RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho de pós-graduação é identificar e analisar a partir de uma perspectiva de gênero as mudanças subjetivo que ocorrem nas mulheres quando se trata de redefinir seu papel doméstico a partir de uma condição/situação de deficiência. Para cumprir esse objetivo, uma abordagem qualitativa é apresentada, que considera o método das produções biográficas. Através de entrevistas em profundidade como técnica de coleta de informações, temos as experiências e opiniões de 2 mulheres com deficiência que realizam tratamento ativo no I.Na.Re.P.S (Instituto Nacional de Reabilitação Psicofísica do Sul -Mar del Plata) , eles constituem os estudos de caso. Como elementos norteadores das investigações realizadas, localizam-se as representações, como forma de conhecimento, atitudes e crenças. que construíram ao longo da vida, tanto sobre o seu papel doméstico como sobre a deficiência adquirida, como um acontecimento que perturba e altera profundamente o seu quotidiano. As histórias dão conta dos mandatos tradicionais. Ambas eram trabalhadoras do mercado de trabalho e também se encarregavam de todos os afazeres domésticos em casa, recebendo em alguns casos apenas "ajuda" ocasional de seus companheiros. Então, após sua condição de Pessoa com deficiência (doravante PcD), seus papéis em relação ao trabalho, remunerado e não remunerado, são interrompidos, e recolocados em uma posição que corrói sua auto-estima diante da auto-estima não realizada. demandas devido à sua deficiência. Essa problemática merece e é acompanhada pelos profissionais de serviço social que atuam na instituição de reabilitação, com ferramentas tendentes a orientar o processo de necessária ressignificação desse papel tão arraigado de cuidadores, e que podem se configurar como sujeitos autônomos e capazes de enfrentar os obstáculos do cotidiano, suscitando reflexões conjuntas, incorporando outras perspectivas e construindo outros caminhos possíveis.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo de postgrado tiene como propósito identificar y analizar desde una perspectiva de género los cambios subjetivos que se producen en las mujeres a la hora de redefinirse en su rol doméstico a partir de una condición/situación de discapacidad. Para responder a este objetivo se presenta un abordaje cualitativo, que considera el método de las producciones biográficas. Mediante entrevistas en profundidad como técnica de recolección de la información, se cuenta con las vivencias y pareceres de 2 mujeres en situación de discapacidad que realizan tratamiento activo en I.Na.Re.P.S (Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Psicofísica del Sur -Mar del Plata), ellas constituyen los casos de estudio. Como elementos guías de las indagaciones realizadas, se ubican las representaciones, como forma de conocimientos, actitudes y creencias. que han construido a lo largo de su vida, tanto acerca del rol doméstico, como sobre su discapacidad adquirida, en tanto evento que irrumpe y cambia profundamente su cotidianidad. Los relatos dan cuenta de los mandatos tradicionales. Ambas fueron trabajadoras en el mercado laboral y además, se hacían cargo de la totalidad de las tareas domésticas en su hogar, recibiendo en algunos casos sólo “ayudas” puntuales de sus parejas. Luego, tras su condición de Persona con discapacidad (en adelante PcD), sus roles frente al trabajo, tanto remunerado como no remunerado se trastoca, y las reubica en una posición que erosiona su autoestima ante las autoexigencias incumplidas por su condición de discapacidad. Esta problemática merece ser y es acompañada por los y las profesionales de Trabajo social que se desempeñan en la institución de rehabilitación, con herramientas tendientes a orientar el proceso de resignificación necesario de ese rol de cuidadoras tan arraigado, y que puedan configurarse como sujetos autónomos y capaces de afrontar los obstáculos propios de la vida cotidiana, dando lugar a la reflexión conjunta, incorporando otras perspectivas y construyendo otros posibles caminos.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this postgraduate work was to identify and analyze from a gender perspective the subjective changes that occur in women when redefining themselves in their domestic role based on a disability condition / situation. To respond to the objective of this work is approached from the qualitative methodology, narrative design, through the method of biographical productions, using the in-depth interview as an information gathering technique. The participants were 2 women with disabilities who undergo active treatment in I.Na.Re.P.S (Mar del Plata). As a guiding element, representations are located as a form of knowledge, attitudes and beliefs that they have built throughout their lives about the domestic role and the acquired disability as an event that breaks out generating profound changes in daily life. The stories are accompanied by expressions that account for the traditional mandates. This is detected in that all of them take charge of the housework, receiving in some cases only specific “help” from their partners. Although these women have a leading role, assuming it often erodes their self-esteem in the face of unfulfilled demands, especially when they go through a situation / condition of disability. Social work accompanies them in the resignification of that role assumed since birth, providing tools so that they become autonomous subjects and with the ability to face each obstacle in life, giving rise to joint reflection, incorporating other perspectives and building other possible paths.

Resumen: La hipoglucemia es el desorden metabólico más frecuente en los recién nacidos; la administración de glucosa gel al 40 % en la mucosa bucal, podría ser tan efectiva en su corrección como la adminis tración de fórmula láctea, no interfiriendo con la lactancia materna. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia de la glucosa gel al 40 % comparada con la fórmula láctea, en el tratamiento de la hipoglucemia precoz asintomática en RN con factores de riesgo. Pacientes y Método: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado, de no inferioridad, realizado en un hospital no público. Se incluyeron recién nacidos asistidos en interna ción conjunta con factores de riesgo: pretérminos tardíos, término grandes y pequeños para edad gestacional, e hijos de madres diabéticas. Ante la presencia de hipoglucemia, un grupo recibió glucosa gel al 40 % (A) en la mucosa bucal y otro, leche de fórmula (B). Se consideró fracaso terapéutico a la persistencia o repetición de la hipoglucemia en las primeras 48 h de vida. Resultados: Se registraron 866 RN con factores de riesgo en un período de 36 meses; 278 (32,1 %) presentaron hipoglucemia; se analizan 105 RN en el grupo A y 115 en el grupo B. Se corrigió la hipoglucemia en 75 RN (71 %) en A y 104 RN (90,4 %) en B. Analizando las tendencias obtenidas se decidió suspender el estudio. Conclusiones: La administración de glucosa gel al 40 % no resultó equivalente a la administración de fórmula láctea, en el tratamiento de la hipoglucemia asintomática en RN con factores de riesgo.

Abstract: Hypoglycemia is the most frequent metabolic disorder in newborns; the administration of 40% glucose gel in the oral mucosa could be as effective in its correction as the administration of formula milk, not interfering with breastfeeding. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of 40% glucose gel compared with formula milk in the treatment of early asymptomatic hypoglycemia in newborns with risk factors. Patients and Method: Randomized clinical trial, non-inferiority, conducted in a private hospital. Newborns attended in rooming-in with the following risk factors were included: late preterm, large and small for gestational age at term, and children of diabetic mothers. In the presence of hypoglycemia, one group received 40% glucose gel (A) in the oral mucosa and another group received formula milk (B). Therapeutic failure was considered as persistence or repetition of hypoglycemia in the first 48h of life. Results: 866 NBs with risk factors were registered over 36 month; 278 (32.1 %) presented hypoglycemia; 105 NBs in group A and 115 in group B completed the study. 75 (71 %) NBs in group A and 104 (90,4 %) in group B achieved hypoglycemia correction. After analyzing the trends obtained, it was decided to discontinue the study. Conclusions: The administration of 40% glucose gel was not equivalent to the administration of formula milk in the treatment of early asymptomatic hypoglycemia in newborns with risk factors.

ABSTRACT In this study, B. cereus was detected in dialysis fluids within international parameters (ultrapure – maximum limit of 0.1 CFU/mL for heterotrophic bacteria count) by analyzing the pellet obtained through the centrifugation method. We also investigated the ability of the B. cereus isolate to form a biofilm at different temperatures, the production of virulence factors, and the susceptibility to commercial antimicrobial agents. This study demonstrated a high ability of B. cereus to persist in the hemodialysis system, which can be explained by its broad ability to produce a biofilm at 25 °C, its relevant production of virulence factors, such as β-hemolysin, lecithinase and cereulide, and its important resistance pattern to antimicrobial drugs. In conclusion, these new findings expand the understanding that this microorganism should not be neglected and new methods for tracking it should be considered.

Abstract The maximum cadmium tolerance standards were established by the European Union in 2014, for the importation of cocoa-based products, causing concern in the countries. Global studies onTheobroma cacaoresearch related to cadmium activity in the atmosphere were analyzed. Bibliometric analyses in R and VOSviewer programs were used to examine 64 documents published in the Scopus database according to keywords. We identified 811 keywords in the co-occurrence of terms, 5 thematic groups in the bibliographic coupling, 20 institutions as most important affiliations, 20 countries of origin of corresponding authors, 112 institutions in co-authorship network of which 5 are in primary documents, and two groups in thematic similarity in co-citation of documents. The United States leads the scientific production with 11 papers, followed by Colombia (8) and Ecuador (7). In 1996, the first scientific article was registered for the network, with increases of up to 11 publications by 2020. In conclusion, the need to strengthen and create more research networks between countries, institutions, authors, and co-authors is evident. It is hoped that the results will allow a comprehensive unraveling of the cadmium-cocoa research trajectory, while at the same time yielding new prospective research.

Resumen En el año 2014, la Unión Europea impuso estándares máximos de tolerancia en cadmio, para la importación de productos a base de cacao, causando preocupación en los países. Se analizó estudios globales referidos a investigaciones en Theobroma cacao, relacionados con la actividad del cadmio en la atmósfera. Se utilizaron análisis bibliométricos en los programas R y VOSviewer, para examinar 64 documentos publicados en la base de datos Scopus según palabras clave. Se identificaron 811 palabras clave en coocurrencias de términos, 5 grupos temáticos en acoplamiento bibliográfico, 20 instituciones como afiliaciones más importantes, 20 países de procedencia de autores corresponsales, 112 instituciones en red de coautoría de los cuales 5 están en documentos primarios, y dos grupos en similaridad temática en co-citación de documentos. Estados Unidos lidera la producción científica con 11 documentos, seguido de Colombia (8) y Ecuador (7). En 1996 se registró el primer artículo científico para la red, con incrementos de hasta 11 publicaciones al 2020. En conclusión, se evidencia la necesidad de fortalecer y crear más redes de investigaciones entre países, instituciones, autores y coautores. Se espera que los resultados permitan desentrañar de manera integral la trayectoria de investigaciones cadmio-cacao, al tiempo que arrojen nuevas investigaciones prospectivas.

ABSTRACT Melophagus ovinus (sheep ked) is a common parasite of sheep, its control is based on chemical treatments; however, the environmental and public health consequences require the application of alternative treatments such as entomopathogenic fungi. The study aimed to determine the effect of the fungus Beuveria bassiana on the parasite in naturally infested sheep. Fifteen adult Hampshire crossbred sheep were used, randomly distributed in three spray treatments with dilutions: T1: 3.2 x108 conidia/ml, T2: 3.2x108 conidia/ml + 5% sugar and control T: distilled water. The daily parasites were counted on the animal to determine the population density and the efficacy of the treatments. The population density was controlled from day 14 with B. bassiana, reducing the presence of ked by 90% (T1 and T2), compared to 5.9% in the T Control (p<0.05). The study suggests that B. bassiana works with an efficacy of 89.3% for the control of M. ovinus.

RESUMEN Melophagus ovinus (oveja ked) es un parásito común del ovino, su control se basa en tratamientos químicos; sin embargo, las consecuencias de tipo ambiental y en la salud pública obliga a la aplicación de tratamientos alternativos como los hongos entomopatógenos. El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar el efecto del hongo Beuveria bassiana sobre el parásito en ovinos naturalmente infestados. Se utilizaron 15 ovejas adultas Hampshire cruzadas, distribuidas al azar en tres tratamientos de aspersión con diluciones: T1: 3.2 x108 conidios/ml, T2: 3.2x108 conidios/ml + 5% de azúcar y T control: Agua destilada. Se realizó el conteo diario de los parásitos sobre el animal para determinar la densidad poblacional y la eficacia de los tratamientos. La densidad poblacional fue controlada a partir del día 14 con B. bassiana, reduciendo la presencia de la ked en un 90% (T1 y T2), frente a un 5.9% en el T Control (p<0.05). El estudio sugiere que B. bassiana funciona con una eficacia de 89.3% para el control de M. ovinus

Abstract Coffee is an important agricultural commodity in the world. However, it is susceptible to Hemileia vastatrix (Hv), an obligatory biotrophic fungus that causes coffee leaf rust (CLR). Natural resistance to rust has been identified in the wild species Coffea canephora and Coffea liberica. These species have been used in breeding programs where interspecific resistant hybrids have been generated. The SH3 gene, derived from C. liberica, has been shown to confer extreme and long-lasting resistance to Hv. A total of 167 accessions of the INIA’s Coffee Germplasm Collection of Peru (INIA-CGC) were screened with 4 markers linked to the SH3 gene. As positive controls, EA67 (C. liberica) and the hybrid S.288 (C. arabica x C. liberica) were used. Separation of PCR products was done by capillary electrophoresis, which allow to discriminate the alleles of each marker. For three markers, specific alleles for either C. arabica or C. liberica species were found. In all cases, S.288 exhibited specific alleles for both species; whereas the INIA-CGC accessions had exclusively C. arabica alleles and EA67 had C. liberica alleles. The BA-48-21O-f marker did not produce PCR fragments for any of the positive controls, suggesting that this marker is not as predictive as the other three to determine the presence of SH3. This work reports the existence of multiple alleles for the Sat244 marker; however, the collection does not have the SH3 mediated-resistance gene. Finally, the utility of capillary electrophoresis as a tool to identify alleles linked to SH3 was demonstrated.

Abstract Some plants, roots or tubers have been used as possible cereal substitutes in gluten-free cookies. Chayotextle is rich in starch and other compounds that could make it a potential ingredient for products aimed at the celiac population. In this study, we evaluated the effect of different mixtures of rice flour (RF) and Chayotextle flour (CF) on the final properties of cookies and the prebiotic capacity when adding agave fructans (AF). The properties of flour and cookies were determined. CF presented the highest emulsifying, water absorption and oil absorption (27.1 %, 66.22% and 95.93 %, respectively) capacities. Cookies made with CF-AF reached the highest values in diameter (66.82 mm) and humidity (10.64%). By incorporating rice flour to this combination, cookies had the highest thickness (10.04 mm), specific volume (2.07 mL / g), and hardness (201.82 N). CF and the CF-AF formulation presented the ability to promote the growth of both strains studied: Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-3 and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. Lactis, reaching values of up to 9.82 log10 CFU/mL and 9.85 log10 CFU/mL (CF) respectively, in a period of 24 h. The CF and the addition of FA improved cookies properties, and proved to be a possible prebiotic source.

Resumen Algunas plantas, raíces o tubérculos han sido explotados como posibles sustitutos de cereales en galletas libres de gluten. El Chayotextle es rico en almidón y otros compuestos que podrían convertirlo en ingrediente potencial para productos dirigidos a la población celiaca. En este estudio, el efecto de distintas mezclas de harinas de arroz (RF) y Chayotextle (CF) sobre las propiedades finales de galletas y capacidad prebiótica al adicionar fructanos de agave (AF) fueron evaluadas. Las propiedades de las harinas y de galletas fueron determinadas. CF presentó la mayor capacidad emulsificante, de absorción de agua y de aceite (27.1 %, 66.22% y 95.93 %, respectivamente). Las galletas realizadas con CF y FA alcanzaron los mayores valores en diámetro (66.82 mm) y humedad (10.64%). Al incorporar harina de arroz a esta combinación las galletas mostraron el mayor espesor (10.04 mm), volumen específico (2.07 mL / g) y dureza (201.82 N). CF y la formulación CF-AF mostraron capacidad de promover el crecimiento de ambas cepas estudiadas: L. acidophilus LA-3 y B. animalis ssp. Lactis, alcanzando valores de 9.82 log10 UFC/ mL y 9.85 log10 UFC/mL (CF) a las 24 h. CF y la adición de FA mejoraron las propiedades en galletas y mostraron ser una posible fuente prebiótica.

Abstract Spore forming bacteria can play an important role in food quality and safety as spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms due to resistance to heat-treatment. However, there are limited number of studies focused on evaluate the microbiological quality and the occurrence of these bacteria in UHT goat milk, soymilk and dairy beverage of goat milk and soy protein. In this context, 75 samples of these beverages were evaluated regarding heterotrophic mesophilic microorganisms by conventional plate count and selective methods to detect microorganisms from Bacillus cereus group and Clostridium perfringens. Population counts greater than 104 CFU.ml-1 of heterotrophic mesophilic microorganisms were observed in 80% of the lots of goat milk and 100% of the lots of soymilk and dairy beverage of goat milk and soy protein. The presence of bacteria belonging to B. cereus group was observed in 16%, 52% and 44% of goat milk, soymilk and dairy beverage of goat milk and soy protein, respectively. C. perfringens was isolated from 8% samples of UHT soymilk. The frequency of genes hblA, hblB, hblC, nheA, nheB, nheC in 29 isolates obtained from these products was 62%, 48.2%, 96.5%, 79.3%, 68.9% and 79.3%, respectively. The microbiological quality of the evaluated products was unsatisfactory.

ABSTRACT. Beekeeping is one of the outstanding activities worldwide, however, the time of shortage of nectar and pollen negatively affects the conditions of the colonies; In view of this situation, the present work aimed to evaluate protein syrups obtained from chaya leaves (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius Mill IM Johns), moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) and ramón seeds (Brosimum alicastrum Swarts) added in doses of 10, 25 and 50 g of sugar syrup in a 1: 1 ratio (p / v). Acceptance, weight gain, number of bees, number of cells with capped brood, nectar-honey and pollen were recorded. Data were collected using a completely randomized blocks design with a 3x4 factorial arrangement. The B. alicastrum syrup had an acceptance of 99.9%, followed by C. aconitifolius and M. oleifera, with 91.7 and 83.4% respectively, in weight gain, B. alicastrum gained 0.87 ± 0.14 kg, followed by C. aconitifolius and M. oleifera, with 0.3 ± 0.17 and -0.4 ± 0.11 kg respectively, in the same way B. alicastrum presented the best response for the variables, number of bees (1021.64), cells with brood (499.69) and cells with nectar. -Honey (515.22), surpassing C. aconitifolius (791.33 bees, 125.88 brood and 299.88 nectar-honey) and M. oleifera (805.08 bees, 240.11 brood and 305.45 nectar-honey); It is concluded that the syrup added with 25 g of B. alicastrum was the best combination and can be used as an efficient alternative in the supplementary feeding of honey bees during the lean season.

RESUMEN. La apicultura es una de las actividades sobresalientes a nivel mundial, sin embargo, la época de escasez de néctar y polen afecta negativamente las condiciones de las colonias; ante tal situación, el presente trabajo, tuvo como objetivo evaluar jarabes proteicos obtenido de hojas de chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius Mill I. M. Johns), moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) y semillas de ramón (Brosimum alicastrum Swarts) adicionadas en dosis de 10, 25 y 50 g al jarabe de azúcar en proporción 1:1 (p/v). Se registró la aceptación, ganancia de peso, número de abejas, número de celdas con cría operculada, néctar-miel y polen. Los datos se recabaron mediante un diseño bloques completamente al azar con un arreglo factorial 3x4. El jarabe de B. alicastrum, tuvo una aceptación de 99.9%, seguido de C. aconitifolius y M. oleifera, con un 91.7 y 83.4% respectivamente, en la ganancia de peso, B. alicastrum gano 0.87 ± 0.14 kg, seguido de C. aconitifolius y M. oleifera, con 0.3 ± 0.17 y -0.4 ± 0.11 kg respectivamente, de igual forma B. alicastrum presentó la mejor respuesta para las variables, numero de abejas (1021.64), celdas con cría (499.69) y celdas con néctar-miel (515.22), superando a C. aconitifolius (791.33 abejas, 125.88 cría y 299.88 néctar-miel) y M. oleifera (805.08 abejas, 240.11 cría y 305.45 néctar-miel); se concluye que el jarabe adicionado con 25 g de B. alicastrum fue la mejor combinación y puede ser utilizado como una alternativa eficiente en la alimentación suplementaria de las abejas melíferas durante la época de escasez.

Essential oils (AE) are used as preservatives in the food industry, due to their physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity. The aim of this research was to determine yield (R), specific gravity (GE), refractive index (IR), antioxidant activity (AA) and chemical composition of AE of huacatay (Tagetes minuta), poleo (Minthostachys mollis), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and sachaculantro (Eryngium foetidum L.), plants collected from 52 districts of the Amazon region, Peru. For each AE, fixed-effect variance analysis was used with three replications and cluster analysis. The antioxidant activity was determined with the free radical method 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydracil (DPPH) and its most abundant components were identified with headspace gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The differences in R, GE and IR were significant between districts. The AA showed no significant difference between the districts, but between the plants itself. Among the most abundant volatile components, 1-adamantanol (44.42%) was identified in huacatay, β-phellandrene (20.85%) in poleo, β-myrcene (34.59%) in rosemary and α-pinene (23.41%) in sachaculantro. It is concluded that the geographic location significantly affects the physicochemical properties of AE

Los aceites esenciales (AE) son usados como conservantes en la industria de alimentos, debido a sus características fisicoquímicas y actividad antioxidante. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar rendimiento (R), gravedad específica (GE), índice de refracción (IR), actividad antioxidante (AA) y composición química de AE de huacatay (Tagetes minuta), poleo (Minthostachys mollis), romero (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) y sachaculantro (Eryngium foetidum L.), plantas recolectadas de 52 distritos de la región Amazonas, Perú. Para cada AE se usó análisis de varianza de efectos fijos con tres repeticiones y análisis de clúster. La actividad antioxidante se determinó con el método del radical libre 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidracilo (DPPH) y sus componentes más abundantes fueron identificados con cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. Las diferencias en R, GE e IR fueron significativas entre distritos. La AA no mostró diferencia significativa entre los distritos, pero entre las plantas sí. Entre los componentes volátiles más abundantes se identificó 1-adamantanol (44,42%) en huacatay, β-felandreno (20,85%) en poleo, β-mirceno (34,59%) en romero y α-pineno (23,41%) en sachaculantro. Se concluye que el lugar geográfico afecta significativamente las propiedades fisicoquímicas de los AE

Resumen La granulomatosis con poliangeítis (GPA) es una vasculitis de pequeno y mediano calibre caracterizada por la formación de granulomas e inflamación necrosante con predilección de las vías respiratorias y los glomérulos. Se reporta el caso de una adolescente de 14 an os que comienza con hipoacusia y lesiones cutáneas; sinusitis, epiescleritis, PR3-ANCA positivo y biopsia de piel con infiltrado neutrofílico y necrosis. La GPA puede presentar manifestaciones otológicas y dermatológicas como signo inicial, es importante tomarlo en consideración en el diagnóstico diferencial.

Abstract Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is a small- and medium-sized vasculitis. It is characterised by formation of granulomas and necrotising inflammation with a predilection for the respiratory tract and glomeruli. The case is presented of a 14-year-old female debuting with hypoacusis, skin lesions, sinusitis; episcleritis, anti-PR3 ANCA positivity and histological findings from the skin lesions with neutrophilic infiltration, necrosis and fibrin. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis can present otological and skin manifestations as initial signs, and it is important to take the differential diagnosis into consideration.

ABSTRACT Traumatic brain injury according to the World Health Organization estimates that by 2020 will be the third leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Intracranial hypertension refractory to medical management is the cause of increased mortality in neurotrauma. There are various measures to control intracranial hypertension, including surgical. Decompressive craniectomy has been routinely used to treat intracranial hypertension secondary to cerebral infarction, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage and trauma. We review the literature to describe the mechanisms, types and indications for this procedure.

Resumen El trauma craneoencefálico, según la Organización Mundial de la salud, se estima que para el año 2020 será la tercera causa de morbimortalidad en el mundo. La hipertensión intracraneal refractaria al manejo médico es la causante de la mayor mortalidad en esta población de pacientes. Existen diversas medidas para el control de la hipertensión intracraneal, entre ellas las quirúrgicas. La craniectomía descompresiva ha sido utilizada sistemáticamente para tratar la hipertensión intracraneal secundaria al infarto cerebral, la hemorragia subaracnoidea, la hemorragia intracerebral y el trauma. Se hace una revisión de la literatura para describir los mecanismos fisiopatológicos de la lesión cerebral traumática, así como también los tipos y las indicaciones de este procedimiento.

RESUMO Introdução: A fixação dos esfregaços citológicos consiste na imersão imediata em fixador adequado para preservar as características morfológicas celulares, sendo essencial para a análise microscópica e a interpretação diagnóstica. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência dos tempos de fixação nas características morfológicas e tintoriais de amostras fixadas em álcool etílico e coradas pelo método de Papanicolaou. Método: Realizou-se pesquisa experimental, quantitativa e qualitativa de 99 amostras de raspado da mucosa jugal de 33participantes, fixadas em álcool etílico 96% em três tempos diferentes. Grupo A: 15 minutos; grupo B: 30 minutos; grupo C: sete dias. A qualidade da coloração foi categorizada em ótima, boa, regular e ruim, com posterior recategorização em ótimo e não ótimo. Para verificar a associação entre os grupos e as categorias, realizou-se teste exato de Fisher, com nível de significância de 0,05. Resultado: Das 99 lâminas coradas, 19 foram desprezadas por acelularidade, restando 80 lâminas para serem analisadas. Destas, foram avaliadas 28 no grupo A, 26 no grupo B e 26 no grupo C. No grupo A, foi encontrada qualidade ótima - 60,7% (n = 17); boa - 28,6% (n = 8); regular - 10,7% (n = 3) e ruim - 0% (n = 0). No grupo B, ótima - 61,5% (n = 16); boa - 30,8% (n = 8); regular - 7,7% (n = 2); e ruim - 0% (n = 0). E no Grupo C, ótima - 92,3% (n = 24); boa - 7,7% (n = 2); regular - 0% (n = 0); e ruim - 0% (n = 0). Nos três grupos não houve representação na categoria ruim. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que há diferença significativa na qualidade da coloração (p = 0,01) de acordo com o tempo de fixação.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Fixation of cytological smears consists of immediate immersion in appropriate fixative, in order to preserve cellular morphological characteristics, it is essential for the microscopic examination and diagnostic interpretation. Objective: To evaluate the influence of fixation times on the morphological and staining characteristics of samples fixed in ethanol and stained by the Papanicolaou method. Method: Experimental, quantitative and qualitative research was carried out on 99 samples of the jugal mucosa scrapings from 33 participants, fixed in 96% ethyl alcohol in three different times. Group A: 15 minutes; group B: 30 minutes; group C: seven days. The quality of staining was categorized in Optimal, Good, Regular and Poor, with subsequent recategorization at optimal and non-optimal. To verify the association among the groups and the categories, Fisher’s exact test was performed, with significance level of 0.05. Results: From the 99 stained slides, 19 were discarded due to acellularity, remaining 80 slides. From these, 28 in group A, 26 in group B and 26 in group C were evaluated. In Group A, optimal quality was found in 60.7% (n = 17), good in 28.6% (n = 8), regular in 10.7% (n = 3) and poor in 0% (n = 0). In group B optimal was found in 61.5% (n = 16), good in 30.8% (n = 8), regular in 7.7% (n = 2) and poor in 0% (n = 0). In group C, optimal was found in 92.3% (n = 24), good in 7.7% (n = 2), regular in 0% (n = 0) and poor in 0% (n = 0). In the three groups, there was no representation of the Poor category. Conclusion: The results suggest that there is a significant difference in the staining quality (p-value = 0.01) according to the fixation time.

RESUMEN Introducción: La fijación de extensiones citológicas consiste en la inmersión inmediata en fijador adecuado para preservar la morfología celular, siendo esencial para el análisis microscópico y la interpretación diagnóstica. Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia de los tiempos de fijación en las características morfológicasy de tinción de muestras fijadas con metanoly tenidas con el método de Papanicolaou. Método: Se realizó una investigación experimental, cuantitativa y cualitativa de 99 muestras de raspado de la mucosa yugal de 33 participantes, fijadas con etanol al 96% en tres tiempos distintos. Grupo A: 15 minutos; grupo B: 30 minutos; grupo C: 7 días. La calidad de la tinción fue categorizada en óptima, buena, regular y mala, con posterior reclasificación en óptima y no óptima. Para determinar la asociación entre los grupos y las categorias, se realizó la prueba exacta de Fisher, con un nivel de significación del 0,05. Resultado: De las 99 muestras tenidas, 19 fueron desechadas por acelularidad, quedando 80 para ser analizadas. De estas muestras, 28 fueron evaluadas en el grupo A, 26 en el grupo B y 26 en el grupo C. En el grupo A, hemos encontrado calidad óptima - 60,7% (n =17); buena - 28,6% (n = 8); regular -10,7% (n = 3) y mala - 0% (n = 0). En el grupo B, óptima - 61,5% (n = 16); buena - 30,8% (n = 8); regular - 7,7% (n = 2); y mala - 0% (n = 0). En el grupo C, óptima - 92,3% (n = 24); buena - 7,7% (n = 2); regular - 0% (n = 0) y mala - 0% (n = 0). En los tres grupos no hubo representación en la categoria mala. Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que hay diferencia significativa en la calidad de la tinción (p = 0,01) de acuerdo con el tiempo de fijación.

Resumo Fundamento: Na menopausa, há maior exposição celular ao estresse oxidativo, relacionada à diminuição dos efeitos antioxidantes do estrogênio. Essas alterações metabólicas favorecem a progressão das doenças cardiovasculares, como a aterosclerose. A função anormal da aorta - a artéria mais importante - está associada a muitas doenças cardiovasculares. O colágeno, especialmente os tipos I e III, é um dos mais importantes componentes da parede da aorta e pode ser afetado por muitos fatores, incluindo a menopausa. Por sua vez, 8-OHdG é um dos principais marcadores de danos oxidativos do DNA induzidos por espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROS). Objetivo: Investigar os efeitos do treinamento aeróbico moderado na aorta ascendente de camundongos fêmeas, nocaute para LDL (LDL-KO) e ovariectomizadas. Métodos: Um total de 15 animais C57BL/6 e 15 animais LDL-KO foram divididos em grupos experimentais. A espessura e a densidade de volume das fibras de colágeno tipos I e III foram realizadas por análise morfoquantitativa; MMP-2 e MMP-9 e 8-OHdG foram detectadas por imunohistoquímica; e a apoptose foi detectada pelo ensaio TUNEL. O nível de significância adotado para todos os testes realizados foi p < 0,05. Resultados: o exercício causa aumento da espessura da aorta em grupos LDL-KO, particularmente acentuada em grupos ovariectomizados. As fibras de colágeno de tipo I mostraram aumento da densidade de volume influenciado pelo treinamento em animais controle e LDL-KO. A densidade do colágeno tipo III diminuiu em ambos os grupos. A MMP-2 mostrou imunomarcação moderada na túnica média em animais LDL-KO; em grupos controle, a MMP-9 marcou irregularmente em todos os tecidos. O marcador 8-OHdG foi mais forte nos grupos de treinamento de exercícios. Além disso, a ovariectomia, o treinamento físico e os tratamentos de LDL-KO aumentaram a apoptose. Conclusão: Esses resultados sugerem que exercícios aeróbicos de intensidade moderada em camundongos ovariectomizados associados ao aumento da taxa de LDL, possivelmente, aumentam o estresse oxidativo e a indução da apoptose.

Abstract Background: In menopause, there is greater cellular exposure to oxidative stress, related to the decreased antioxidative effects of estrogen. These metabolic changes favor the progression of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis. Abnormal function of the aorta - the most important artery - is associated with many cardiovascular diseases. Collagen, especially types I and III, is one of the most important aortic wall components and it can be affected by many factors, including menopause. The 8-OHdG is one of the main markers of DNA oxidative damage induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Objective: We aimed to investigate effects of moderate aerobic training on the ascending aorta of LDL-knockout (LDL-KO) and ovariectomized female mice. Methods: A total of 15 C57BL/6 mice and 15 LDL-KO mice were divided into experimental groups. The thickness and volume density of types I and III collagen fibers were performed by morphoquantitative analysis, whereas the MMP-2 and MMP-9 and 8-OHdG were detected by immunohistochemistry and apoptosis was detected by the TUNEL assay. The significance level for all tests was p < 0.05. Results: Exercise causes an increase in the thickness of the aorta in LDL-KO groups, particularly accentuated in the ovariectomized groups. The type I collagen fibers showed an increase in volume density influenced by training in both Control groups and in the LDL-KO group. Type III collagen density decreased in both groups. The MMP-2 showed moderade immunostaining in the tunica media in LDL-KO groups, which did not occur in the control groups and the MMP-9 stained irregularly in all tissues. The marker 8-OhdG was stronger in the exercise training groups. Additionally, the ovariectomy, the exercise training and the LDL-KO treatments increased apoptosis. Conclusion: These results suggest that moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in ovariectomized mice associated to an increase in LDL rate possibly increases oxidative stress and apoptosis induction.

ABSTRACT Wolf cichlid, Parachromis dovii, is a species with a high potential for aquaculture in Central America; however, the knowledge of the digestive physiology in larvae period is limited. For these reason, this study evaluated the changes on digestive enzymes (alkaline and acid proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin, aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase, lipases, amylases, and phosphatases) during early ontogeny by biochemical analysis. All digestive enzymes were detected at first feeding (6 days after hatching, DAH, 9.49 mm, 168 degree-days DD). Afterwards all enzymes reached two main peaks in activity at 14 or 22 DAH (15.10 mm, 364 DD and 20.83 mm, 550 DD, respectively). Later, there was a gradual decrease in activity for trypsin and acid and alkaline phosphatases until reach the lowest values at 41 DAH. In the case of acid proteases, chymotrypsin, aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase, lipase and amylase, all activities reached their maximum values at the end of the larval period, except for alkaline proteases, which showed the maximum value at 14 DAH (15.10 mm, 364 DD). Parachromis dovii larvae have an early capability to hydrolyze exogenous food, agreeing with other carnivorous neotropical cichlid species, for this reason we proposed that the weaning process could begin at 14 DAH.

RESUMEN El guapote lagunero (Parachromis dovii) es una especie con un alto potencial para la acuicultura en la región de América Central; sin embargo, existe un conocimiento limitado sobre la capacidad digestiva en el periodo larval. Por este motivo, este estudio evaluó los cambios de las enzimas digestivas (proteasas alcalinas y ácidas, tripsina, quimotripsina, aminopeptidasa, carboxipeptidasa, lipasas, amilasas y fosfatasas) durante la ontogenia temprana mediante análisis bioquímico. Todas las enzimas digestivas analizadas se detectaron en la primera alimentación (6 días después de la eclosión, DAH, 9.49 mm, 168 día-grados DD). Después, todas las enzimas alcanzaron dos picos máximos a los 14 o 22 DAH (15.10 mm, 364 DD and 20.83 mm, 550 DD, respectivamente). Después las actividades tripsina, fosfatasas ácidas y alcalina disminuyeron a sus valores más bajos a los 41 DAH. En el caso de las proteasas ácidas y alcalinas, quimotripsina, aminopeptidasa, carboxipeptidasa, lipasa y amilasa, los niveles de actividad aumentaron y alcanzaron su máximo valor al final del período larvario, excepto las proteasas alcalinas, que mostraron su máximo valor a los 14 DAH (15.10 mm, 364 DD). Las larvas de P. dovii tienen una capacidad temprana para hidrolizar alimentos exógenos, lo que concuerda con otras especies de cíclidos neotropicales carnívoros, por lo que proponemos que el proceso de destete inicie a los 14 DAH.