Resumo: A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH) é a principal cardiopatia dos felinos e é caracterizada por hipertrofia miocárdica concêntrica, sem dilatação ventricular. O ecocardiograma é o melhor meio diagnóstico não invasivo para a diferenciação das cardiomiopatias e é considerado padrão ouro para a detecção de hipertrofia ventricular presente na CMH. Alterações eletrocardiográficas também são comuns em animais com CMH e o eletrocardiograma (ECG) é um teste de triagem para detecção de hipertrofia ventricular em humanos, sendo um exame rápido e facilmente disponível. Em gatos, poucos estudos foram realizados quanto à sensibilidade e especificidade do ECG na detecção de hipertrofia ventricular. Com a intenção de avaliar o uso do ECG como ferramenta de triagem para diagnóstico de CMH em felinos, gatos da raça Persa (n=82) foram avaliados por meio de exames ecocardiográfico e eletrocardiográfico. Animais com bloqueios e/ou distúrbios de condução foram excluídos da análise estatística (n=22). Posteriormente, os animais incluídos foram classificados em: normais (n=38), suspeitos (n=6) e acometidos pela CMH (n=16). Observaram-se diferenças estatísticas na amplitude da onda P em DII e na amplitude de onda R em DII, CV6LL e CV6LU, com valores maiores nos animais com CMH; e nos valores ecocardiográficos de velocidade e gradiente de pressão do fluxo aórtico, diâmetro do átrio esquerdo (AE) e relação AE/Ao, com valores maiores nos gatos com CMH. Dentre os animais com alterações eletrocardiográficas sugestivas de sobrecarga atrial esquerda (n=7), apenas dois realmente apresentavam aumento do AE no ecocardiograma; e dentre os animais com aumento atrial esquerdo ao ecocardiograma (n=7), apenas dois apresentavam alterações eletrocardiográficas sugestivas de sobrecarga do AE (sensibilidade de 40,40% e especificidade de 90,90%). Dentre os gatos com alterações eletrocardiográficas sugestivas de sobrecarga ventricular esquerda (n=6), cinco realmente apresentavam hipertrofia ventricular ao ecocardiograma; e dentre os animais com CMH ao ecocardiograma (n=16), apenas cinco apresentaram alterações eletrocardiográficas sugestivas de sobrecarga do VE (sensibilidade de 31,25% e especificidade de 97,72%). Observou-se correlação positiva entre espessura diastólica do septo interventricular e/ou da parede livre do ventrículo esquerdo e a amplitude da onda R em derivações DII e CV6LU. O eletrocardiograma é um exame rápido e de fácil execução, apresenta boa especificidade na detecção de hipertrofia ventricular em felinos, porém, possui baixa sensibilidade, com grande número de falsos negativos. Desta forma, o ECG auxilia no diagnóstico, mas não substitui o ecocardiograma na confirmação da hipertrofia ventricular.

Abstract: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common feline heart disease and is characterized by increased cardiac mass with a hypertrophied and not dilated left ventricle. The echocardiography is the best noninvasive diagnostic tool for the differentiation of cardiomyopathies and is considered the gold standard for detection of ventricular hypertrophy present in HCM. Electrocardiographic changes are also common in animals with HCM and the electrocardiogram (ECG) is quick, easy and highly available screening test for the detection of ventricular hypertrophy in humans. In cats, few studies have been conducted regarding the sensitivity and specificity of ECG in detecting ventricular hypertrophy. With the intention of evaluating the use of ECG as a screening tool for diagnosis of HCM in cats, Persian cats (n=82) were evaluated by echocardiographic and electrocardiographic examinations. Animals with blocks and/or conduction disturbances were excluded from statistical analysis (n=22). Subsequently the animals included were classified as normal (n=38), suspicious (n=6) and affected by HCM (n=16). Statistical differences were observed in the P-wave amplitude in DII and R-wave amplitude in DII, CV6LL and CV6LU, with higher values in animals with HCM. Velocities and pressure gradient of aortic flow, left atrial diameter (LA) and LA/Ao ratio were higher in cats with HCM. Among the animals with ECG changes suggestive of left atrial enlargement (n=7), only two actually had LA enlargement on echocardiography, and among animals with left atrial enlargement on echocardiogram (n=7), only two had ECG changes suggestive of overload AE (40,4% of sensibility and 90,9% of specificity). Among the animals with ECG changes suggestive of left ventricular hypertrophy (n=6), five actually had ventricular hypertrophy on echocardiography, and among animals with HCM by echocardiography (n=16), only five showed electrocardiographic abnormalities suggestive of LV hypertrophy (31,25% of sensibility and 97,72% of specificity). We observed a positive correlation between diastolic thickness of the interventricular septum and/or left ventricular free wall and R-wave amplitude in DII and CV6LU. The electrocardiogram is quick and easy to perform, has good specificity in detecting ventricular hypertrophy in cats, however, has low sensitivity, with large numbers of false negative animals. Thus, the ECG assists in the diagnosis, but does not replace echocardiography in confirming ventricular hypertrophy.

Commercial cereal bars (CB) have low and poor nutritional quality of protein and fats and are included in school snacks. A nutritional CB was developed with increased protein and fat content and quality, with a balanced energy distribution. The infIuence of processing on protein quality was studied. The process was divided into two stages: controlled formulation dry premix (DP) and further agglutination before consumption. In DP textured grains were used (rice, whole corn and semolina, wheat germ, oats), egg albumin and milk powder. Honey, egg white, soybean oil and sucrose were used as binding syrup. The processing was carried out in a pilot plant with drying at 105°C, per 30 minutes. Percentage and protein quality (NPU) were determined at each stage: DP, CB before and after drying (HCB and DCB). In DCB fatty acids (FA) were determined by gas chromatography and shelf-life through sensorial evaluation by a trained panel. The DP protein content reached was 21.6 % with NPU 70 % and 91 % of D. For HCB and DCB the results were: protein 14.7 % and 15.7%, NPU 73 % and 51 %, D 86 % and 81 % respectively. In DCB fat was 12.6 %% (16% saturated FA, 34 %% monounsaturated, 48 % polyunsaturated). The energy distribution was balanced. Sensory evaluation showed stable products for 7 days. It would be possible to develop CB in bakeries with short life where a unit of 25 g would cover 7 % of the protein requirement of a 30 kg child.

Las barras de cereales (BC) comerciales presentan bajo contenido y pobre calidad nutricional de proteínas y grasas, siendo actualmente incluidas en colaciones escolares. Se desarrollaron BC nutritivas con aumento del contenido y calidad de proteínas y grasas, distribución energética equilibrada y se estudió la influencia del procesado en la calidad proteica. El proceso se dividió en dos etapas: una premezcla seca (PS) de formulación controlada y posterior aglutinación previo al consumo. En PS se utilizaron cereales texturizados (arroz, maíz entero y sémola, germen de trigo, avena), ovoalbúmina y leche ambas deshidratadas. Para la aglutinación se utilizó miel, clara de huevo, aceite de soja y sacarosa. La elaboración se realizó en planta piloto con secado a 105°C, por 30 minutos. Se determinó el porcentaje y la calidad proteica (UPN) en cada etapa: PS, barra de cereal húmeda (BCH) y seca (BCS). En la BCS se determinaron los ácidos grasos (AG) por cromatografía gaseosa y la estabilidad mediante análisis sensorial por panel entrenado. En PS se alcanzó 21,6% de proteínas con UPN 70% y D 91%. Para BCH y BCS los resultados fueron: proteínas 14,7% y 15,7%, UPN 73% y 51%, D 86% y 81%, respectivamente. En BCS el contenido graso fue 12,6% (16% AG saturados, 34% monoinsaturados, 48% poliinsaturados). La distribución energética de macronutrientes fue equilibrada y la evaluación sensorial arrojó productos estables durante 7 días. Sería posible elaborar en panaderías BC de corta vida útil, donde una unidad de 25 g cubriría 7% del requerimiento proteico de un niño de 30 kg.

Background and Objective With the advent of the new generation of permanent pacemakers with event storage capabilities (PMSC), a new diagnostic tool is available for patient follow-up. The present study was conducted with the objective of assessing rhythm disturbances in patients with PMSC. Material and Methods In 53 consecutive patients, followed from June 2002 until January 2004, the collection of electrograms (EG) was activated at the time of pacemaker implant and thus the need for therapeutic intervention was assessed. Follow-up period was 8 ± 6 months; 39 pacemakers were DDD mode and 14 were VDD, in all of them electrogram collection was activated. Recordings showing generator malfunction were excluded as well as those with a questionable diagnosis due to lack of onset of the arrhythmia. Results In the tracings analyzed, 20 atrial sustained arrhythmias were detected (atrial fibrillation, 11; atrial tachycardia or flutter, 9), 3 sustained ventricular tachycardias (VT), 3 nonsustained VT's and 2 pacemaker-mediated tachycardias. In all the arrhythmias found, a single or combined therapeutic intervention was decided: radiofrequency ablation in 4, pharmacological treatment in 22, and in 37 the arrhythmia required pacemaker reprogramming. Conclusion The analysis of stored electrograms is a very useful tool to assess the occurrence of arrhythmic events and decide therapeutic conducts.

Introducción y objetivo Con el advenimiento de la nueva generación de marcapasos definitivos con capacidad de almacenamiento de eventos (MPCA) ha surgido una nueva herramienta diagnóstica en el seguimiento de los pacientes. El presente trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de conocer las alteraciones del ritmo en pacientes portadores de MPCA. Material y métodos En 53 pacientes consecutivos, desde junio de 2002 a enero de 2004, la recolección de electrogramas (EGM) se activó en el momento del implante del marcapasos y se determinó así la necesidad de alguna intervención terapéutica. El período de seguimiento fue de 8 ± 6 meses; 39 de los marcapasos correspondían a modo DDD y 14 a VDD, todos ellos con recolección de electrogramas activada. Se excluyeron los registros que evidenciaran mal funcionamiento del generador y también aquellos con diagnóstico dudoso por falta del comienzo de la arritmia (onset). Resultados De los trazados analizados, se detectaron 20 arritmias auriculares sostenidas (fibrilación auricular, 11; taquicardia o aleteo auricular, 9), 3 taquicardias ventriculares sostenidas, 3 TV no sostenidas y 2 taquicardias mediadas por marcapasos. En todas las arritmias encontradas se decidió una intervención terapéutica única o combinada: en 4 se realizó ablación por radiofrecuencia, en 22 se indicó tratamiento farmacológico y en 37, la arritmia requirió la reprogramación del marcapasos. Conclusión El análisis de los electrogramas almacenados es una herramienta muy útil para evidenciar eventos arrítmicos y decidir conductas terapéuticas.

Neste trabalho são descritos os métodos analíticos empregados para a determinação de micronutrientes (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn e Mo), cobalto, fósforo orgânico e inorgânico, silica, matéria orgânica e carbono orgânico em torta de filtro rotativo. São apresentadas as marchas analíticas preconizadas e os resultados obtidos nas determinações efetuadas em vinte e duas amostras do material.

This paper describe the analytical methods employed for the determination of copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, molybdenum, organic and organic phosphorus, silicon, organic mater and organic carbon in filter mud.

O presente trabalho apresenta os dados obtidos sôbre a variação na concentração e na quantidade de macro e micronutrientes no fruto do cafeeiro em função do seu grau de desenvolvimento, através da análise de amostras colhidas mensalmente. A variedade de café usada foi bourbon vermelho, de 9 anos de idade, localizada num solo latosólico roxo, no município de Charqueada. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os frutos exigem contìnuamente todos os macronutrientes, desde o início de sua formação até a maturação. Com relação aos micronutrientes, o boro, cobre, ferro e molibdênio também foram solicitados contìnuamente, ao passo que o manganês e o zinco deixaram de ser absorvidos nos dois últimos meses de seu ciclo formativo. A exigência quantitativa de micronutrientes obedeceu a seguinte ordem decrescente: ferro, manganês, cobre, boro, zinco e molibdênio.

This paper reports the variation in the concentration and in the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum and zinc in the coffee berries during their growing period. The concentration of macro and micronutrients showed a tendency of reduction with the development of the coffee berries. On the other hand the amount of macronutrients and of iron, copper, boron and molybdenum increased continuously from the first month to the ripening stage of the coffee fruits. Zinc and manganese did not increase in the last three months previous of the ripening of the fruits.

O presente trabalho relata os dados obtidos sôbre a concentração e a quantidade de micronutrientes, boro (B), cloro (Cl), cobre (Cu), ferro (Fe), manganês (Mn), molibdênio (Mo) e zinco (Zn), no tronco, ramos, fôlhas e frutos do cafeeiro, Coffea arabica, L., variedade mundo novo (B.Rodr.) Choussy, aos dez anos de idade e crescendo em solo latosólico da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", em Piracicaba. Além dos micronutrientes, são apresentados dados sobre a concentração e a quantidade de alumínio, nas citadas partes do cafeeiro.

This paper reports the content (table 1) and amount of the micronutrients boron (B), chlorine (Cl), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo) and zinc (Zn), and of the non-essential element aluminum (Al) in the trunk, branches, leaves and fruits of the ten years coffee tree, Coffea arabica, L., variety mundo novo (B.Rodr.) Choussy, growing in a latosol of Piracicaba, State of Sao Paulo. Brasil. It is very interesting to observe the high content of chlorine in the different parts of the coffee tree. The uptake of micronutrients calculated for the growing of the trunk, branches and leaves of 1000 coffee trees ten years old was: 555 g of boron (B), 37157 g of chlorine (Cl), 214 g of copper (Cu), 3765 g of iron (Fe), 776 g of manganese (Mn), 1,6 g of molybdenum (Mo) and 144 g of zinc (Zn). On the other hand the uptake of micronutrients calculated for the production of 2000 kilograms of fruits was: 24 g of boron (B); 3380 g of chlorine (Cl); 21 g of copper (Cu); 55 g of iron (Fe); 19 g of manganese (Mn); 0,14 g of molybdenum (Mo) and 11 g of zinc (Zn).

O presente trabalho relata a determinação do P2O5 em fertilizantes simples e em misturas, pelos métodos, espectrofotométrico (espectrofotômetro Beckman, modelo B) diferencial do ácido fosfovánadomólíbdico e pelo método volumétrico alcalimétrico (fosfomolibdato de amônio). Relata também a determinação do P2O5 solúvel em solução de ácido cítrico a 2% nos mesmos materiais, pelos métodos espectrofotométrico e colorimétrico (Klett-Summerson) dif erenciais e volumétrico. Os dados obtidos permitem afirmar que os métodos espectrofotométrico e colorimétrico diferenciais são precisos e muito mais simples e rápidos que o método volumétrico. Considerando-se que os métodos espectrofotométrico e colorimétrico são mais simples, e rápidos que o método volumétrico e que êste está mais sujeito à erros devido às operações de precipitação, filtração, lavagem do precipitado, etc, pode-se adotar os dois primeiros em substituição ao método volumétrico de determinação do P2O5 total e solúvel em solução de ácido cítrico a 2%, em fertilizantes fosfatados, simples e em misturas.

This paper reports the\ study of the total phosphorus determination in fertilizers by volumetric (phosphomolybdate) and by the differential spectrophotometric (Beckman, model B) method using the molybdovanadate reagent. This paper also presents the data obtained of the soluble phosphorus in 2% citric acid determined in fertilisers by the volumetric method and by the differential spectrophotometry and colorimetric (Klett-Summerson) methods. Ih was possible to conclude that the differential spectrophotometry and colorimetric methods presented a good precision and are faster than the volumetric method.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo a determinação da concentração de cobre e o estudo das quantidades absorvidas do elemento citado, pela cana de açúcar Co 419, crescendo em condições de campo na região de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo. As amostras eram provenientes de 3 repetições, de um tratamento no qual as nlantas sofreram adu-bação com nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio, variando as plantas de 6 a 15 meses de idade. O método utilizado na determinação do cobre, foi o do dietilditiocarbamato de sódio. A concentração de cobre apresentou um relativo decréscimo, com o aumento de idade da planta, variando os teores de cobre no colmo de 7,4 a 62,8 ppm e na folha de 10,0 a 30,0 ppm. Quanto a absorção do cobre, a planta apresentou um aumento proporcional a idade. A mesma absorveu maior quantidade no 14.° mês, 412,2 miligramas de cobre, por 4 touceiras.

This paper reports the determination of copper concentration and the study of its quantities taken up by the sugar cane Co 419, grown under field conditions in the region of Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brasil. The samples came from a fertilization (NPK) experiment plot with three repetitions, and were cut monthly, from the 6th to the 15th month of age. The copper content was determined by the sodium diethyldithiocarbamate method. It can be seen, from the data obtained, that the copper level showed a relative decrease with the aging of the plant. The coper content varied from 7.4 to 62.8 ppm in the stalk and from 10 to 30 ppm in the leaves. The asorption of copper showed an increase proportional to the plant age. The highest uptake of copper occurred in the 14th month of age, when it was absorbed 412 miligrams of copper by 4 stools.

In this paper the authors describe the results obtained from the determination of molybdenum in sugar cane plant, grown in soils and climate prevailing in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The molybdenum was determined in samples cut monthly from the 8th to 14th month, from an experiment consisting of 6 plots, 3 fertilized and 3 unfertilized. The fertilized treatment received 40 kg N (ammonium sulfate) 100 kg P2O3, (superphosphate) and 40 kg K2O (potassium chloride) per hectare, just before planting. Molybdenum was determined by thiocyanate-stannous chloride method, using carbon tetrachloride-butyl alcohol misture, for extrating the colored complex. The results obtained show a parallelism in the absorption of molybdenum by the plants of both treatments. The concentration of molybdenum in the stalks have a tendency to decrease, where as it kept more or less constant in leaves, with a exception in the 14° month when it rised probable because of a migration of molybdenum of the stalks to the leaves. The total amount molybdenum taken up was higher with the fertilized plot due its greater mass prodution.

This paper describes the results obtained from the determination of iron in sugar cane according to the age of the plant, in the soil and climate conditions of the state of S. Paulo, Brazil. The iron was determined by 1-10- phenanthroline method, in samples cut monthly from 7th to 15th month from an experiment consisted de 3 plots fertilized with amonium sulfate, superphosphate and potassium cloride. The concentration of iron in the stalks and in the leaves varies according to the age of the plant. A ton of fresh stalks 15 months old contains 78,71 g of iron.

The status of zinc in sugar cane, variety Co 419, troughout its life cyle, was studid in samples cut monthly, from the 6th to 15th month, from an experiment carried on under the conditions of soil and climate prevailing in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The experiment consisted of 6plots, 3 fertilized and 3 unfertilized. The fertilized ones received 40 kg of N (ammonium sulfate), 100 kg P2O5 (superphosphate) and 40 kg K2O (potassium cloride) per hectare, just before planting. The zinc content was determined by the Zincon method, after separation of zinc from other ions by means of the ion Exchange Resin III, Merck. The results obtained show that there was a tendency to decrease the zinc level in the stalks, whereas it kept more or less constant in the leaves; there was an exception in January, when the zinc level in the stalks had a sharp raise: 38-90-20 and 28-60-23 ppm for the fertilized an unfertilized treatments. There was a parallelism in the absorption of zinc by the plants from 4 hills of both treatments, through the whole - plantcycle but, the total amount taken up was higher with the fertilized plot due to its greater mass production.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo o estudo do método de separação do zinco dos outros elementos por meio de resina trocadora de ânions (III, Merck), e a sua determinação colorimétrica por meio do Zincon, em vegetais. Estudou-se particularmente: 1 - estabilidade do complexo; 2 - formação do complexo em diversos pH; 3 - a influencia da concentração de ácido clorídrico na adsorção do zinco pela resina; 4 - efeito do volume de KC1 e NaNO3 na eluição do zinco ; 5 - influência de outros íons; 6 - exatidão e precisão do método; 7 - estudo comparativo de três métodos de preparo do extrato de vegetais.

This paper deals with the separation of zinc from other elements by means of anion exchange resin (Merck, III) and its colorimetric determination using zincon reagent, in plants. Some factors influiencing the method were studied such as: 1 - zinc-zincon complex stability; 2 - pH influence on the complex formation; 3 - interval of hydrocloric concentration for best absorption of zinc by the resin; 4 - effect of KC1 and NaNO3 solution volumes on the absorption and elution of zinc in the column; 5 - interference by other ions, specially those associated with zinc in vegetables; 6 - accuracy and precision of the zincon method; 7 - comparison of zinc estraction from the plant tissue by dry and wet ashing and fluorization, etc. The reagent is very stable but the color complex should be red within 30 minutes wheter developed in the light or in the dark. The volumes and concentration of reagents recomended by JOHNSON & ULRICH are good. Zinc is best absorbed by the resin in hidrocloric solution circa 2 normal. Other ions, usually found in plant analyses, in amounts from 10 to 100 or 500 micrograms did not interfer with 20 microgram of zinc. By comparison, repetition and recuperation it was observed that the present method is fairly accurate and well precise. Dry ashing gave results as good as the other 2 procedures; there was no statistical diference among them at the level of 5 %. The method may have no great accuracy for general application but is good enough for plant analysis.

In this paper the authors have studied the manganese absorption by the sugar cane plant, variety Co 419, in samples cut monthly, from the 6th to 15th month of life in the climate prevailing at Piracicaba, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. From October to February (6 th to 10 th month of the plant life), which coincided with the rainy season, the manganese content was higher in the stalk than in the leaves, for both treatments, fertilized and unfertilized. There was a sharp decrease in manganese content in the stalks, after February, in both reatments. In the leaves there was little variation in manganese content throughout the plant tissue. The stalks from the unfertilized plots had a larger variation in manganese content, specially from the 6 th to the 10 th month. In the leaves of the sugar cane from the unfertilized plots, the manganese content varied from 116 to 220 ppm, whereas in the fertilized treatments thire was a variation from 150 to 220 ppm. From these results, althoug not being a foliar analyses, and considering the easy availability of manganese in acid soils, there must be enough of it, if we consider 40 ppm (EVANS, 1955) as a minimum for healthy plants.

This paper deals with a modification in the solubilization technique of natural phophates in the 2% citric acid solution. The proposed technique is as follows: 2,5 g of phosphatic material and 250 ml of 2% citric acid solution, in a 500 ml Erlenmeyer flask, are shaken for 30 minutes at 30-40 rpm. The phosphorus (P2O5) was determined by the usual method. The data obtained were compared with the conventional technique in which a Stohmann bottle is used. The natural phosphates used were: Phosphorita de Olinda (Pernambuco), Flórida Phosphate (USA) and Hiperphosphate (África). Statistical analysis was applied to the data and the following conclusions were arrived at: a) The precision is equivalent in both techniques. b) There is no significant variation between the means obtained with the two technique.

Phosphate "fixation" is the convertion of soluble into insoluble phosphate in the soil. There are many factors conditioning phosphate fixation by soil such as reactions originating less soluble compounds (phosphates of iron, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, etc.), PO4-3 adsorption by the colloidal fraction of soils, PO4-3 absorption by the soil microflora, etc. Certain soils of the state of São Paulo (Brazil) are relatively rich in both iron and aluminum oxides. PO4-3 fixation, using P31 and P32 has been verified by researchers, specially with "Terra Roxa". The known methods for fixation evaluation are conventional as this depends on phosphate solution concentration, pH, time of contact between soil and solution, relation of sample weight to solution volume, shaking time, etc. In this experiment, the following conventional method was used: 4 g of soil were shaken for 15 minutes at 30-40 rpm, in 300 ml Erlenmeyer flask in a Wagner shaking machine, together with 100 ml of 0,03 normal phosphate solution (being 0,01 normal as PO4-3 contributed by H8PO4 and 0,02 normal as PO4-3 from KH2PO4). After shaking it was set aside for 24 hours and then filtered. Phosphate was determined in a suitable aliquot of both the original solution (blank) and the soil extract, by the vanadomolibidic-phosphoric acid method. From phosphate concentration in the blank minus phosphate concentration in the soil stract the rate of fixation by 100 g of soil was calculated. The data obtained show that "Terra Roxa" and "Terra Roxa Misturada" have a fairly high PO4-3 fixation capacity, varying from 10 to 24 milliequivalents of PO4-3 per 100 g of soil.