ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze pejotização in the context of nursing work and the respective implications for the protection and health of these professionals. Method: Documentary study, which had news, resolutions, and recommendations issued by the Federal Nursing Council and the Regional Nursing Councils as data collection source, which underwent lexical analysis, based on data processing using the software Iramuteq. Results: Six news items were captured for analysis. The similitude analysis was built with 40 active forms and six discussion centers were generated, with the most expressive lexicons in each of these being outsourcing, economic, pejotização, deputy, Federal Nursing Council, Bill of Law. Conclusion: In the quest to increase capital based on neoliberal ideas, strategies are produced that put the workers’ and users’ health and safety at risk. Pejotização leads to loss of labor rights, as it deprives the worker of consolidated labor achievements, such as the 13th salary, paid vacations, sick leave and, above all, insecurities are generated in relation to the future, with few guarantees, causing negative impacts on these workers’ health.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la pejotização en el contexto del trabajo de enfermería y las respectivas implicaciones para la protección y la salud de estos profesionales. Método: Estudio documental, que tuvo como fuente de recolección de datos noticias, resoluciones y recomendaciones emitidas por el Consejo Federal de Enfermería y los Consejos Regionales de Enfermería y sometidos a análisis del léxico, a partir del procesamiento de datos utilizando el software Iramuteq. Resultados: Se capturaron seis noticias para análisis. El análisis de similitud se construyó con 40 formas activas y se generaron seis núcleos de discusión, con los léxicos más expresivos en cada uno de estos siendo terceirización, económico, pejotização, diputado, Consejo Federal de Enfermería, Proyecto de Ley. Conclusión: En la búsqueda por aumentar el capital y las ideas neoliberales se producen estrategias que ponen en riesgo la salud y seguridad de los trabajadores y usuarios. Se pierden los derechos laborales, a través de la pejotização, negándose al trabajador conquistas laborales consolidadas, como el salario 13, vacaciones pagadas, bajas por enfermedad y, sobre todo, se generan inseguridades en relación al futuro, con pocas garantías, provocando impactos negativos. sobre la salud de estos trabajadores.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a pejotização no contexto do trabalho de enfermagem e as respectivas implicações para proteção e saúde desses profissionais. Método: estudo documental, que teve como fonte de coleta de dados notícias, resoluções e recomendações veiculadas pelo Conselho Federal de Enfermagem e pelos Conselhos Regionais de Enfermagem e submetidas à análise lexical, a partir do processamento dos dados pelo software Iramuteq. Resultados: Captaram-se seis notícias para análise. A análise de similitude foi construída com 40 formas ativas e geraram-se seis núcleos de discussão, sendo os léxicos mais expressivos em cada um destes: terceirização, econômico, pejotização, deputado, Conselho Federal de Enfermagem, Projeto de Lei. Conclusão: Na busca por incremento do capital no ideário neoliberal, produzem-se estratégias que colocam em risco a saúde e a segurança de trabalhadores e usuários. Existe perda de direitos trabalhistas, por meio da pejotização, negando-se ao trabalhador conquistas laborais consolidadas, como 13º salário, férias remuneradas, licença por adoecimento e, sobretudo, geram-se inseguranças em relação ao futuro, com poucas garantias, ocasionando impactos negativos na saúde desses trabalhadores.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Summarize the literature on the relationship between composite socioeconomic indicators and mortality in different geographical areas of Brazil. METHODS This scoping review included articles published between January 1, 2000, and August 31, 2020, retrieved by means of a bibliographic search carried out in the Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Lilacs databases. Studies reporting on the association between composite socioeconomic indicators and all-cause, or specific cause of death in any age group in different geographical areas were selected. The review summarized the measures constructed, their associations with the outcomes, and potential study limitations. RESULTS Of the 77 full texts that met the inclusion criteria, the study reviewed 24. The area level of composite socioeconomic indicators analyzed comprised municipalities (n = 6), districts (n = 5), census tracts (n = 4), state (n = 2), country (n = 2), and other areas (n = 5). Six studies used composite socioeconomic indicators such as the Human Development Index, Gross Domestic Product, and the Gini Index; the remaining 18 papers created their own socioeconomic measures based on sociodemographic and health indicators. Socioeconomic status was inversely associated with higher rates of all-cause mortality, external cause mortality, suicide, homicide, fetal and infant mortality, respiratory and circulatory diseases, stroke, infectious and parasitic diseases, malnutrition, gastroenteritis, and oropharyngeal cancer. Higher mortality rates due to colorectal cancer, leukemia, a general group of neoplasms, traffic accident, and suicide, in turn, were observed in less deprived areas and/or those with more significant socioeconomic development. Underreporting of death and differences in mortality coverage in Brazilian areas were cited as the main limitation. CONCLUSIONS Studies analyzed mortality inequalities in different geographical areas by means of composite socioeconomic indicators, showing that the association directions vary according to the mortality outcome. But studies on all-cause mortality and at the census tract level remain scarce. The results may guide the development of new composite socioeconomic indicators for use in mortality inequality analysis.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Summarize the literature on the relationship between composite socioeconomic indicators and mortality in different geographical areas of Brazil. METHODS This scoping review included articles published between January 1, 2000, and August 31, 2020, retrieved by means of a bibliographic search carried out in the Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Lilacs databases. Studies reporting on the association between composite socioeconomic indicators and all-cause, or specific cause of death in any age group in different geographical areas were selected. The review summarized the measures constructed, their associations with the outcomes, and potential study limitations. RESULTS Of the 77 full texts that met the inclusion criteria, the study reviewed 24. The area level of composite socioeconomic indicators analyzed comprised municipalities (n = 6), districts (n = 5), census tracts (n = 4), state (n = 2), country (n = 2), and other areas (n = 5). Six studies used composite socioeconomic indicators such as the Human Development Index, Gross Domestic Product, and the Gini Index; the remaining 18 papers created their own socioeconomic measures based on sociodemographic and health indicators. Socioeconomic status was inversely associated with higher rates of all-cause mortality, external cause mortality, suicide, homicide, fetal and infant mortality, respiratory and circulatory diseases, stroke, infectious and parasitic diseases, malnutrition, gastroenteritis, and oropharyngeal cancer. Higher mortality rates due to colorectal cancer, leukemia, a general group of neoplasms, traffic accident, and suicide, in turn, were observed in less deprived areas and/or those with more significant socioeconomic development. Underreporting of death and differences in mortality coverage in Brazilian areas were cited as the main limitation. CONCLUSIONS Studies analyzed mortality inequalities in different geographical areas by means of composite socioeconomic indicators, showing that the association directions vary according to the mortality outcome. But studies on all-cause mortality and at the census tract level remain scarce. The results may guide the development of new composite socioeconomic indicators for use in mortality inequality analysis.

Abstract The care of the Environment has been gradually generating greater awareness in people, global warming has been inserted as a topic of discussion at international level, the globalization of the world is something real, campaigns in their favor and the creation of self-sustainable systems is increasing the sensitivity regarding this topic. The government through the executive has proposed to the legislature, in 2014, a bill that will modify the tax system, in order to: finance educational reforms, advance tax equity, encourage savings and investment and reduce evasion and elusion. This bill refers to the issue of the environment by establishing taxes applied to emitters of polluting gases from stationary sources and vehicles that use diesel as fuel. This project does not establish concrete measures regarding tax incentives for the creation of projects destined to the generation of energies by unconventional and renewable systems, in order to effectively reduce polluting emissions and efficiently take advantage of unlimited resources from large natural sources, such as They are: the sea, the wind, the sun and geothermal energy. This bill does not present proposals to encourage the preservation of existing natural resources in the territory of Chile. It takes special interest those resources that are renewable and that if they are exploited in a rational way, they are lasting in time. It is essential to establish a strong government policy that, through the tax tool, generates all possible conditions for the real protection of the environment.

RESUMEN El cuidado del Medio Ambiente ha ido generando paulatinamente mayor conciencia en las personas, el calentamiento global se ha insertado como tema de discusión a nivel internacional, la globalización del mundo es algo real, las campañas a su favor y la creación de sistemas autosustentables está aumentando la sensibilidad respecto a este tema. El gobierno a través del ejecutivo ha propuesto al poder legislativo, en el año 2014, un proyecto de ley que modificará el sistema tributario, con la finalidad de: financiar reformas educacionales, avanzar en la equidad tributaria, incentivar el ahorro y la inversión y disminuir la evasión y la elusión. Este proyecto de ley alude al tema del medio ambiente estableciendo impuestos aplicados a los emisores de gases contaminantes de fuentes fijas y vehículos que utilizan diésel como combustible. Este proyecto no establece medidas concretas respecto a incentivos tributarios para la creación de proyectos destinados a la generación de energías por sistemas no convencionales y renovables, con el fin de reducir efectivamente las emisiones contaminantes y aprovechar eficientemente los recursos ilimitados provenientes de grandes fuentes naturales, como son: el mar, el viento, el sol y la geotermia. Este proyecto de ley no presenta proposiciones para incentivar la preservación de los recursos naturales existentes en el territorio de Chile. Toma especial interés aquellos recursos que son renovables y que de ser explotados de manera racional son perdurables en tiempo. Es primordial establecer una política fuerte del gobierno que, mediante la herramienta de los impuestos, genere todas las condiciones posibles para la real protección del Medio Ambiente.

Analyzing leadership practices is a challenge in managing human resources in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The objective of this research is to analyze the practices of managers’ leadership of SMEs in the city of Machala, Ecuador, through a set of measurable behaviors, classified into 5 leadership practices - Shaping the way, inspirind a shared vision, challenging the process, enabling others to act, encouraging the heart - known as the instrument Leadership practices inventory (LPI). Linear regression model (ANCOVA) was also used to determine the influence of age, education level, gender and seniority in office manager in each of the behaviors of the LPI. The results achieved clearly show leadership practices of managers of SMEs in the city of Machala and significant relationship between the variables included in the model behaviors LPI

Un desafío de la gestión de los recursos humanos en las pequeñas y medianas empresas (pymes) es analizar las prácticas de liderazgo. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las prácticas del liderazgo de los gerentes de las pymes de la ciudad de Machala-Ecuador, mediante un conjunto de comportamientos medibles, clasificados en 5 prácticas de liderazgo - Modelar el camino, inspirar una visión compartida, desafiar el proceso, habilitar a los demás para que actúen, alentar el corazón - conocido como el instrumento de inventario de prácticas de Liderazgo (LPI). También se utiliza un modelo de regresión lineal (ANCOVA) para determinar la afectación de la edad, el nivel de educación, el género y la antigüedad en el cargo del gerente en cada uno de los comportamientos del LPI. Los resultados alcanzados muestran claramente las prácticas del liderazgo de los gerentes de las pymes de la ciudad de Machala, así como relación significativa entre las variables incluidas en el modelo con los comportamientos del LPI

El derecho a la objeción de conciencia como derecho humano fundamental, desde su recepción por el Derecho Internacional de que Uruguay es parte, hasta su consagración constitucional y posterior reconocimiento y regulación específica en leyes, así como por la jurisprudencia -incluidos los recientes pronunciamientos del Tribunal de lo Contencioso Administrativo-, y situaciones dilucidadas en sede administrativa. Los cambios suscitados recientemente en la tutela jurídica del derecho de objeción de conciencia y su planteamiento en variados y crecientes ámbitos -en la salud, tanto del lado del profesional como del paciente, en lo laboral, en la educación, la ejercida por funcionarios públicos- y los desafíos que plantea la actual regulación, así como cierta ambigüedad por la ausencia de un tratamiento sistemático y unitario del derecho, que arroja incertidumbres al operador jurídico. El proyecto de ley de reconocimiento de la libertad de conciencia e ideario institucional y el recurso de hábeas conscientiam. Se ensayan unas reflexiones conclusivas acerca de la recepción del derecho de objeción de conciencia en el derecho uruguayo y el rol de la jurisprudencia como sumo garante de los derechos individuales y colectivos

Abstract The right to conscientious objection as a fundamental human right recognized by International Law mandatory for Uruguay, acknowledged by the Constitution and subsequently regulated by laws and by the jurisprudence -including recent resolutions by the Administrative Court-, and cases ruled by the Administration. Changes recently introduced in the legal protection of conscientious objection and its appearance in different and growing areas -healthcare, both from the professional as from the patient, in the workplace, in education, as exercised by public servants- and the challenges of the present regulation, as well as the ambiguities provoked by the absence of a systematic and integral consideration of the right, which creates uncertainty for the legal operator. The bill on freedom of conscience and institutional autonomy, introducing the writ of hábeasconscientiam. Some conclusive remarks as regards the reception of the right to conscientious objection and the role of jurisprudence as the utmost guarantee of individual and collective rights are proposed

Este artigo aborda a adequação da concepção de direitos sociais como compromissos constitutivos - avançada por CASS SUNSTEIN com referência à Social Bill of Rights - para sistemas constitucionais, como o Português, em que esses direitos estão consagrados no texto constitucional. Defende-se que tal conceção captura, com mais precisão, a falta de força jurídica dos direitos sociais, ao contrário dos direitos de liberdade, reforçando a sua força política, que em última análise é a sua única força real possível. Sustenta-se ainda que a mesma conceção reforça a associação entre a democracia e os direitos sociais.

This paper addresses the adequacy of the conception of social rights as constitutive commitments - advanced by Cass Sunstein with reference to the Social Bill of Rights - to constitutional systems, such as the Portuguese, in which those rights are consecrated by the constitutional text. It is defended that such conception captures more accurately the lacking legal force of social rights, as opposed to freedoms, reinforcing their political force, which ultimately is their only possible real force. It is also defended that the same conception strengthens the association between democracy and social rights.

O presente artigo analisa o processo de criação e regulamentação da Lei do Abate no Brasil, que autoriza a derrubada em pleno voo de aeronaves civis suspeitas de envolvimento no tráfico de drogas. Investigam-se as relações entre a elaboração da Lei do Abate, a política de guerra às drogas propagada pelos EUA e as preocupações estratégicas dos militares brasileiros acerca da segurança da Região Amazônica. Como parte da contextualização da criação dos programas de interdição aérea baseados no abate de aeronaves, estudam-se as origens e as transformações das políticas antidrogas dos EUA desde a década de 1960 e o modelo de guerra às drogas (War on Drugs). Analisa-se também o processo de discussão parlamentar no Brasil sobre a Lei do Abate e os debates para a sua regulamentação. A pesquisa ocorreu por meio da análise de documentos produzidos pelos governos dos EUA (abertos e sigilosos reclassificados) e do Brasil, da investigação dos anais do Congresso Nacional e do estudo de livros e artigos científicos nacionais e estrangeiros. Verifica-se que os programas que autorizam o abate nascem sob a justificativa do combate ao tráfico, mas se ligam às necessidades militares específicas de Peru e Colômbia. A lei brasileira surge para combater o transporte aéreo ilícito vinculado ao tráfico; contudo, sua origem e os debates posteriores para sua regulamentação submetem-se ao condicionamento dos temores e projetos militares em torno da defesa da soberania sobre a Amazônia brasileira.

This article analyze the creation and regulation of the Brazilian "Lei do Abate" that allow the shoot-down of civil aircraft suspected of involvement in drug trafficking. It investigated the relationship between the development of the Brazilian "Lei do Abate", the War on Drugs policy propagated by the U.S. government and the military strategic concerns about the security of the Amazon region. The research involved the study of the origins and transformations of the U.S. anti-drug policy since the 1960s and the War on Drugs model as part of the context of the creation of air bridge denial programs. We also examined the parliamentary debate to approve the bill proposed by the Executive Branch and the debates for their regulation. The research was carried out through the analysis of documents produced by the U.S. (open and confidential ones that were reclassified) and Brazil, through research in the annals of the Brazilian National Congress and through the study of Brazilian and international books and scientific articles. The programs that allows shoot-down of civil aircraft on flight was created under the excuse of combating trafficking, but are linked to specific military needs of Peru and Colombia. The Brazilian shoot-down program had been created to combat the illicit air transport linked to drug trafficking, but has close connections with the military projects for defending the sovereignty over the Brazilian Amazon.

Bancos brasileiros têm desenvolvido iniciativas inovadoras para levar serviços financeiros à população de baixa renda por meio de correspondentes bancários (CBs). O Banco Lemon é um caso interessante a ser investigado, pois implantou um modelo de negócios exclusivamente baseado no uso de CBs e focado nos clientes de baixa renda. Este artigo descreve o processo de adoção da tecnologia de CBs no Banco Lemon para ofertar serviços financeiros para a população de baixa renda, fazendo um resgate histórico das suas atividades, desde sua criação até o ano de 2009. O artigo também discute o relativo sucesso do banco na operação de serviços de arrecadação e os resultados pouco expressivos nas iniciativas de concessão de crédito.

Brazilian banks have developed innovative initiatives to deliver financial services for the low-income population through correspondent banking (CB). Banco Lemon is such an interesting case to be studied because it has implemented a business model based exclusively on CB outlets and its focus was on low-income clients. This paper describes Banco Lemon's adoption process of the CB technology to deliver financial services for the low-income population, promoting a historical description of the bank's activities, since its creation and up to the year 2009. Eventually, this paper concludes that bill payment initiatives were successful while credit initiatives led to unexpressive outcomes.

Um dos segmentos que mais têm se projetado no cenário brasileiro é o dos homossexuais. Apesar dessa crescente visibilidade, são quase inexistentes os estudos que procuram compreender a forma como os gays¹ interagem com o mundo dos produtos. Este estudo tem o objetivo de observar a subcultura gay e explorar as mudanças que ocorrem nos hábitos de consumo dos gays durante o rito de passagem da "saída do armário". Essa análise é crucial para se compreender a construção da identidade homossexual. Entrevistas em profundidade foram realizadas com 10 gays residentes no Rio de Janeiro entre outubro de 2004 e janeiro de 2005. Os resultados sugerem que: • os gays interagem com produtos e marcas durante a construção da identidade homossexual; e • os sujeitos utilizam os produtos numa estratégia de negação, camuflagem e reforço dessa identidade.

The focus of this study is the Brazilian gay (male homosexuals) subculture. Our objective is to explore the changes that occur in the way gays interact with the world of products during the process of "coming out of the closet". This analysis is important to understand the construction of the homosexual identity. Ten long in-depth interviews were carried out with gays residing in Rio de Janeiro between October 2004 and January 2005. The results suggest that products and services are actively used by gays in order to deny, camouflage, and reinforce their homosexual identity.