ABSTRACT The multi-enzyme complex (crude extract) of white rot fungi Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, Trametes versicolor, Pycnosporus sanguineus and Phanerochaete chrysosporium were characterized, evaluated in the hydrolysis of pretreated pulps of sorghum straw and compared efficiency with commercial enzyme. Most fungi complexes had better hydrolysis rates compared with purified commercial enzyme.

A variabilidade genotípica em feijão-comum em acumular molibdênio (Mo) nas sementes foi demonstrada quando o solo é a principal fonte de Mo; entretanto, essa variabilidade ainda é desconhecida quando o Mo é aplicado na folhagem. Portanto, determinaram-se teores de Mo da semente (TMoS) e conteúdos de Mo da semente (CMoS) de 12 genótipos em quatro experimentos conduzidos na Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais, Brasil, nos quais pulverizaram-se as plantas com 600 g ha-1 de Mo. Para comparação, conduziram-se mais dois experimentos sem aplicação de Mo. Nesse caso, não foi detectado Mo na semente ou o TMoS médio foi 2,83 µg g-1, sem diferença significativa entre genótipos. Em média, com aplicação de Mo, os TMoS variaram de 14,7 a 25,0 µg g-1 e os CMoS, de 3,94 a 6,84 µg. 'Majestoso' ficou entre os genótipos com os mais altos TMoS nos quatro experimentos. No entanto, as sementes grandes de 'Jalo MG-65' e 'Carnaval' geralmente apresentaram mais altos CMoS que as sementes pequenas da 'Majestoso'. 'Ouro Negro' e, sobretudo, 'Valente' ficaram entre os genótipos com os mais baixos TMoS e CMoS. Os valores dessas variáveis foram 61 e 90 %, respectivamente, mais altos na 'Majestoso' que na 'Valente'. Os resultados sugerem que genótipos de feijão-comum diferem na capacidade de acumular nas sementes o Mo aplicado na folhagem. Sementes enriquecidas com Mo de genótipos de sementes grandes ou de genótipos de sementes pequenas bons acumuladores de Mo na semente podem ser produzidas com dose relativamente menor de fertilizante molíbdico.

The genotypic variability in molybdenum (Mo) accumulation in common bean seeds has been demonstrated in cases in which soil is the main Mo source, but this variability is yet unknown when Mo is foliar-applied. Therefore, seed Mo concentrations (SMoCc) and seed Mo contents (SMoCt) of 12 genotypes were determined in four experiments in the Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais, Brazil, in which plants were sprayed with 600 g ha-1 Mo. For comparison, two additional experiments without external Mo were conducted. Without Mo application, the average SMoCc was undetectable or 2.83 µg g-1, without significant differences among genotypes. On average, with Mo applications, SMoCc ranged from 14.7 to 25.0 µg g-1 and SMoCt, from 3.94 to 6.84 µg. 'Majestoso' was among the genotypes with the highest SMoCc in the four experiments. However, the large-seeded 'Jalo MG-65' and 'Carnaval' generally had higher SMoCt than the small-seeded 'Majestoso'. 'Ouro Negro' and especially 'Valente' were among the genotypes with the lowest SMoCc and SMoCt. The values of these variables were 61 and 90 %, respectively, higher for 'Majestoso' than those for 'Valente'. Our results suggest that common bean genotypes differ in their capacity to accumulate foliar-applied Mo in the seeds. Mo-rich seeds of large-seeded genotypes or of small-seeded of small-seeded genotypes with good capacity to accumulate Mo in seeds can be produced with relatively less Mo fertilizer.

Agronomic biomass yields of forage sorghum BRS 655 presented similar results to other energy crops, producing 9 to 12.6 tons/ha (dry mass) of sorghum straw. The objective of this study was to evaluate the lignocellulosic part of this cultivar in terms of its potential in the different unit processes in the production of cellulosic ethanol, measuring the effects of pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Three types of pre-treatments for two reaction times were conducted to evaluate the characteristics of the pulp for subsequent saccharification. The pulp pretreated by alkali, and by acid followed by delignification, attained hydrolysis rates of over 90%.

Avaliaram-se os efeitos de quatro níveis de concentrado - NC (0, 1, 3 e 5 kg/vaca/dia) e dois de proteína bruta - PB (11 e 13% na matéria seca total) sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade e o desempenho de vacas leiteiras. Utilizaram-se oito vacas mestiças Holandês-Zebu com 520 ± 40 kg, distribuídas em um quadrado latino 8 × 8 em oito períodos de 10 dias para avaliação dos efeitos de tratamento, animal e período. O experimento foi conduzido em pastagem de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum) na estação chuvosa e os concentrados foram constituídos de fubá de milho, farelo de soja, ureia e mistura mineral. O consumo de matéria seca (MS) não diferiu entre os tratamentos e o consumo do pasto tendeu a diminuir com o aumento de NC. Os consumos de PB e carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF) aumentaram de acordo com os NC e PB na dieta, enquanto os consumos de nutrientes digestíveis totais, CNF, fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e extrato etéreo aumentaram somente com aumento de NC. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade (CD) da MS e CNF aumentaram e diminuíram, respectivamente, com o aumento do NC, enquanto o CD da PB aumentou com os NC e PB e o CD da FDN aumentou com o nível de PB na dieta. A produção de leite aumentou somente com os NC. Os constituintes do leite não foram influenciados pelos NC, mas houve aumento do teor de lactose e extrato seco do leite com o aumento da PB na dieta. Vacas em pastagem no período das águas e produzindo 12 kg de leite/dia podem receber dietas contendo 11% de PB e a resposta à suplementação é baixa, variando de 0,63 a 0,22 kg de leite/kg de concentrado, em comparação aos 2,2 kg/kg sugerido pelo NRC 2001 de gado de leite.

The effects of four levels of concentrate - LC (0, 1, 3 and 5 kg/cow/day) and two of crude protein - CP (11 and 13% crude protein in total dry matter) on the intake, digestibility and performance of milking cows were evaluated. Eight crossbred Holstein-Zebu cows with 520 ± 40 kg were distributed in an 8 × 8 Latin square in eight 10-day periods for evaluation of effects of treatment, animal and period. The experiment was conducted on elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum) pasture in the rainy season and the concentrates consisted of corn meal, soybean meal, urea and mineral salt. The dry matter (DM) intake was not different among treatments, and the pasture intake tended to decrease with increase in LC. The intakes of CP and non fiber carbohydrates (NFC) increased as a function of increase in LC and CP in the diet, while the intakes of total digestible nutrients, NFC, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and ether extract increased only with increases in LC. The digestibility coefficients (DC) of DM and NFC increased and decreased, respectively, with increase in LC; the DC of CP increased with LC and CP; and the DC of NDF increased with increase in CP in the diet. The milk production increased only with increased LC. The milk components were not affected by LC, but there was increase in the lactose and dry extract contents in the milk with increase in dietary CP. Cows on pasture during the wet season and producing 12 kg of milk/day can receive diets containing 11% CP and the response to concentrate supplementation is low, varying from 0.63 to 0.22 kg milk/kg of concentrate, compared with 2.2 kg/kg suggested by the NRC 2001 for dairy cattle.

A Federal University in Northeast of Brazil has been enlarging its activities on the five Campi. On its structure, one group stands out, the families who live around the academic unities of Porangabussu Campus. It aims to apprehend the social representations about the lifestyle of families with approach on their life activities. The case study, which was made with 30 families, happened from September 2006 to March 2007, and were used: semi-strutured interview; participative observation; photography of place's Campus, and the working out of a testimony about the choice. It was used the Bardin Contents Analysis (1977) and the Robert Ott approach (1997) for photographs. The representations were organized in five categories, being the main representation, the lack of infra-structure and security on the Campus. Based on the Ropper, Logan and Tierney Nursing Model (1990), it was found that all life activities were changed and the most affected were: safe environment, 23.9%; breath, work and distraction, with 13, 3% each, and sleep, 9.6%. About the photography's technique, the Structure of the Campus (33.7%) and the aesthetics (37.6%) were the most represented. The study allowed the knowledge of the reality experienced by families and the need for changes in this place.

Uma Universidade Federal do Nordeste do Brasil vem ampliando suas atividades nos cinco Campi. Na sua estrutura, um grupo destaca-se, o das famílias que residem nas circunvizinhanças das unidades acadêmicas do Campus Porangabussu. Objetivou-se apreender as representações sociais sobre o estilo de vida destas, com enfoque nas atividades de vida. O estudo de caso, realizado com 30 famílias aconteceu de setembro de 2006 a março de 2007, sendo utilizadas: entrevista semiestruturada; observação participante; fotografia de um local do Campus e elaboração de depoimento sobre a escolha. Utilizou-se análise de conteúdo, de Bardin (1977) e abordagem de Robert Ott (1997) para as fotografias. As representações foram organizadas em cinco categorias, sendo a principal, a falta de infra-estrutura e segurança no Campus. Com base no Modelo de Ropper, Logan e Tierney (1990), constatou-se que todas as atividades de vida estavam alteradas e as mais afetadas foram: Ambiente Seguro, 23,9%; Respirar, Trabalhar e Distrair-se, com 13,3% cada qual; e Sono, 9,6%. Quanto à técnica da fotografia, Estrutura do Campus (33,7%) e Estética (37,6%) foram as mais representadas. O estudo permitiu o conhecimento da realidade vivenciada pelas famílias e a necessidade de mudanças no local.