Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) have proven to be efficient and environmentally safe methods for extracting chemical species. However, the driving forces behind the partition of solutes in these systems are still little understood. A complete thermodynamic partitioning of phenothiazine dyes was investigated in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) + salt + water ATPSs. Standard transfer parameters (Gibbs free energy change (ΔtrGº), enthalpy change (ΔtrHº) and entropy change (TΔtrSº)) were evaluated, and their dependence on the dye structure, electrolyte nature and tie line length (TLL). All phenothiazine dyes are concentrated predominantly in the polymer enriched phase, with ΔtrGº values ranging from -4.1 up to -13.4 kJ mol-1. Due to the dye-PEO attractive interactions that occur mainly via benzene condensed ring present in the structures of phenothiazine dyes, the partitioning of these dyes was enthalpically driven, with -11.4 ≥ ΔtrHº ≥ -52 kJ mol-1 and -4.93 ≥ TΔtrSº ≥ -38 kJ mol-1.

The effects of low contents of acetonitrile (AN) or N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) on the aggregation of sodium alkyl sulfate surfactants, in the absence and presence of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), were investigated using conductivity and isothermal titration calorimetry. The cosolvents slightly changed the critical micellar concentrations and did not alter the critical aggregation concentrations of the surfactants sodium decyl sulfate (DSS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with PEO. However, AN and DMF turned the micellization of the surfactants and their binding to the polymer enthalpically more favorable. For instance, for SDS, the micellization enthalpy, ΔHomic, decreased from close to 0 kJ mol-1 in water to -14.3 kJ mol-1 in the presence of 2.50 mol% AN, and the integral enthalpy change for aggregate formation with the polymer, ΔHagg(int), decreased from -1.1 kJ mol-1 in water to -15.5 kJ mol-1 in the same AN concentration. This was attributed to the modification of the solvation shells of both SDS and PEO by the cosolvent molecules, which reduced the entropic contribution to formation of the aggregates. Consequently, when SDS was replaced with DSS, the AN affected ΔHomic to a lesser extent, with a decrease of 9.1 kJ mol-1, while the ΔHagg(int) values were not altered, highlighting the influence of hydrophobic interactions in the surfactant aggregation process.

Este trabalho é uma reflexão sobre alternativas à prisão e, de forma mais geral, sobre as complexas relações entre os conceitos de punição e de inovação. Nesse sentido, discutiremos um exemplo concreto extraído da legislação criminal brasileira - um dispositivo da nova lei de drogas (2006) - com a finalidade de enfatizar tanto o interesse teórico quanto as questões éticas que o conceito de inovação penal pode suscitar. introduzindo uma modificação extremamente improvável relativa às penas, essa lei brasileira nos possibilitará desenvolver aqui nossa argumentação em sete etapas: 1 ) descrever a modificação legislativa que servirá como pano de fundo para nossos propósitos; 2) apresentar as ferramentas conceituais necessárias à descrição que pretendemos fazer dessa modificação legislativa; 3) invocar o status que a teoria dos sistemas autorreferenciais outorga à produção legislativa; 4) chamar a atenção para duas maneiras historicamente marginais de conceitualizar a punição; 5) indicar alguns marcos históricos sobre o conceito dominante ou "normal" de pena; e finalmente 7) voltar, a título de conclusão, aos conceitos centrais tratados em nossa discussão.

This paper is a reflection on alternatives to imprisonment and, more generally, on the complex relationships between the concepts of punishment and innovation. for this purpose, we will discuss a concrete example taken from the Brazilian criminal legislation, a new drug law disposition (2006), in order to emphasize the theoretical interest as well as the ethical stakes which the concept of penal innovation can underscore. this legislation introduces a hyper-improbable modification of the concept of punishment and it will therefore enable us to develop our arguments along seven points: 1) to describe the legislative modification which will serve as the backdrop to our discussion; 2) to introduce the conceptual tools needed to describe this legislative modification; 3) to enunciate the status that the auto-referential systems theory gives to law making; 4) to direct the reader's attention toward two historically deviant ways to conceptualize punishment; 5) to introduce some historical markers of the dominant concept of punishment ¡with respect to criminal justice]; 6) to illustrate the re-stabilization and the generalization of the dominant or "normal " concept of punishment and, finally, 7) to come back, in conclusion, on the central concepts addressed in our discussion.

Estudos envolvendo a dinâmica de nutrientes no solo sob campo nativo submetido a queimas no Sul do Brasil são escassos. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar as modificações nos atributos químicos do solo oriundas da queima das pastagens nativas. O estudo foi desenvolvido em Lages - SC, num Cambissolo Húmico Alumínico, argiloso e com alto teor de matéria orgânica. Os tratamentos consistiram de duas áreas contíguas, uma de 5,06ha com pastejo e queima, e outra, de 3,4ha, somente submetida ao pastejo. A temperatura do solo, a 1cm de profundidade, da área queimada, foi medida por sonda elétrica. As amostragens de solo, em três camadas (0 <FONT FACE=Symbol>¾</FONT> 2, 2 <FONT FACE=Symbol>¾</FONT> 5 e 5 <FONT FACE=Symbol>¾</FONT> 10cm), foram efetuadas 3 dias antes da queima, imediatamente após a queima e 30, 60, 90, 150, 220 e 350 dias após a queima, para o tratamento queimado; e 3 dias antes da queima, 90 e 220 dias após a queima, para o tratamento não queimado. Avaliaram-se o pH em água e os teores de N-total, N-NO3-+NO2, N-NH4+, Ca+Mg, K, Al e P. A camada superficial do solo (0 <FONT FACE=Symbol>¾</FONT> 2 cm) foi a que mostrou ser mais sensível à ação do fogo, atingindo temperatura máxima de 70ºC aos 4 minutos. Nessa camada, logo após a queima, ocorreu aumento nos teores de nitrato e diminuição nos teores de amônio. Também a queima aumentou os teores de K, Ca+Mg e os valores de pH e diminuiu os teores de Al+3. De um modo geral, todos os atributos químicos do solo avaliados tenderam aos valores originais a partir dos 90 dias após a queima.

Studies done with the soil nutrient dynamics pastures on native fields burned in the South of Brazil are rare. The present work has the objective of evaluating the changes on the soil chemical attributes originated after burning native permanent pasture. The work was developed in Lages - SC, Brazil in a Haplumbrept, on a clay soil and with high percentage of organic matter . The treatments consisted of two adjacent areas, one with 5.06ha. under grazing and burned over and another with 3.5ha submitted to grazing only. The soil temperature, at 1cm of depth, of the burned area was measured by electric drilling. The soil samples, in three layers (0-2, 2-5 and 5-10cm), were taken 3 days before the burning, immediately after the burning and 30, 60, 90, 150, 220 and 350 days after the burning, for the burned treatment; and 3 days before the burning, 90 and 220 days after the burning, for the non-burned treatment. The pH in water and the percentages of total N, N-NO3-+NO2, N-NH4+, Ca+Mg, K, Al and P were determined. The soil on the superficial layer (0<FONT FACE=Symbol>¾</FONT>2cm) was the one which was more susceptible to the burning action, reaching the maximum temperature of 70ºC, at four minutes after the burning. In this layer, the burning caused an increase in the N-NO3- percentages and decrease in the N-NH4+ percentages. Also the burning increased the K, Ca+Mg and the pH values and it decreased the Al+3. Generally, all the soil chemical attributes, which were evaluated, demonstrated a tendency to return to the original values after 90 days of the burning.

A colonização do sistema radicular com micorrizas pode aumentar a absorção de P e com isto aumentar o crescimento das plantas, o que parece ser mais comum em solos com baixa disponibilidade de P. No presente trabalho, a inoculação com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA), objetivou avaliar seu efeito na morfologia do sistema radicular, na produção de massa seca e na absorção de fósforo pelo milho. Utilizou-se o latossolo bruno argiloso, e os tratamentos consistiram de dois valores de pH (4,8 e 5,5), duas doses de fósforo (25 e 100mg P/kg de solo) e inoculação com FMA. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação com cinco repetições, distribuídas no delineamento experimental completamente casualisado. Aos 46 dias após a emergência as plantas foram colhidas, e nelas determinou-se a produção de massa seca de parte aérea e de raízes, o comprimento e o raio médio radicular. a porcentagem e intensidade de colonização micorrízica e a absorção de fósforo. A inoculação com FMA aumentou a CM mas não afetou a produção de massa seca e absorção de fósforo pelo milho, embora as raízes mostrassem menor comprimento, indicando que as hifas extraradiculares compensaram o crescimento radicular. A adição de fósforo e a elevação do pH aumentaram a massa seca da parte aérea e raízes, a absorção de fósforo e o comprimento radicular.

The existence of mycorrhiza in the plant roots may increase phosphorus uptake and thus crop yield. This effect, however, seems to occur only in phosphorus deficient soils. The objetive of this work was to evaluate the effect of soil pH, rates of phosphorus addition, and mycorrhiza inoculation on dry matter yield of corn and on phosphorus uptake. The experiment was run in a greenhouse, using an oxisol, with five replicates per treatment distributed in a completely randomized experimental design. The treatments, a 2x2x2 factorial, were two rates of phosphorus (25 and 100mg P/kg), two pH levels (pH 4.8 and 5.5), and without and with indigenous mycorrhiza inoculation. Forty-six days after germination, the plants were harvested, and the following determinations were done: dry matter of shoots and roots, root length, root radius, phosphorus uptake, and rate and intensity of mycorrhiza colonization. Soil inoculation with indigenous mycorrhiza increased the rates of mycorrhiza colonization in the corn roots, but had no effect on dry matter yield or on phosphorus uptake. Shoot and root dry matter of corn, root length, and phosphorus uptake all increased with the phosphorus added but especially with liming.