Objectives: To explore differences in regional cortical morphometric structure between adolescents at risk for depression or with current depression. Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional structural neuroimaging data from a sample of 150 Brazilian adolescents classified as low-risk (LR) (n=50) or high-risk (HR) for depression (n=50) or with current depression (n=50) through a vertex-based approach with measurements of cortical volume (CV), surface area (SA), and cortical thickness (CT). Differences between groups in subcortical volume and in the organization of networks of structural covariance were also explored. Results: No significant differences in brain structure between groups were observed in whole-brain vertex-wise CV, SA, or CT. Also, no significant differences in subcortical volume were observed between risk groups. In relation to the structural covariance network, there was an indication of an increase in the hippocampus betweenness centrality index in the HR group network compared to the LR and current depression group networks. However, this result was only statistically significant when applying false discovery rate correction for nodes within the affective network. Conclusion: In an adolescent sample recruited using an empirically based composite risk score, no major differences in brain structure were detected according to the risk and presence of depression.

Objective: To determine whether psychiatric and gaming pattern variables are associated with gaming disorder in a school-based sample. Methods: We analyzed data from the Brazilian High-Risk Cohort for Psychiatric Disorders, a community sample aged 10 to 18, using questionnaires on gaming use patterns. We applied the Gaming Addiction Scale to diagnose gaming disorder and the Development and Well-Being Behavior Assessment for other diagnoses. Results: Out of 407 subjects, 83 (20.4%) fulfilled the criteria for gaming disorder. More role-playing game players were diagnosed with gaming disorder that any other genre. Gaming disorder rates increased proportionally to the number of genres played. Playing online, being diagnosed with a mental disorder, and more hours of non-stop gaming were associated with higher rates of gaming disorder. When all variables (including age and gender) were considered in a logistic regression model, the number of genres played, the number of non-stop hours, the proportion of online games, and having a diagnosed mental disorder emerged as significant predictors of gaming disorder. Conclusion: Each variable seems to add further risk of gaming disorder among children and adolescents. Monitoring the length of gaming sessions, the number and type of genres played, time spent gaming online, and behavior changes may help parents or guardians identify unhealthy patterns of gaming behavior.

RESUMO Introdução: A enxaqueca é uma causa importante de incapacidade, afetando diversos domínios, incluindo a produtividade no trabalho. Avaliar o absenteísmo e o presenteísmo decorrentes da enxaqueca, por meio de ferramentas adequadas, é essencial para melhor conhecer o impacto desta doença. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto da enxaqueca sobre a produtividade no trabalho utilizando a versão em português do questionário Work Productivity and Activity Impairment (WPAI). Métodos: Para a realização desta pesquisa utilizou-se o aplicativo Dr. Cefaleia para Médicos com os seguintes questionários: “ID-Migraine”, “Headache Impact Test - HIT-6” e o WPAI. Os dados foram coletados durante um mutirão de conscientização sobre cefaleias. Foram avaliadas as correlações entre o impacto da enxaqueca (HIT-6) com os parâmetros do WPAI: a) tempo de trabalho perdido (absenteísmo), b) comprometimento do trabalho (presenteísmo), c) perda geral de produtividade (absenteísmo+presenteísmo), e d) comprometimento das atividades fora do trabalho. Resultados: Foram entrevistados 305 indivíduos com cefaleia, sendo que 167 dos casos foram classificados como enxaqueca. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas no impacto da enxaqueca de acordo com o sexo (p=0,8) nem a modalidade de trabalho (p=0,8). As mulheres tiveram maior absenteísmo (p<0,001) mas não houve diferenças significativas entre os sexos quanto ao presenteísmo (p=0,3). Tanto os escores de absenteísmo quanto de presenteísmo do WPAI correlacionaram-se significativamente com o impacto da enxaqueca (HIT-6). Conclusões: Os resultados descritos sugerem que a versão em português do WPAI foi eficiente em avaliar o impacto no trabalho relacionado à enxaqueca. O uso de um aplicativo contendo questionários validados facilita pesquisas sobre o impacto da enxaqueca em diferentes populações, permitindo uma melhor compreensão do ônus resultante desta doença.

ABSTRACT Background: Migraine is a major cause of disability, which affects many areas of life, including productivity at work. Measuring absenteeism and presenteeism resulting from migraine with the use of appropriate tools is essential for better understanding the impact of this disease. Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess the work impact of migraine using the Brazilian Portuguese version of Work Productivity and Activity Impairment (WPAI) questionnaire. Methods: This survey was carried out with the aid of a smartphone app (Dr Cefaleia for Doctors) containing the questionnaires: ID-Migraine, Headache Impact Test (HIT-6), and WPAI. The data were collected during a headache awareness event. Correlations were assessed between migraine impact (HIT-6) with WPAI parameters: a) work time missed (absenteeism), b) impairment at work (presenteeism), c) overall work productivity loss (absenteeism+presenteeism), and d) activity impairment outside work. Results: Overall, 305 subjects with headache were interviewed and 167 were classified as having migraine. No significant differences in migraine impact according to sex (p=0.8) and modality of work were registered (p=0.8). Females had significantly higher absenteeism score (p<0.001), but presenteeism score was not significantly different between genders (p=0.3). WPAI absenteeism and presenteeism scores significantly correlated with migraine impact (HIT-6). Conclusions: The results suggest WPAI Brazilian Portuguese version was efficient in assessing migraine related work impact. The use of an app with validated questionnaires facilitates the conduction of migraine impact research in different populations, allowing a better understanding of the burden of this disease.