Diferentes fatores influenciam o crescimento e a esporulação dos fungos, tais como: composição do meio de cultivo, temperatura e luz. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar o melhor meio de cultivo e regime de luz para a esporulação de Pyricularia grisea. Um isolado deste, obtido da cultivar de trigo 'BRS 194', foi repicado por disco micelial em oito meios de cultivo (farinha integral de arroz, aveia, centeio, cevada, trigo, triticale; BSA e extrato de tomate) e submetido a três regimes de luz (escuro, fotoperíodo de 12h e luz contínua). As placas permaneceram por 10 dias, em câmara de crescimento sob temperatura de 23-25°C. Em seguida, o número de conídios foi determinado em câmara de Neubauer. O meio de cultivo à base de farinha integral de trigo propiciou a maior esporulação do fungo em todos os regimes de luz, e a maior esporulação ocorreu em regime de luz contínua para todos os meios de cultivos testados. Os meios de arroz e BSA propiciaram uma menor produção de conídios pelo fungo.

A set of conditions is necessary for the growth and sporulation of fungi, particularly the composition of culture media, temperature and light. The objective of this research was to determine the ideal culture medium and light regime for the sporulation of P. grisea. Micelial discs of an isolate, obtained from cultivar 'BRS 194' of wheat, were transferred to eight culture media (rice wholemeal, oat, rye, barley, wheat, triticale, PSA and tomato sauce) and kept in the dark, under continuous light and 12h of light. In a growing chamber, for 10 days at 23-25°C. Then, the number of conidia was determined in a Neubauer chamber. The higher sporulation, regardless of light regime, was observed on wheat wholemeal culture medium. The continuous light provided higher sporulation this fungus in all culture medium. The lowest production of conidia was observed on rice wholemeal and PSA culture media.

Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus - SBWMV, agente causal da virose que se caracteriza, em termos econômicos, como uma das mais importantes enfermidades da cultura de trigo, pode também infectar uma vasta gama de gramíneas. Com o objetivo de conhecer as alterações metabólicas promovidas pelo mosaico do trigo, foram analisados os teores de açúcares totais e a concentração de prolina e determinou-se a atividade da nitrato redutase. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental da Embrapa Trigo, usando cinco genótipos de trigo (BRS Guabiju, BRS 194, BRS 179, BR 23 e PF 980524) com diferentes níveis de resistência ao SBWMV. As determinações bioquímicas foram realizadas 45 dias após a emergência de plantas. A atividade da nitrato redutase foi mais elevada em plantas sem sintomas, quando comparada às com sintomas. Os níveis de açúcares e de prolina foram mais elevados em plantas com sintomas do que nas sem sintomas. Os resultados encontrados comprovam as alterações metabólicas promovidas pelo SBWMV nos cinco genótipos de trigo testados.

Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus - SBWMV causes substantial economic losses to the wheat crop and can also infect a wide range of grass crops. An experiment was conducted in the experimental area of Embrapa Trigo, using five genotypes of wheat (BRS Guabiju, BRS 194, BRS 179, BR 23, and PF 980524) with different resistance levels to SBWMV. Samples were collected 45 days after emergence, and levels of sugars, proline concentration, and nitrate reductase activity were biochemically analyzed to understand the metabolic alterations induced by SBWMV. Nitrate reductase activity was higher in asymptomatic plants, as compared to the level observed in plants with symptoms. Sugar and proline levels were higher in plants with disease symptoms than in asymptomatic plants. The results show that the metabolic changes were caused by the SBWMV in the five different genotypes used in the experiment.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi elucidar a atividade e a expressão isoenzimática das esterases, das peroxidases e das aspartato aminotransferases em função da infecção de plantas de trigo pelo Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV). Foram analisadas, aos 45 dias após a emergência, quatro cultivares e uma linhagem de trigo, com diferentes níveis de resistência ao SBWMV: BRS Guabiju, BRS 194, BRS 179, BR 23 e PF 980524. De modo geral, ocorreram diferenças qualitativas e quantitativas intra e interpopulacional, quando comparadas plantas assintomáticas e sintomáticas ao SBWMV. Para o sistema esterase, nove padrões de bandas foram determinados e para peroxidase e aspartato aminotransferase foram detectados três padrões de bandas, para ambas as condições. Padrões eletroforéticos foram observados para plantas infectadas, quando comparadas com as não infectadas, destacando-se a atividade da esterase, o que permitiu identificar com maior precisão o estado metabólico e diferenciado das células.

The aim of this work was to elucidate the effect of the Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) on the activity and on the isoenzymatic expression of esterases, peroxidases, and aspartate aminotranferases in wheat plants. Biochemical analyses were carried out for four cultivars and one line of wheat, 45 days after emergence with different levels of resistance to SBWMV: BRS Guabiju, BRS 194, BRS 179, BR 23 and PF 980524. In general, intra and interpopulation differences in quality and quantity were detected, when comparing plants with and without symptoms of SBWMV. Nine band patterns were determined in both situations for esterase. To peroxidase and aspartato aminotransferase, three band patterns were detected for both conditions. Eletrophoretic patterns of SBWMV infected plants were observed, when compared with noninfected ones, notably for esterase, which provides a more precise identification of cell metabolic condition.

Em experimento de campo, foram avaliados os efeitos de práticas culturais na incidência de manchas foliares, causadas por Drechslera tritici-repentis, Bipolaris sorokiniana e Stagonospora nodorum, e no rendimento de grãos de trigo. Foram comparados quatro sistemas de manejo de solo (plantio direto, cultivo mínimo, preparo convencional do solo com arado de discos + grade de discos e preparo convencional do solo com arado de aivecas + grade de discos) e três sistemas de rotação de culturas (trigo/soja; trigo/soja e ervilhaca/milho ou sorgo; e trigo/soja, aveia-preta ou aveia-branca/soja e ervilhaca/milho ou sorgo). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas e três repetições. A parcela principal foi constituída pelos sistemas de manejo de solo, e as subparcelas, pelos sistemas de rotação de culturas. A incidência de manchas foliares de trigo foi mais elevada sob monocultura e sob plantio direto do que nos sistemas de rotação de culturas. A rotação de culturas viabilizou o plantio direto, em relação ao controle de manchas foliares, e garantiu a estabilidade do rendimento de grãos de trigo.

The effects of cultural practices on leaf blotches of wheat, caused by Drechslera tritici-repentis, Bipolaris sorokiniana and Stagonospora nodorum, and on grain yield were assessed in field experiments at Embrapa-CNPT, in Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil. Four soil management systems (no-tillage, minimum tillage, conventional tillage using a disk plow plus disk harrow, and tillage using a moldboard plow plus disk harrow) and three crop rotation systems [system I (wheat/soybean), system II (wheat/soybean and common vetch/corn or sorghum), and system III (wheat/soybean, black oats or white oats/soybean, and common vetch/corn or sorghum)] were compared. A randomized block experimental design, with split-plots and three replicates, was used. Leaf blotch incidence was higher under monoculture and no-till than under crop rotation. Crop rotation under no-tillage controlled leaf blotch diseases and maintained yield stability of wheat.

Worldwide wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell, 2n = 6X = 42, AABBDD) breeding programs aim to reorganize genotypes to achieve better yields, environmental adaptation and food quality. The necessary interdisciplinarity for breeding purposes requires an accurate choice of the most appropriate cellular and/or molecular strategies available to be integrated with agronomic approaches in order to overcome the genetic limitation of each cultivated species, at each agroecosystem. Cytogenetics has given a great contribution to wheat genetic studies and breeding, due to viability of chromosomal variants because of homoeology among genomes in this allohexaploid species and the genus Triticum. The level of development of cytogenetic techniques achieved over the last 60 years has set wheat apart from other cereal crops in terms of possibilities to introduce genetic material from other species. Cytogenetic approaches have been extensively used in chromosomal mapping and/or resistance gene transference from tribe Triticeae-related species. Monosomic analysis, entire chromosomes engineered through single additions and/or substitutions, reciprocal translocation through radiation or manipulation of homoeologous pairing, as well as synthesis of new amphiploids to allow homologous recombination by chiasmata evolved considerably since the past decades. The association of tissue culture and molecular biology techniques provides bread wheat breeding programs with a powerful set of biotechnological tools. However, knowledge on genetic system components, cytotaxonomical relationships, cytogenetic structure and evolutionary history of wheat species cannot be neglected. This information indicates the appropriate strategy to avoid isolation mechanisms in interspecific or intergeneric crosses, according to the genome constitution of the species the desired gene is to be transferred from. The development of amphiploids as "bridge" species is one of the available procedures to facilitate gene flow between wheat and related species. Since the environment at the center of origin of wheat in Southern Asia is quite different from subtropical environments, Brazilian breeding programs overcome more challenges to adapt wheat crop to biotic and abiotic stresses than some other countries. The germplasm bank of Embrapa Trigo has about 1000 registered entries of Triticum relatives, Aegilops, Secale and Agropyron species supplied from several germplasm banks distributed over the world which were multiplied and/or selected for naturally occurring or artificially inoculated fungal diseases. Since Aegilops squarrosa L. entries showed very good performance, the genetic variability observed in this species was firstly exploited. It is reported here the strategy used for transferring useful genes from Ae. squarrosa (DD, 2n = 14): crossing with tetraploid species (AABB, 2n = 28), rescue and in vitro culture of immature embryos for regeneration of the trihaploid (ABD, 2n = 21) hybrid, and colchicine treatment for genome duplication resulting in the artificial synthesis of hexaploid wheat lines (AABBDD, 2n = 42). Results of 10,739 artificial pollinations involving 28 cross combinations amongst eight T. durum L., T. dicoccum and T. cartlicum tetraploid entries used as female parents and ten selected Ae. squarrosa sources of resistance as male parents are presented here. Immature embryos from 18 cross combinations were recovered and cultured in vitro. Green plantlets from 13 combinations were regenerated. Fertile amphiploids were recovered only from crosses among entries of tetraploid T. durum and diploid Ae. squarrosa. They originated 11 fertile synthetic amphiploid lines from seven different combinations. Useful stem and leaf rust as well as powdery mildew resistance for future use in breeding programs were obtained.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de sistemas de manejo de solo e de rotação de culturas de inverno sobre o rendimento de grãos e sobre doenças radiculares do trigo. Foram comparados quatro sistemas de manejo de solo: plantio direto, cultivo mínimo, preparo convencional do solo com arado de discos mais grade de discos e preparo convencional de solo com arado de aivecas mais grade de discos. Na rotação de culturas, três sistemas foram utilizados: sistema I (trigo/soja), sistema II (trigo/soja e ervilhaca/milho ou sorgo) e sistema III (trigo/soja, aveia-preta ou aveia-branca/soja e ervilhaca/milho ou sorgo). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas e três repetições. A parcela principal foi constituída pelos sistemas de manejo de solo, e as subparcelas, pelos sistemas de rotação de culturas. O rendimento de grãos de trigo cultivado em plantio direto e em cultivo mínimo foi superior ao cultivado após preparo convencional do solo com arado de discos e com arado de aivecas. A rotação de culturas foi eficiente na redução de doenças do sistema radicular, resultando em aumento do rendimento de grãos de trigo.

The effects of soil management systems and winter crop rotation on wheat yield and root diseases were assessed. No-tillage, minimum tillage,conventional tillage using a disc plow plus disc harrow, and tillage using a moldboard plow plus disc harrow were the soil managements compared. In crop rotation, three systems were used:system I (wheat/soybean), system II (wheat/soybean and common vetch/corn or sorghum), and system III (wheat/soybean, black oats or white oats/soybean, and common vetch/corn or sorghum). A randomized block experimental design, with split-plots and three replicates, was used. The main plots were formed by the soil management systems, while the split-plots consisted of crop rotation systems. Yield of wheat grown under no-tillage and minimum tillage was higher than the yield of wheat grown under conventional soil tillage using either disc plow or moldboard plow. Crop rotation was efficient in reducing root diseases and in increasing wheat yield.

A resistência a diversas moléstias fúngicas do trigo tem sido transferida de espécies perenes da tribo Triticeae, mas o híbrido produzido pelo cruzamento intergenérico apresenta embrião abortivo. Embora a técnica de resgate e cultivo in vitro destes embriões já seja amplamente utilizada, sua eficiência ainda é muito baixa. Este trabalho objetivou a obtenção de progênies de retrocruzamentos em híbrido F1 (2n=56), proveniente do cruzamento de trigo (Triticum aestivum) (2n=42) com Agropyron elongatum (2n=70), utilizando-se a técnica de cultivo in vitro dos embriões imaturos. Partindo-se do material perene na geração F1, utilizou-se o trigo como parental recorrente nos retrocruzamentos. A eficiência da polinização foi de 6% no primeiro retrocruzamento (RC1) e de 12,4% no segundo (RC2). As plantas do RC1 foram viabilizadas pelo resgate e cultivo in vitro dos embriões imaturos utilizando- se o meio batata-regeneração, com adição de vitaminas. De 22 sementes, 18 embriões foram resgatados e cultivados in vitro, originando 12 plântulas. Desses embriões, 50% foram normais, 27,8% apresentaram tamanho reduzido, 16,7% foram deformados e 5,5% apresentaram desenvolvimento retardado. A eficiência do cultivo dos embriões na regeneração de plântulas foi de 66,6%. Tal resultado indica que a técnica de resgate e o meio de cultura utilizados foram eficientes para o cultivo e regeneração dos embriões híbridos, obtendo progênies viáveis de retrocruzamentos a partir de híbridos intergenéricos, nas condições realizadas.

Resistance to fungal diseases of wheat has been transferred from perennial species of tribe Triticeae, but the hybrid so formed presents immature embryos. Although rescue and in vitro culture of these embryos has been widely utilized, its efficiency is still very low. This work aimed to obtain backcrossing progenies in hybrid F1 (2n=56), derived from crossing between wheat (Triticum aestivum) (2n=42) and Agropyron elongatum (2n=70), through in vitro culture of immature embryos. Starting from the perennial material of F1 generation, several backcrosses were made using wheat as the recurrent parent. Polinization efficiency was 6.0% in BC1 and 12.4% in BC2. All plants from the BC1 were obtained by in vitro embryo culture. The culture medium used was potato regeneration plus vitamins. From 22 seeds collected 18 embryos were cultured in vitro and gave rise to 12 plants. Fifty percent of those embryos were normal. The remaining 27.8% showed reduced size, 16.7% were deformed and 5.5% had slow growing. The efficacy of immature embryo culture was 66.6%. This result indicates that rescue and culture medium techniques used were efficient for cultivation and regeneration of hybrid embryos, allowing viable backcrosses progenies from intergeneric hybrids.