Abstract Public opinion is a concept that refers to a social phenomenon, an empirical-professional practice and the academic-scientific observance of the two. This work seeks to reflect about certain changes in the sources of public opinion in the context of the Age of Information and Knowledge. The document emphasizes the socio-cultural changes of a technologized environment that has attracted new sources and emerging actors into the public arena, to reflect on the role of new technologies in the construction of public opinion. It is argued that technology creates new self-communication and self-reporting processes that expand the range of sources of public opinion, compared to traditional media; however in Mexico such phenomenon occurs in a section of the population with access to the Internet and the cultural capital that is needed to use it. The paper discusses the need of a particular theoretical and methodological approach to exploring this phenomenon.

Resumen La opinión pública es un concepto que alude a un fenómeno social, a una práctica empíricoprofesional y a la observancia académico-científica de los dos anteriores. Este trabajo busca reflexionar en torno a ciertos cambios en las fuentes de conformación de la opinión pública en el contexto de la era de la información y el conocimiento. El documento hace énfasis en los cambios socio-culturales de un entorno tecnologizado, que ha suscitado nuevas fuentes y actores emergentes en la escena pública, para reflexionar en torno al papel que desempeñanlas nuevas tecnologías en la construcción de la opinión pública. Se sostiene que la tecnología genera nuevos procesos de autocomunicación y autoinformación que amplían el rango de fuentes configuradoras de la opinión pública, frente a los medios tradicionales, aunque tal fenómeno ocurra entre un sector de la población, el que tiene posibilidades de acceso y el capital cultural necesario, aspecto particularmente agudo en México. El trabajo plantea la necesidad de una aproximación teórico-metodológica particular para explorar dicho fenómeno.

Introducción: la esclerosis múltiple (EM) es la enfermedad crónica discapacitante del sistema nervioso central más frecuente en adultos jóvenes y se caracteriza por la acumulación de grados variables de discapacidad física. Objetivos: determinar la progresión de discapacidad física en pacientes diagnosticados con esclerosis múltiple tratados con interferón beta-1b. Establecer adherencia al tratamiento y seguridad. Materiales y Métodos: estudio observacional realizado en 9 centros neurológicos de la Costa Atlántica Colombiana en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple remitente recidivante (EMRR), secundaria progresiva (EMSP) o síndrome clínicamente aislado (SCA) tratados con interferón beta-1b. Se determinó la discapacidad física mediante 5 evaluaciones clínicas por medio de la escala expandida del estado de discapacidad (EDSS) de Kurtzke. Resultados: se incluyeron 83 pacientes, media de edad de 43,4 años (61.5% mujeres). 71,1% de pacientes diagnosticados con EMRR, 20.1% EMSP y 4,8% SCA. La media en la escala EDSS permaneció inferior a 4 (inicial 3.7 y final 3.5, p=0.712). No se encontraron diferencias entre los puntajes iniciales, ni a 24 meses de observación en pacientes con EMRR (media3.7 vs 3.4 p=0.424) ni en el grupo EMSP (media4.0 vs 4.2, p=0.660). Se presentaron 17 suspensiones de tratamiento. 8.4% de los pacientes presentaron eventos adversos, 4 fueron catalogados como serios. Se registraron 2 muertes. Conclusión: el estado funcional de los pacientes con EM tratados con interferón beta-1b permaneció estable sin presentar cambios significativos, en pacientes con EMRR y EMSP.

Introduction: multiple sclerosis is the most disabling chronic disease affecting the central nervous system in young adults and characterized by the accumulation of physical disability varying degrees. Objectives: determine the progression of physical disability in patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis treated with interferon beta-1b. To establish adherence to treatment and safety. Materials and Methods: observational study carried out at 9 neurological centers from the Atlantic Coast of Colombia with patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) or clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) treated with interferon beta-1b.Physical disability was measured with 5 clinical evaluations with Kurtzke´s Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Results: 83 patients, mean age of 43.4 years (61.5% women). 71.1% of patients had RRMS, 20.1% SPMS and 4.8% CIS. Mean EDSS score remained under 4 (initial 3.7, final 3.5, p=0.712). No differences were found between initial scores and scores after 24 months of observation in patients with RRMS (mean, 3.7 vs 3.4, p=0.424) or SPMS group (mean, 4.0 vs 4.2, p=0.660).17 treatment interruptions occurred. 8.4% of patients experienced adverse events, 4 classified as serious. 2 fatal cases occurred. Conclusion: the functional status of patients with multiple sclerosis treated with interferon beta-1b remained stable without significant changes present in patients with RRMS and SPMS.

The purpose of this study is to verify whether a cognitive behavioral treatment protocol, designed specifically for use in a group of fibromyalgia patients, may help to alleviate emotional problems and improve the coping of the disease. The study involved a total of 34 patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia, all belonging to the Fibromyalgia Association of Madrid (AFIBROM). The program was divided into 10 sessions of two hours duration on a weekly basis. The evaluation was pre- and post-treatment with follow-up after 3 months, and participants completed questionnaires: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Anxiety and Depression Scale Hospital (HAD) Self Efficacy Scale (SES), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and Self-recording of pain. The results showed a clinically and statistically significant improvement between pre- and post-treatment depression with both the BDI and the HAD-D, as well as in the anxiety variable with HAD-A. This improvement was maintained at the follow-up 3 months after treatment ended. Also, at the end of the intervention a statistically significant increase is shown in all measures of self-efficacy and a significant decrease in the thoughts of rumination and magnification, though this is not maintained consistently at follow-up. Finally it is to be noted that even though after the intervention there was a reduction in average pain reported by the patients, this decrease is not statistically significant. Therefore, it can be concluded that this group treatment protocol has proven effective in alleviating the emotional problems associated with fibromyalgia, lowering ruminative thoughts and improving their self-perception in combating their disease. Finally, the desirability of conducting follow-up maintenance sessions to consolidate the results obtained should be noted.

El objetivo del presente trabajo es comprobar si un programa protocolizado de tratamiento cognitivo conductual, diseñado específicamente para ser aplicado en formato grupal a pacientes de fibromialgia, puede ayudar a mitigar los problemas emocionales y mejorar el afrontamiento de la enfermedad. En el estudio participaron un total de 34 pacientes diagnosticados de fibromialgia, todos ellos pertenecientes a la Asociación de Fibromialgia de la Comunidad de Madrid (AFIBROM). El programa fue estructurado en 10 sesiones de dos horas de duración con una periodicidad semanal. En la evaluación pre y post-tratamiento, así como en el seguimiento realizado a los 3 meses, los participantes cumplimentaron los cuestionarios: Inventario de Depresión de Beck (BDI), Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión en Hospital (HAD), Escala de Autoeficacia (SES), Escala de Catastrofismo (PCS) y Auto-registro del Dolor. Los resultados mostraron una mejoría clínica y estadísticamente significativa entre el pre y el post-tratamiento, en la variable depresión medida tanto con el BDI como con el HAD-D, así como en la variable ansiedad según el HAD-A. Esta mejoría se mantiene en el seguimiento realizado a los 3 meses de finalizado el tratamiento. Asimismo, al final de la intervención se observa un incremento estadísticamente significativo en todas las medidas de Autoeficacia y una disminución significativa de los pensamientos de Rumiación y Magnificación, mejoría que no se mantiene uniformemente en el seguimiento. Finalmente señalar que aunque tras la intervención se produce una bajada en el dolor medio informado por los pacientes, esta disminución no resulta estadísticamente significativa. Por todo ello puede concluirse que este programa de tratamiento protocolizado y en grupo ha demostrado ser eficaz para mitigar los problemas emocionales asociados a la fibromialgia, disminuir los pensamientos rumiativos y mejorar su percepción de autoeficacia en el afrontamiento de su enfermedad. Finalmente señalar la conveniencia de realizar sesiones de seguimiento-mantenimiento para consolidar los resultados obtenidos.

Nos últimos anos tem sido crescente a preocupação com as mudanças climáticas e com a utilização auto-sustentável dos recursos naturais, estimulando cada vez mais os estudos para a prospecção de novos produtos naturais visando minimizar o uso de pesticidas. Os percevejos produzem uma variedade de compostos químicos com potencial para o seu manejo. A composição química dos compostos defensivos dos percevejos Chinavia impicticornis (Stål), C. ubica (Rolston), Dichelops melacanthus (Dallas), Euschistus heros (F.), Piezodorus guildinii (Westwod), Thyanta perditor (Westwood) e Tibraca limbativentris (Stål) foi avaliada. Os principais compostos nas glândulas dos percevejos foram: 2-alcenais, principalmente o isômero E, hidrocarbonetos alifáticos saturados; e 4 oxo-(E)-2-alcenal. O primeiro feromônio sexual de percevejo identificado no Brasil foi do Nezara viridula L., que consiste na mistura dos isômeros cis e trans epóxi-bisabolenos; na sequência, o percevejo praga da soja E.. heros também teve seu feromônio sexual identificado. Os machos desta espécie produzem três ésteres: 2,6,10-trimetildecanoato de metila, 2,6,10 trimetildodecanoato de metila e 2E,4Z decadienoato de metila. Recentemente, mais três espécies de percevejos neotropicais tiveram a composição da mistura feromonal elucidada. Machos de T. perditor produzem o éster, 2E,4Z,6Z-decatrienoato de metila. O percevejo P. guildinii tem como feromônio sexual o β-sesquifelandreno, e o percevejo praga do arroz T. limbativentris tem também como feromônio sexual um sesquiterpenóide, o zingiberenol. Nessa revisão serão abordados os avanços obtidos no estudo do comportamento e identificação de feromônios sexuais e de alarme de várias espécies do complexo de percevejos praga da agricultura brasileira. A aplicação desses conhecimentos é discutida.

In recent years the growing concern about environmental changes and how we are using the natural resources have triggered a search for natural products as alternatives to synthetic pesticides. The stink bugs produce a wide variety of chemical compounds (semiochemicals) that show potential to manage these insects. The stink bugs Chinavia impicticornis (Stål), C. ubica (Rolston), Dichelops melacanthus (Dallas), Euschistus heros (F.), Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood), Thyanta perditor (Westwood) and Tibraca limbativentris (Stål) had their blends of defensive compounds evaluated both qualitative and quantitatively. The main compounds identified on the glands of Brazilian stink bugs are: 2-alkenals, mainly the E isomer; saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons; and 4 oxo-(E)-2-alkenals. The first sex attractant determined from a stink bug was obtained from Nezara viridula L., and consists on a mix of two isomers cis - and trans bisabolene-epoxides. Later the soybean stink bug E. heros was also studied and its sex attractant was identified as three esters methyl: 2,6,10-trimethyldecanoate, methyl 2,6,10-trimethyldodecanoate, and methyl E2, Z4-decadienoate. Recently, three new Brazilian sting bugs were studied and had their sex attractant elucidated. Males of T. perditor produce the ester, methyl 2E,4Z,6Z-decatrienoate. Whereas, the stink bug, P. guildinii has as sexual pheromone, the sesquiterpene β-sesquiphellandrene, and the stink bug T. limbativentris produces as sex attractant the zingiberenol. In this review we discuss the advances obtained on the behaviour and identification of sex and defensive compound of stink bugs from Brazilian crops and the application of this knowledge to manage the stink bugs.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi melhorar a técnica de criação massal de Euschistus heros em laboratório. Ninfas e adultos foram criados nas densidades de 100, 200, 300 e 400 ovos por placa de Petri (9 cm diâmetro), e 50, 100, 150 e 200 casais por gaiola de criação (900 mL), respectivamente. Foram determinadas a taxa de sobrevivência dos estágios imaturos e a sobrevivência e reprodução de adultos. A sobrevivência das ninfas até o estágio de adulto foi maior (89%) quando criadas em densidade de 100 ovos por placa de Petri. A sobrevivência dos adultos foi independente da densidade, e 100 casais por gaiola de criação foi a melhor densidade encontrada para melhorar a qualidade dos insetos. Nessas condições, a fecundidade das fêmeas foi de 160,8±9,28 ovos por fêmea, e um total de 8.950±456 ovos por gaiola por mês foi produzido. A densidade de 200 casais por gaiola apresentou efeito negativo sobre a reprodução, que decresceu 65%. Com esta técnica, uma colônia de 35 gaiolas com 100 casais por gaiola produz cerca de 313,3 mil ovos por mês, quantidade suficiente para liberar o parasitóide de ovos Telenomus podisi em 35 ha de plantio de soja.

The objective of this work was to improve the mass rearing technique of Euschistus heros in laboratory. Nymphs and adults were reared at densities 100, 200, 300 and 400 eggs per Petri dish (9 cm diameter), and at 50, 100, 150 and 200 couples per rearing cages (900 mL), respectively. Survival rate of immature stages and survivorship and reproduction of adults were determinated. Survivorship of nymph to adult was the highest (89%) at density 100 eggs per dish. Adult survivorship was independent of density, and 100 couples per cage were the best to improve quality of the produced progeny. In these conditions, fecundity was 160.8±9.28 eggs per female, and a total of 8,950±456 eggs per cage per month was produced. Two hundred couples per cage showed a negative effect on reproduction, which decreased to 65%. With this technique, a colony of 35 cages with 100 couples per cage yields about 313.3 thousands eggs per month, which is enough to supply the egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi to colonize about 35 ha of soybean field.