RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo consistiu em analisar os gastos públicos ambientais dos municípios brasileiros com população igual ou superior a 100 mil habitantes no período de 2005 a 2015. O gasto público ambiental municipal são despesas governamentais realizadas legalmente sob a forma de custeio, investimentos, transferências e inversões financeiras para cumprir as funções ambientais, consistindo na contabilização anual de cada município na função gestão ambiental (18) executada do orçamento municipal. Para tanto, utilizou-se de abordagem quantitativa com finalidade descritiva e exploratória. Foram coletados os dados de gastos ambientais municipais dos 303 municípios com população maior que 100 mil habitantes, visando à análise da evolução do gasto público ambiental. Além do gasto ambiental, as variáveis analisadas foram: desempenho verde das despesas, desempenho ambiental do Produto Interno Bruto, gasto ambiental por área territorial e gasto ambiental por habitante. Assim, os principais resultados retratam que: os municípios brasileiros possuem, em relação aos gastos ambientais, comportamento heterogêneo; tais municípios apresentaram aumento do gasto em meio ambiente no período analisado; ainda possuem baixa participação orçamentária voltada aos gastos ambientais; e apenas 20 cidades, das 303 pesquisadas, concentraram 58% dos gastos públicos ambientais no período estudado. A principal contribuição deste trabalho está em apresentar a importância do gasto ambiental municipal, uma vez que trabalhos que analisam os municipios brasileiros são escassos, servindo para a análise comparativa da política pública ambiental brasileira.

ABSTRACT The aim of this article was to analyze the public environmental expenditures of Brazilian municipalities with a population of 100,000 inhabitants or more, between 2005 and 2015. Municipal public environmental expenditures are governmental expenditures carried out legally in the form of funding, investments, transfers and financial investments to fulfill environmental functions, consisting of the annual accounting of each municipality on environmental management function (18) executed from the municipal budget. To this end, a quantitative approach was used for descriptive and exploratory purposes. Municipal environmental expenditures data were collected from 303 municipalities with a population greater than 100 thousand inhabitants, aiming at analyzing the evolution of public environmental expenditure. In addition to the Environmental Expenditure, the variables analyzed were: Green Expenditure Performance, Environmental GDP Performance, Environmental Expenditure by territorial area and Environmental Expenditure per Inhabitant. Thus, the main results show that: i) Brazilian municipalities have, in relation to environmental expenditures, a heterogeneous behavior; ii) these municipalities showed an increase in environmental spending in the period analyzed; iii) they still have a low budget participation focused on environmental expenditures; and iv) only 20 cities out of 303 surveyed accounted for 58% of public environmental expenditures in the period studied. The main contribution of this work was to present the importance of the municipal environmental expenditure since studies that analyze the Brazilian municipalities are scarce, serving for the comparative analysis of the Brazilian public environmental policy.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of digestible lysine levels in diets with or without supplementation of industrial amino acids on performance, carcass characteristics and nitrogen excretion in broilers of 22 to 42 days of age. Birds were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, with four digestible lysine levels (9.0, 10.0, 11.0 and 12.0 g/kg) and two methods to obtain the lysine levels (variation in the proportion of corn and soybean meal, without supplementation; or supplementation of industrial amino acids), eight replicates and 20 birds per replicate. There was an interaction effect on the performance characteristics and on the weights and yields of prime cuts. In both diets, feed conversion improved linearly as the lysine levels were increased. Feed intake; weight gain; carcass, thigh and drumstick weights; and boneless breast yield increased and abdominal fat reduced linearly as the lysine levels were increased in the unsupplemented diet. The lysine levels of the supplemented diets linearly reduced the yield of drumstick and quadratically reduced the yields of bone-in and boneless breast up to the estimated levels of 10.4 and 10.7 g/kg, respectively. Diets without supplementation increased the excretion and retention of nitrogen. The levels of 9.0 and 12.0 g/kg digestible lysine obtained with supplementation of industrial amino acids and without it, respectively, provide the best performance and yield of prime cuts in the birds. Diets in which the digestible lysine levels are obtained without supplementation provide better performance responses and carcass characteristics compared with supplemented diets.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of nitrogen supply and plants densities in the productivity of mombasa guineagrass (Panicum maximum) in the period of establishment. The design was of completely randomized blocks, with 12 treatments and three repetitions, with four nitrogen supplies (absence of application, 80, 160 and 320 kg/ha.year) and three plant densities (9, 25 and 49 plants/m²). The plot was cut at 30 cm from the ground when the sward high intercepted 95% of light. The following items were evaluated: sward height at 95% light interception, interval and number of cuts, dry mass production, total dry mass of leaves, stems and dead material and the morphologic composition. Nitrogen increased the dry mass production and the dry mass of stem in winter and summer, and decreased in the fall. The total dry mass of leaf presented decrease of 19% in the summer between the smallest and biggest densities in the 320 kg/ha. The dry mass of dead material had negative effect of the density in the fall. The leaf percentage increased 88% between the smallest and largest nitrogen level at the plant density of 49 plants/m². Only density influenced the sward height in the condition of 95% of light interception. The number of cuts increased with nitrogen levels in the fall, spring and summer, while the interval of cuts decreased with fertilization in the spring and summer. Nitrogen increases the production of mombasa guineagrass in each cycle.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito da adubação nitrogenada e da densidade de plantas nas características morfogênicas e estruturais do capim-mombaça (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv mombaça). O experimento foi realizado em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com 12 tratamentos e três repetições, com quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 80, 160 e 320 kg/ha.ano) e em três densidades (9, 25 e 49 plantas/m²) nas quatro estações do ano. O corte foi realizado a 30 cm do nível do solo, quando o dossel atingia 95% de interceptação luminosa. Foram mensuradas as taxas de aparecimento foliar, senescência e alongamento foliar, filocrono, taxa de alongamento de pseudocolmo, número de folhas vivas, duração de vida das folhas, número de perfilhos totais por touceira e taxas de aparecimento e mortalidade dos perfilhos totais. A adubação nitrogenada influenciou positivamente as taxas de aparecimento foliar e de perfilhos totais (outono e inverno), as taxas de alongamento foliar (primavera e verão) e de pseudocolmos (verão), a taxa de senescência foliar (outono, inverno, primavera e verão) e o número de folhas vivas e de perfilhos totais (primavera e verão). A adubação também influenciou positivamente o perfilhamento do capim-mombaça. As densidades mais elevadas aumentaram as taxas de alongamento e senscência foliar e diminuíram o número de perfilhos. A adubação nitrogenada reduz o filocrono e a duração de vida das folhas (primavera e verão), mas não influencia a taxa de mortalidade de perfilhos.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of the nitrogen fertilization and density of plants in the morphogenic and structural characteristics of mombaça grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.). The experiment was set up as a completely randomized block design with 12 treatments and three repetitions, with four applications of nitrogen (0, 80, 160 and 320 kg/ha.year) and three densities (9, 25 and 49 plants/m²) in the four seasons of the year. The plot was cut at 30 cm from the ground, when the light interception reached 95%. The following measures were done: leaf appearance and elongation rate, Phyllochron, leaf senescence rate, number of live leaves, leaf lifetime, stem elongation rate and rates of appearance and mortality of the total tiller. Nitrogen fertilization positively influenced the leaf and tiller appearance (fall and winter) rates, leaf elongation (spring and summer), and stem elongation (summer) rates, leaf senescence (all the stations) rate and number of live leaves and tillers (spring and summer). The fertilization also influenced positively the tillering of mombaça grass. Higher densities of plants increased the elongation and leaf senescence rates and decreased the number of tillers. Nitrogen fertilization reduces the phyllocron and life lenght of leaves (spring and summer), but does not affect the mortality rate of tillers.