number of insects remaining on the leaf after different time periods compared with the control. The main oil compounds in the tested plants were anethole, verbenone, 4-ethyl-4-methyl-1-hexene, 4-allylanisole, and trans-tagetone. Oils from Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Schinus molle L. caused no repellent or insecticide effects on D. citri. In contrast, oil extracts from the Foeniculum vulgare Mill. and Tagetes species were toxic and/or repellent for both adults and nymphs. There was a positive relationship between toxicity and concentration. Oil extracts from Tagetes lucida, T. coronopifolia, and T. terniflora were repellent (> 92%) at 40 mg mL-1; this was correlated with the concentration and decreased over time. Essential oils extracts from the Tagetes species could represent a potential defense that could be integrated into the management of D. citri.

ABSTRACT The future of the bivalve mollusk production sector worldwide is still challenged by emergence and propagation of new diseases, mainly vibriosis, and the conventional methods that have been used to eradicate pathogens from hatcheries, such as antibiotics and chemotherapies have shown collateral effects. In order to reduce the use of conventional methods, homeopathy for aquaculture emerges as a novel solution to strengthen marine organism's defense against diseases. This study evaluated the effect of five homeopathic treatments on the immunomodulatory response and general condition index of Argopecten ventricosus juveniles, used as model organisms due to their susceptibility to vibriosis compared to other commercial bivalves. The experimental design included three replicates of five homeopathic treatments at decimal (D) or centesimal (C) dynamization (T1: ViA 1D + ViP 1D, T2: ViA 7C + ViP 7C, T3: AcF 1D + MsS 1D, T4: PhA 7C + SiT 7C and T5: ViT 31C) and three control groups (C1: Dynamized Ethanol (1C), C2: Diluted Ethanol (1:99) and C3: No medication). The maximum immunomodulatory response was attributed to treatments T1 and T2 with the highest increase in hemocyte count, catalase activity in mantle and superoxide dismutase activity in gills, followed by treatments T3 and T5. Treatment T4 did not show a definite effect on an immune response but increased energetic reserves in the mantle, muscle and the digestive gland, important storage tissues in mollusk bivalves. This study has demonstrated that some homeopathic treatments can activate an immunomodulatory response and improve the general condition index in A. ventricosus.

Resumo Este artigo discute a mediação de conflitos, como forma para amenizar as violências escolares, que nasce nos meios jurídicos nos Estados Unidos, difunde-se pela Europa e posteriormente pela América do Sul, inclusive no Brasil. Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica, buscando documentos oficiais, investigações e livros publicados sobre essas experiências em diversos países. Há uma expansão de programas e projetos que utilizam a mediação de conflitos ao longo da última década nos países da América do Sul. Analisando esses programas podemos perceber que há muito investimento nesse tipo de estratégia, que é apenas uma entre outras para auxiliar as escolas com a problemática da violência. Mesmo assim, a mediação de conflitos torna-se elemento central dos programas educacionais. Para definir-se a melhor atuação em determinada sociedade ou realidade escolar seria necessária uma investigação extensa para avaliar a melhor estratégia, porém, a mediação de conflitos vem expandindo-se cada vez mais, indiscriminadamente.

Abstract This article discusses the conflict mediation as a way to ease the school violence, that was born in legal circles in the United States, diffuses through Europe and later in South America, including Brazil. The literature search was conducted, seeking official documents, investigations and books published on these experiences in different countries. There is an expansion of programs and projects that use the mediation of conflicts over the past decade in the countries of South America. By analyzing these programs it was possible to notice that there is a lot of investment in this type of strategy, which is only one among others to assist schools with the problem of violence. Nevertheless, conflict mediation becomes the central element of the educational programs. To set up the best performance in a given society or school reality would be an extensive research needed to assess what would be the best strategy, however, conflict mediation is expanding increasingly indiscriminately.

Resumen Este artículo discute la mediación de conflictos, como forma para amenizar las violencias escolares, que nace en los medios jurídicos en los Estados Unidos, se difunde por Europa y posteriormente por América del Sur, incluso en Brasil. Se realizó una investigación bibliográfica, buscando documentos oficiales, investigaciones en libros publicados sobre esas experiencias en diversos países. Hay una expansión de programas y proyectos que utilizan la mediación de conflictos a lo largo de la última década en los países de América del Sur. Analizando esos programas podemos percibir que hay mucha inversión en ese tipo de estrategia, que es sólo una entre otras para auxiliar las escuelas con la problemática de la violencia. Aun así, la mediación de conflictos se vuelve elemento central de los programas educacionales. Para definirse la mejor actuación en determinada sociedad o realidad escolar sería necesaria una investigación extensa para evaluar la mejor estrategia, pero, la mediación de conflictos viene expandiéndose cada vez más, indiscriminadamente.

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease widely distributed throughout the world, infecting a wide variety of animal species including humans. In Mexico, this parasite has been detected in different parts of the country, particularly in the tropical areas where the parasite can remain infective for long periods of time due to the environmental conditions (i.e. high temperature and humidity over the whole year). Several epidemiological studies have been conducted in both human and animal populations, but despite the wide distribution of the agent in the country, there is a significant lack of knowledge on the parasite transmission, treatment alternatives and control measures. The lack of feral cat populations and control measures in sites of meat production for human consumption are playing a role that has led to the wide spread of the disease in the country, particularly in tropical areas of Southeastern Mexico. For these reasons, this manuscript aims to review the published information on relevant epidemiological aspects of infection with T. gondii in humans and animals from Mexico.

La toxoplasmosis es una enfermedad parasitaria ampliamente distribuida en todo el mundo y puede infectar a una gran diversidad de especies animales y a los humanos. En México, esta parasitosis ha sido detectada en diferentes partes del país, en particular en las zonas tropicales en donde debido a las condiciones ambientales (ej. alta temperatura y humedad a lo largo todo el año), el parásito puede mantenerse infectante por largos períodos de tiempo en el medio ambiente. Se han realizado diversos estudios epidemiológicos tanto en poblaciones humanas como en animales y se observa que a pesar de la amplia distribución y buen establecimiento del agente en el país, existe un importante desconocimiento desde la epidemiologia, tratamientos alternativos o las medidas de control. La falta de control de las poblaciones ferales de felinos así como el establecimiento de medidas de control en unidades de producción de carne de diferentes especies para consumo humano están jugando un papel primordial que ha favorecido la amplia diseminación de la enfermedad en el país, principalmente en las zonas tropicales del sureste mexicano. Por lo que este manuscrito tiene como objetivo revisar la información publicada hasta ahora que nos describe aspectos epidemiológicos relevantes de la infección por T. gondii en humanos y animales de México.

AbstractBackground The American trypanosomiasis is a zoonosis caused by the protozoaTrypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi). The disease is widely distributed throughout the American continent, affecting a wide range of hosts, including dogs. It is present in the canine population in the State of Yucatan, Mexico. However, no significant studies in owned dogs have been performed in the metropolitan area of Merida. A transversal study was conducted in 370 owned dogs from Merida, Yucatan, Mexico.Methods A cross-sectional study including 370 dogs was performed in a major city of Yucatan, Mexico, to detect IgG antibodies against T. cruzi. A commercial ELISA test kit was used and a chi-square test used to evaluate associated risk factors; odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) were also estimated.Results The indirect ELISA and western blot (WB) tests were used to detect specific immunoglobulin G antibodies against T. cruzi in serum samples. A prevalence of 12.2 % was found; age and area of residence were statistically associated with seropositivity in dogs (p<0.05).Conclusions Results from the present study suggests the presence and abundance of the vector in urban conditions where a high number of seropositive cases ofT. cruzi cases were found.

Con el objetivo de determinar el efecto de la sombra dentro del corral de engorda en la respuesta productiva de toretes en finalización de la época calurosa, se efectuó una prueba de respuesta en corral durante 50 días. Para ello, se utilizaron 60 toretes (403,35 ± 2,47 kg), encastados de Cebú (75% Bos indicus) provenientes de un mismo lote con 112 días previos de engorda. En un diseño de bloques completos al azar, en grupos de 5 animales se asignaron a 2 tratamientos: a) Corraletas con piso de tierra de 6 x 12 m (Testigo); o b) Corraletas con piso de tierra (6 x 12 m), provistas de un techo que proporcionó 3 m2 de sombra por cabeza (con sombra). La sombra disminuyó (P = 0,04) la temperatura del aire (36,88 vs 35,95 °C) y no modificó (P = 0,23). El peso final y la ganancia de peso no fueron afectados por los tratamientos (P > 0,80). Los animales desprovistos de sombra consumieron 6% más alimento (P = 0,07) que los protegidos con sombra (8932 vs 8367 kg/día). La conversión alimenticia fue mejorada (P = 0,10) 7,9% por la sombra (8,247 vs 7,594 kg/kg). La sombra incrementó (P = 0,04) la ENm y ENg retenida de la dieta en 6,4 y 8,5% respectivamente. La eficiencia en el uso de la ENm (observada/esperada) fue de 0,92 y 0,98 para los tratamientos sin y con sombra, respectivamente. El peso de la canal y el rendimiento no fueron modificados (P > 0,80). Se concluye, que el uso de la sombra en el corral de engorda en la época calurosa es necesaria para ayudar a los bovinos a enfrentar el estrés calórico y mitigar sus efectos en la respuesta productiva durante la finalización.

With the objective of determine the effect of shade in feedlot pen on growth performance of finishing bulls during the hot season, a 50 days long feedlot trial was performed. Sixty (403,35 ± 2,47 kg) Cebu crossed bull (75% Bos indicus) coming from the same lot with 112 previous fattening-days were used. In a complete randomized block design, in groups of five animals were assigned to two treatments: a) Pens without shade (Control); or b) Pens fitted with roof that provides 3 m2 of shade by animal (Shade treatment). Shade diminished (P = 0,04) air temperature (36,88 vs 35,95 ºC) not modifies relative humidity (P = 0,23). Ending weight and average daily gain were not affected by treatments (P > 0,80). Animals deprived of shade consumed 6% more food (P = 0,07) that shade-protected (8,932 vs 8367 kg/day). Feed conversion was enhanced (P = 0,10) 7,9% by shade (8,247 vs 7,594 kg/kg). Shade increased (P = 0,04) the NEm and NEg retained from the diet in 6,4 and 8,5%, respectively. Usage efficiency of NEm (observed/expected) was 0,92 and 0,98 for treatments without and with shade, respectively. Carcass weight and carcass dressing were not modified (P > 0,80). It is concluded, that the use of shade in feedlot pen during hot season is necessary to help the bovines to cope heat stress and mitigate its effects on growth performance during the finishing.

Em 2005, no Brasil, o alojamento de galinhas poedeiras comerciais e de matrizes de corte somados foi de 109 milhões de cabeças, sendo que um número próximo a este deve ter sido descartado no mesmo período. Este grande número de galinhas descartadas contrasta com a falta de mercado consumidor e o baixo valor comercial alcançado por estas aves. A utilização da carne de galinhas na elaboração de produtos de conveniência poderia agregar valor e ampliar o consumo desta matéria-prima. Diante do exposto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar produtos empanados tipo nuggets, utilizando carne de galinhas de descarte (matrizes de corte e poedeiras comercias brancas) e avaliar a aceitação pelo consumidor destes produtos, em comparação com nuggets elaborados com carne de frango. Os produtos desenvolvidos foram avaliados por análise sensorial, utilizando testes de aceitação e de intenção de compra em localização central (400 provadores). Não foram encontradas diferenças (p > 0,05) na aceitação sensorial nem na intenção de compra entre os três diferentes produtos avaliados. Concluiu-se que a elaboração de produtos empanados pode representar uma boa alternativa para a utilização de filés de peito de galinhas, agregando maior valor a estas aves ao final do ciclo de postura.

In Brazil, the flock size of layer and broiler breeder hens housed in 2005 was 109 million. A similar number of hens might be spent in this period. This great number of spent hens contrasts with the absence of consumer market and the low commercial value reached by these birds. The manufacture of convenience products using spent hens meat could add value and elevate the consumption of this raw material. Thus, the purpose of this study was to develop nuggets made with spent hens (white layers and broiler breeders) meat and evaluate the consumer acceptance of these products in comparison to nuggets elaborated with broiler meat. Sensory evaluation of acceptance and purchase intent was carried out in central location (400 consumers). No difference (p > 0.05) were detected by consumers in the acceptance and in the purchase intent tests between the three different nuggets evaluated. It was concluded that nuggets production could represent a good choice for the utilization of hens breast meat at the end their commercial laying cycle.

The chest radiography is used routinely by the clinician as a tool in the scan of patients with systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) to evaluate the dimensions of the heart. However the highest reported sensitivity forthe evaluation of heart growth with this method is 77.3% in contrast to the transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) that reaches between 90 to 100%. The aim of this study was assess in our population of patients with SAH, the correlation between chest radiography and the TTE in regard to cardiomegaly. Patients and methods: Seventy two patients with SAH and radiological cardiomegaly, graded by measuring the cardiothoracic ratio (CTR), were evaluated by transthoracic echocardiography.The Pearson's and Spearman's correlation coefficients between both methods were assessed. Significance level was set at < 0.05. Results: Forty one (56.9%) patients were women and 31 (43.1%) were men. The age was 62.4 ± 10 years (43-83 years). Left ventricular concentric hypertrophy (LVCH) was found in 56 (77.8%) patients. In 13 (18%) patients the left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD) was higher than the normal value. The correlation coefficient between the diastolic ventricular septal thickness (DST) and CTR was 0.285 (p < 0.05) and between the LVEDD and radiological cardiomegaly was 0.203 (p = NS). Conclusions: In patients with SAH, the radiological evidence of cardiomegaly keeps a correlation with ventricular hypertrophy, but not with ventricular dilation.

La radiografía posteroanterior de tórax (Rx) es empleada rutinariamente por el clínico como herramienta para el estudio del paciente con hipertensión arterial sistémica (HAS) a fin de evaluar las dimensiones del corazón. Sin embargo, la sensibilidad más alta reportada para la valoración del crecimiento cardíaco empleando este método es del 77.3%, frente al ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) que alcanza entre el 90 y 100%. La finalidad de este estudio fue determinar en nuestra población de pacientes con HAS, la correlación entre la Rx y el ETT en la valoración de cardiomegalia. Pacientes y métodos: Se realizó ETT a 72 pacientes con HAS y cardiomegalia radiológica graduada con base en los valores del índice cardiotorácico (ICT). Se determinaron los coeficientes de correlación de Pearson y Spearman. La significancia se fijó en < 0.05. Resultados: Cuarenta y un (56.9%) pacientes fueron mujeres y 31 (43.1%) hombres. La edad fue de 62.4 ± 10 años (43-83 años). Fue observada hipertrofia concéntrica ventricular izquierda (HCVI) en 56 (77.8%). En 13 (18.0%) pacientes el diámetro diastólico final del ventrículo izquierdo (DDFVI) fue superior al valor normal. El coeficiente de correlación de Pearson entre el grosor septal interventricular en diastole (GSD) y el ICT fue de 0.285 (p < 0.05). Mientras que entre el DDFVI y la cardiomegalia radiológica fue de 0.203 (p = NS). Conclusiones: En pacientes con HAS la cardiomegalia radiológica guarda correlación con hipertrofia ventricular izquierda pero no con dilatación ventricular.

La peritonitis generalizada es un problema complejo caracterizado por una alta mortalidad. Han existido diferentes métodos para su tratamiento, entre los cuales el lavado quirúrgico programado es una opción a tener en cuenta. Nos propusimos mostrar nuestras experiencias en una serie de pacientes tratados con este método. Realizamos un estudio prospectivo de 41 pacientes operados por peritonitis generalizada, de diferentes causas, a los que se realizó un lavado peritoneal programado cada 24 a 48 horas. Se analizaron las variables: causa, edad, complicaciones y relación de estas con las muertes. La causa más frecuente de peritonitis en nuestra serie fue la dehiscencia de la sutura intestinal, que junto con la edad avanzada, la ausencia de solución del foco infeccioso y el número elevado de lavados (más de 3) fue un factor que incidió en la mortalidad de nuestros pacientes (29 %). El lavado peritoneal es un método efectivo en el tratamiento de la peritonitis difusa. Evita las complicaciones del abdomen abierto o el peligro de complicación tardía de un lavado a demanda, aunque no niega ni se contrapone a otros métodos