Abstract: Objective: Determine the behavior of Chagas's disease, comparing the intraperitoneal (i.p.), and the oral (v.o.) administration routes, by the ingestion of T. cruzi-contaminated food. Materials and methods: In mice, parasitemia oral and intraperitoneal acquiring routes were compared. Two groups were inoculated with T. cruzi (3x103) NINOA strain: one orally, and another intraperitoneally. Additionally, a hearth tissue histopathologic analysis was performed. Finally, the immune response triggered by both inoculation routes was determined by a homemade ELISA and compared. Results: The infection behavior was different in each inoculation route. In the orally infected group, infection was undetectable by parasitological, and histopathologic methods; interestingly, infection was detected by immune methods. Orally infected individuals using acai behaved similarly to intraperitoneally inoculated ones. Discussion: The vector and hosts close coexistence promote several infection routes. To improve the diagnosis, disease's course variants knowledge is needed. Conclusion: This study shows that the infection route strongly influences Chagas's disease course. Moreover, this work provides evidence that support the fact of doing more than one diagnostic test, improving the disease management.

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento de la enfermedad de Chagas, comparando la vía de inoculación intraperitoneal (i.p.) y la vía oral (v.o.), mediante la ingestión alimentos infectados con Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi). Materiales y métodos: En modelo murino, se comparó la parasitemia en la infección adquirida vía i.p. y vía oral Se formaron dos grupos que fueron inoculados con la cepa NINOA de T. cruzi (3x103); uno se administró v.o. y otro, se administró vía i.p. Además, se realizó un estudio histopatológico del tejido cardiaco de los individuos. Finalmente, se determinó y comparó la respuesta inmune montada como resultado de la inoculación por ambas vías, evaluando la concentración de IgG séricas contra T. cruzi mediante la realización de una ELISA casera. Resultados: El comportamiento de la infección fue diferente en ambas vías de inoculación. A través de los métodos parasitoscópicos e histopatológicos empleados, no fue detectable la infección en aquellos individuos infectados vía oral, interesantemente, la infección sí fue detectable mediante métodos inmunológicos. Aquellos individuos infectados vía oral empleando açaí, tuvieron un comportamiento inmune similar al presentado por aquellos inoculados vía i.p. Conclusiones: El presente estudio demuestra que la vía de infección del hospedero es determinante para la evolución de la enfermedad. Este trabajo proporciona evidencia para que en la práctica clínica, se realice a los individuos más de una prueba diagnóstica, hecho que, ayudará a un mejor manejo de la enfermedad de Chagas.

ABSTRACT Objective Determine the milk quality effect during lactation on the metabolic and thyroid programming of hypothyroid offspring. Materials and methods Ten-week-old female Wistar rats were divided into two groups: euthyroid and thyroidectomy-caused hypothyroidism. The rats were matted and, one day after birth, the pups were divided into three groups: euthyroid offspring (EO), hypothyroid offspring (HO) and hypothyroid with a euthyroid replacement wet nurse (HRO). During lactation, the milk quality and offspring body length were evaluated. The body weight and energy intake were determined on a weekly basis, as well as the metabolic profile at the prepubertal (P35-36) and postpubertal (P55-56) ages. At P56, the animals were sacrificed, the adipose tissues were weighed and the thyroid glands were dissected for histological processing. Results The milk of the hypothyroid wet nurse decreases proteins (16-26%), lipids (22-29%) and lactate (22-37%) with respect to euthyroid. The HO has a lower body weight gain (23-33%), length (11-13%) and energy intake (15-21%). In addition, HO presents impaired fasting glucose and dyslipidemia, as well as a reduction in seric thyroid hormone (18-34%), adipose reserves (26-68%) and thyroid gland weight (25-34%). The HO present thyroid gland cytoarchitecture alteration. The HRO develop the same metabolic alterations as the HO. However, the thyroid gland dysfunction was partially prevented because the HRO improved under about 10% of the serum thyroid hormone concentration, the thyroid gland weight although histological glandular changes presented. Conclusions The replacement of hypothyroid offspring with a euthyroid wet nurse during lactation can improve the thyroid programming without modifying metabolic programming.

Abstract: Currently, there has been increasing the interest in compounds contains in fungi, because they have health benefits. Therefore, it was determined whether ethanol, extract, and their fractions (ethyl acetate and hexane), obtains from mycelium of Trametes versicolor prevents oxidative stress and tissue damage-caused by CCl4 intoxication. The ethanol extract and sub-fractions were administered to NIH male mice. Subsequently, the liver was obtained for quantifying oxidative stress, redox environment, and histological damage. We found that extracts decreased oxidative stress, and they prevent cellular damage-caused by CCl4. It is concluded that ethanol extract and its fractions (ethyl acetate and hexane) protect against acute liver damage.

Resumen: Actualmente, ha aumentado el interés en los compuestos presentes en los hongos, debido a que tienen beneficios para la salud. Por este motivo, se determinó si el extracto etanólico y las fracciones (acetato de etilo y hexánica), obtenidas del micelio de Trametes versicolor, previenen el estrés oxidativo y el daño tisular, generados por la intoxicación con CCl4. El extracto etanólico y las sub-fracciones se administraron a ratones machos de la cepa NIH. Posteriormente, se obtuvo el hígado para cuantificar el estrés oxidativo, el ambiente redox y el daño histológico. Se encontró que los extractos disminuyen el estrés oxidativo y evitan el daño celular provocado por el CCl4. Se concluye que el extracto etanólico y las fracciones (acetato de etilo y hexánica) protegen contra el daño hepático agudo.

The seeds of Swietenia humilis Zucc, traditionally consumed in many communities in the state of Sinaloa and other parts of the interior of Mexico for its healing properties in the treatment of different diseases like parasitosis, diarrhea, hyperglycemia and some conditions as overweight. Therefore the objective of this study was performed a pharmacological study of the ethanolic extract of the Swietenia humilis Zucc seeds. This study consisted in the determination of antinociceptive, and anticonvulsant activities of lethal dose 50 (LD50), in adults mice NIH. The in vitro spasmolytic effect and the antioxidant capacity were evaluated too. It was found that the LD50 was higher than 100 mg/Kg so their use is secure. With respect to the antinociceptive activity, all the administered doses reduce the number of contortions induced by acetic acid administration. The extract had not anticonvulsant activity and they did not show antioxidant activity, however it had spasmolytic activity. There were not else where reports about its spasmolytic and antinociceptive effects, therefore it is suggested to continue the evaluation of this extract to elucidate the structures responsible for these effects.

Las semillas de Swietenia humilis Zucc, se consumen de forma tradicional, en muchas comunidades del estado de Sinaloa y en otras partes del interior de la República Mexicana, por sus propiedades curativas en el tratamiento de diferentes enfermedades como la parasitosis, la diarrea, la hiperglucemia y en algunas condiciones como el sobrepeso. Por tal motivo, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue realizar el estudio farmacológico del extracto etanólico de las semillas de Swietenia humilis Zucc. Dicho estudio consistió en la determinación de la dosis letal 50 (DL50) y las actividades antinociceptiva y anticonvulsiva, en ratones adultos de la cepa NIH (National Institute of Health). También, se evaluaron sus efectos espasmolítico in vitro y su capacidad antioxidante. Los resultados demuestran que la DL50 resultó mayor a 100 mg/Kg, por lo que su uso es seguro. Con respecto a la actividad antinociceptiva, todas las dosis del extracto que fueron probadas disminuyeron el número de contorsiones inducidas por la administración de ácido acético. El extracto no presentó actividad anticonvulsiva ni antioxidante, pero si la actividad espasmolítica. Los efectos antinociceptivo y espasmolítico encontrados en el presente trabajo no se han reportado, por lo que se sugiere continuar con la evaluación del extracto para elucidar las estructuras responsables de dichos efectos.