ABSTRACT The high production of jamelão (Syzygium cumini) during harvest and the lack of information about it emphasize the development of new processing technologies for this fruit since it has been proven that its different parts have functional properties. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the physical-chemical characteristics and to determine the content of bioactive compounds and the antioxidant activity present in the pulp and peel of the jamelão in order to assess which one has the greatest industrial potential. For this, the fruit was pulped and separated into peel and pulp. The peel was subsequently dehydrated, resulting in three samples: pulp, fresh peel, and dried peel. It was observed that drying the peel provided an increase in the values of ash, lipids, acidity, and soluble solids to a higher or equal level to those of the pulp. In addition, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, total monomeric anthocyanins, and total antioxidant activity of the fresh peel were found to be ten times higher than those of the pulp. Thus, the peel, a by-product of jamelão, has great potential to be used in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes protocolos de polimento sobre a rugosidade e morfologia superficial de uma cerâmica à base de dissilicato de lítio (IPS e.max CAD). Foram confeccionadas 50 barras cerâmicas (2,0x3,0x2,5 mm), separadas aleatoriamente em cinco grupos (n=10), conforme os tratamentos de superfície: C: Controle; BC: Borracha Ceramaster (60 s); RP: Roda de pano impregnado granulação grossa (30 s) + Roda de pano impregnado granulação fina (30 s); BE: Borracha Exa-Cerapol cinza (20 s) + Borracha Exa-Cerapol rosa (20 s) + Borracha Cerapol Super (20 s); RF: Roda de feltro com pasta diamantada grossa (30 s) + roda de feltro com pasta diamantada fina (30 s). As amostras foram avaliadas quantitativamente quanto à rugosidade superficial (Ra) e qualitativamente em MEV, em diferentes momentos: inicialmente (antes da asperização), após asperização e após os polimentos. As médias de Ra foram submetidas aos testes estatísticos ANOVA (two-way) e Tukey (p<0,05). Após os diferentes protocolos de polimento, não foi possível observar diferenças significativas entre os grupos BC e BE (p=0,6347), entre BE e RP (p=0,1366) e RP e RF (p=0,5433). Comparando as diferentes etapas de um mesmo grupo foi possível observar que os grupos RP (p<0,0001) e RF (p<0,0001) apresentaram diferenças significativas. Em MEV, os grupos BC e BE apresentam um padrão morfológico superficial semelhante ao grupo controle. Todos os sistemas de polimento foram efetivos na redução da rugosidade de superfície para o mesmo padrão de cerâmica.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different polishing protocols on surface roughness and morphology of lithium disilicate ceramics (IPS e.max CAD). Fifty ceramic bars (2.0x3.0x2.5 mm) were produced and randomly divided into five groups (n=10), according to surface treatments: C: Control; Cer: Ceramaster (60 s); CW: cloth wheel with large-grit diamond (30 s) + cloth wheel with fine-grit diamond paste (30 s); E: grey Exa-Cerapol (20 s) + pink Exa-Cerapol (20 s) + Cerapol Super (20 s); F: Felt wheel with large-grit diamond paste (30 s) + Felt wheel with fine-grit diamond paste (30 s). The samples were evaluated quantitatively for surface roughness (Ra) and qualitatively by SEM, at different moments: initial (prior to roughening), after roughening and after polishing procedures. Ra means were submitted to two-way ANOVA and Tukey test (p<0.05). After the different polishing protocols, no statistically significant differences were observed between the Cer and E groups (p=0.6347), E and CW groups (p=0.1366), and CW and FW groups (p=0.5433). Comparing different stages in the same group, it was possible to observe that CW (p<0.0001) and FW groups (p<0.0001) showed significant differences. SEM analysis revealed that both Cer and E groups exhibited a surface morphological pattern similar to that of control group. All polishing systems were effective in reducing the surface roughness of the studied ceramic type.

Objetivos:Comparar o índice de massa corporal (IMC) de pacientes com fratura da extremi-dade proximal do fêmur com o IMC de pacientes sem história prévia de fraturas.Métodos:Investigamos pacientes de ambos os sexos, com 65 anos ou mais, internados no Hospital Independência, no Hospital Beneficência Portuguesa e no Hospital Universitário Ulbra, de dezembro de 2007 a dezembro de 2010, com história de trauma de baixa energia, como, por exemplo, quedas da própria altura, em relação aos pacientes da mesma idade e sem história prévia de fraturas da extremidade proximal do fêmur (n = 89) atendidos no serviço ambulatorial de geriatria da Sociedade Porto-Alegrense de Auxílio aos Necessitados (Spaan).Resultados:A faixa etária dos pacientes com fratura da extremidade proximal do fêmur variou de 65 a 96 anos (média: 77,58). O principal tipo de fratura foi a trocantérica (47; 62,2%), seguida da do colo de fêmur (27; 36%). Entre os pacientes que apresentaram fratura da extremidade proximal do fêmur, 12% tinham baixo peso, 62,7%, peso normal, 24%, sobrepeso e 1,3%, obesidade. Entre os pacientes sem história de fratura, 5,6% apresentaram baixo peso, 43,8%, peso normal, 33,7%, sobrepeso e 9,8%, obesidade. Verificou-se que os pacientes com fraturas da extremidade proximal do fêmur (n = 75) apresentaram IMC médio de 22,6, enquanto os pacientes sem fraturas apresentaram IMC médio de 25,5.Conclusão:Os pacientes do grupo com fratura são significativamente mais altos do que os do grupo sem fratura e apresentam IMC significativamente inferior ao do grupo sem fratura.

Objectives:To compare the body mass index (BMI) of patients with fractures in the proximal extremity of the femur with the BMI of patients without any previous history of fractures.Methods:We investigated patients of both sexes, aged 65 years or over, who were admitted to Hospital Independência, Hospital Beneficência Portuguesa or ULBRA University Hospital, between December 2007 and December 2010, with histories of low-energy trauma such as falling from a standingposition. These individuals were compared with patients of the same age but without any history of fracturing of the proximal extremity of the femur (n = 89), who were attended at the geriatrics outpatient clinic of the Sociedade Porto-Alegrense de Auxílio aos Necessitados (SPAAN).Results:The age group of the patients with fractures in the proximal extremity of the femur ranged from 65 to 96 years (mean: 77.58). The main type of fracture was trochanteric (47; 62.2%), followed by femoral neck fractures (27; 36%). Among the patients who presented on fracturing the proximal extremity of the femur, 12% had low weight, 62.7% normal weight, 24% overweight, and 1.3% obesity. Among the patients without any history of fractures, 5.6% presented low weight, 43.8% normal weight, 33.7% overweight, and 9.8% obesity. It was observed that the patients with fractures in the proximal extremity of the femur (n = 75) presented a mean BMI of 22.6, while the patients without fractures presented a mean BMI of 25.5.Conclusion:The patients in the group with fractures were significantly taller than those in the group without fractures and presented significantly lower BMI than those in the group without fractures.

The misconception that infertility is typically associated with the female is commonly faced in the management of infertile men. It is uncommon for a patient to present for an infertility evaluation with an abnormal semen analysis report before an extensive female partner workup has been performed. Additionally, a man is usually considered fertile based only on seminal parameters without a physical exam. This behavior may lead to a delay in both the exact diagnosis and in possible specific infertility treatment. Moreover, male factor infertility can result from an underlying medical condition that is often treatable but could possibly be life-threatening. The responsibility of male factor in couple's infertility has been exponentially rising in recent years due to a comprehensive evaluation of reproductive male function and improved diagnostic tools. Despite this improvement in diagnosis, azoospermia is always the most challenging topic associated with infertility treatment. Several conditions that interfere with spermatogenesis and reduce sperm production and quality can lead to azoospermia. Azoospermia may also occur because of a reproductive tract obstruction. Optimal management of patients with azoospermia requires a full understanding of the disease etiology. This review will discuss in detail the epidemiology and etiology of azoospermia. A thorough literature survey was performed using the Medline, EMBASE, BIOSIS, and Cochrane databases. We restricted the survey to clinical publications that were relevant to male infertility and azoospermia. Many of the recommendations included are not based on controlled studies.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the success rates of sclerotherapy of the tunica vaginalis with alcohol for the treatment of hydroceles and/or spermatoceles, as well as, evaluation of pain, formation of hematomas, infection and its effects in spermatogenesis . MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 69 patients, with offsprings and diagnosis of hydrocele and/or spermatocele, were treated during the period from April 2003 to June 2007. Semen analysis was obtained from patients who were able to provide us with samples. The sclerotherapy with alcohol at 99.5% was undertaken as outpatient procedure. RESULTS: The average volume drained pre-sclerotherapy was 279.82 mL (27 to 1145). The median follow-up was 43 months (9 to 80). A total of 114 procedures were performed on 84 units, with an average of 1.35 procedures / unit and an overall success rate of 97.62%. Of the 69 patients, 7 (10.14%) reported minor pain immediately after the procedure, 3 (4.35%) moderate pain and 2 (2.89%) intense pain. Post-Sclerotherapy spermograms revealed reduction of the parameters regarding: concentration, motility and morphology up to 6 months post procedure , with return to normal parameters 12th months after procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Sclerotherapy of hydroceles and spermatoceles with 99.5% alcohol is an efficient procedure that can be perormed without difficulties, cost-effectiveness, with few side effects and which may be performed in patients who wish fertility.

CONTEXTO: Pacientes com hiperplasia adrenal congênita (HAC) por deficiência da 21-hidroxilase podem ter a síntese de cortisol e de aldosterona prejudicada. Homens com HAC têm baixas taxas de fertilidade em comparação com a população normal, e isso está relacionado a tumores testiculares de remanescente adrenal. A associação de azoospermia e tumor testicular sugere uma causa mecânica, principalmente quando o tumor é encontrado no mediastino testicular. O método preferencial de tratamento consiste na corticoterapia intensa. No entanto, quando o tumor não é responsivo à terapia com esteroides, o tratamento cirúrgico deve ser considerado. RELATO DE CASO: Apresentamos o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino com HAC por deficiência da 21-hidroxilase, portador de tumor testicular e azoospermia. Em consulta prévia com endocrinologista, o paciente começou tratamento com baixas doses diárias de corticoide, porém, após 12 meses de tratamento, não houve mudança significativa no espermograma. Embora os níveis de hormônio adrenocortitrófico e 17-hidroxiprogesterona tenham se normalizado, os níveis séricos de hormônio folículo-estimulante, hormônio luteinizante e testosterona não se alteraram. Exame ultrassonográfico confirmou testículos bilateralmente diminuídos e heterogêneos, além de área em mosaico na projeção da rede testis bilateralmente. Ressonância nuclear magnética confirmou o achado. Biópsia testicular revelou espermatogênese e espermiogênese preservadas em 20% dos túbulos seminíferos no testículo direito. O paciente foi submetido a cirurgia poupadora testicular, com ressecção tumoral. Após 12 meses de acompanhamento, não houve recorrência tumoral, mas o paciente ainda apresentava azoospermia, sendo integrado no programa de injeção intracitoplasmática de espermatozoides.

CONTEXT: Synthesis of cortisol and aldosterone is impaired in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) because of 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Men with CAH have low fertility rates compared with the normal population, and this is related to testicular adrenal rest tumors. Findings of azoospermia in combination with a testicular tumor on ultrasound are likely to have a mechanical cause, especially when in the testicular mediastinum. The preferred treatment method consists of intensive corticoid therapy. However, when the tumor is unresponsive to steroid therapy, surgical treatment should be considered. CASE REPORT: We present the case of a male patient with CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency who presented a testicular tumor and azoospermia. Treatment with low daily corticoid doses had previously been started by an endocrinologist, but after 12 months, no significant change in sperm count was found. Although the adrenocorticotrophic hormone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels returned to normal values, the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels remained unchanged. Ultrasound examination confirmed that the testicles were small and heterogenous bilaterally, and revealed a mosaic area at the projection of the testis network bilaterally. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the finding. Testicular biopsy revealed the presence of preserved spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis in 20% of the seminiferous tubules in the right testicle. The patient underwent testis-sparing tumor resection. After 12 months of follow-up, there was no tumor recurrence but the patient still presented azoospermia and joined an intracytoplasmic sperm injection program.