Abstract In this study antioxidant effects of pectin and tomato paste (TP) on lipid oxidation and production of functional chicken breast sausage during refrigerated storage for 14 days were evaluated. Raw chicken sausage samples were enriched with different levels of TP containing 0, 1, 2 and 10% and 1% pectin, and peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and sensory attributes were evaluated periodically for 14 days of storage at 4 °C. Although after 1 day of storage TP treatments at level of 1% did not exert any antioxidant effects on TBARS, PV varied for all treatments except control and remained lower than 8 meq O2/kg throughout the storage time. During refrigerated storage, formation of lipid oxidation products increased from 2.8 to 15.2 meq O2/ kg for PV and 0.064 to 0.38 mg malondialdehyde (MDA)/kg in the TBARS test, respectively. At the end of storage time, the PV and MDA value in chicken sausage treated with 1%, 2% and 10% TP decreased by 51 and 19%, 73 and 69%, and 71 and 82% (P <0.05), respectively. The results of sensory evaluation showed that panelists preferred functional sausage containing 2% of TP and higher levels of TP altered the visual appearance of product.

Cadmium, a high toxicity element, is a potential threat to plant and human health, and a dangerous pollutant in the environment. Uptake and accumulation by crops represent the main entry pathway for potentially health-threatening toxic metals into human and animal food. Crops and other plants take up Cd from the soil or water and may distribute it in their roots and shoots. Soil and/or water are usually contaminated with Cd through natural sources, industrial effluent, and anthropogenic activities. In this review, the sources of Cd contamination, evaluation of the phytotoxic effects on plants, and mode of action of Cd toxicity, were summarized. Plant defensive strategies upon excess Cd are also considered in this review. Cd-induced effects include oxidative stress, disintegration of the photosynthetic apparatus, reduction in gas exchange parameters, nutrient imbalance, and subcellular organelle degradation. In addition, Cd severely impairs biomolecules such as DNA, protein, and lipids. Although plants are sessile in nature, they are equipped with certain mechanisms to cope with unfavorable conditions. These mechanisms include synthesis of metal-chelating proteins, expression of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, organic acids, and plant root-mycorrhiza association. The built-in system of plant tolerance to Cd can be further enhanced by the application of exogenous organic and inorganic metal sources. This review will broaden the knowledge about the Cd accumulation in plants and the responses to metal exposure, as well as our understanding of metal tolerance and overcoming this serious issue for sustainable agriculture and human health worldwide.

El Cadmio, con su alta tasa de toxicidad, constituye una amenaza potencial para la salud humana y las plantas, es un contaminante peligroso en el medio ambiente. La absorción y acumulación en los cultivos representan la principal vía de entrada de metales tóxicos en alimentos para humanos y animales, potencialmente peligrosos para la salud. Los cultivos y otras plantas absorben Cd del suelo o del agua y pueden distribuirlo en sus raíces y brotes. El suelo y/o el agua se contaminan con Cd generalmente a través de fuentes naturales, efluentes industriales y actividades antropogénicas. En esta revisión, se resumieron las fuentes de contaminación de Cd, la evaluación de los efectos fitotóxicos en las plantas y el modo de acción de la toxicidad. Además, las estrategias de las plantas para protegerse del exceso de Cd. Los efectos inducidos por Cd incluyen el estrés oxidativo, la desintegración del aparato fotosintético, la reducción de los parámetros de intercambio de gases, el desequilibrio de nutrientes y la degradación de los orgánulos subcelulares. Además, el Cd deteriora gravemente las biomoléculas como el ADN, las proteínas y los lípidos. Aunque las plantas son de naturaleza sésil, están equipadas con ciertos mecanismos para hacer frente a condiciones desfavorables. Estos mecanismos incluyen la síntesis de proteínas quelantes de metales, la expresión de de la planta y la micorriza. El sistema incorporado de tolerancia de plantas al Cd puede mejorarse aún más mediante la aplicación de fuentes orgánicas e inorgánicas de metales exógenos. Esta revisión ampliará el conocimiento sobre la acumulación de Cd en plantas y las respuestas a la exposición a metales, así como la comprensión de la tolerancia al metal y la superación de este grave problema para la agricultura sostenible y la salud humana en todo el mundo.

RESUMO Introdução: os osteoclastos e os osteoblastos são responsáveis por regular a homeostase óssea, processo no qual o oligoelemento zinco tem demonstrado exercer um efeito cumulativo sobre a massa óssea, estimulando a formação óssea osteoblástica e inibindo a reabsorção óssea osteoclástica. Objetivo: o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os efeitos do zinco (Zn) sobre a movimentação dentária ortodôntica (MDO) em ratos. Métodos: um total de 44 ratos Wistar machos foi dividido em quatro grupos de 11 animais cada, os quais receberam 0; 1,5; 20 e 50ppm de zinco diluído em água destilada, durante 60 dias. Nos últimos 21 dias do estudo, molas helicoidais fechadas de níquel-titânio foram instaladas entre os incisivos direitos e os primeiros molares superiores de todos os ratos, e a movimentação dentária foi medida ao final desse período. Foi realizada análise histológica de cortes corados por hematoxilina-eosina, para avaliar as lacunas de reabsorção radicular, o número de osteoclastos e a espessura do ligamento periodontal. Resultados: as médias da MDO foram estimadas em 51,8; 49,1; 35,5 e 45µm no grupos que receberam, respectivamente, 0; 1,5; 20 e 50ppm de zinco. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos experimentais, nem quanto à MDO, nem quanto aos parâmetros histológicos (p > 0,05). Conclusão: segundo os resultados obtidos na presente investigação, verificou-se que um aumento na dose de suplementação com zinco para 50ppm não afeta nem o índice de MDO, nem a reabsorção óssea ou radicular em ratos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Osteoclasts and osteoblasts are responsible for regulating bone homeostasis during which the trace element zinc has been shown to exert a cumulative effect on bone mass by stimulating osteoblastic bone formation and inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of zinc (Zn) on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in a rat model. Material and Methods: A total of 44 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of 11 animals each and received 0, 1.5, 20 and 50 ppm Zn in distilled water for 60 days. In the last 21 days of the study, nickel-titanium closed coil springs were ligated between maxillary right incisors and first molars of all rats, and tooth movement was measured at the end of this period. Histological analysis of hematoxylin/eosin slides was performed to assess root resorption lacunae, osteoclast number and periodontal ligament (PDL) width. Results: Mean OTM was calculated as 51.8, 49.1, 35.5 and 45 µm in the 0, 1.5, 20 and 50 ppm zinc-receiving groups, respectively. There were no significant differences in neither OTM nor histological parameters among the study groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results obtained in the current investigation, increase in supplementary zinc up to 50 ppm does not affect the rate of OTM neither bone and root resorption in rats.

The purpose of the present study was to screen and identify the lipase-producing microorganisms from various regions of Iran. Samples collected from hot spring, Persian Gulf, desert area and oil-contaminated soil, were analyzed for thermophilic extracellular-lipase producing organisms. Six strains with high activity on rhodamine B plates were selected for chemical identification and further study. Among these isolated bacteria, four strains show higher activity in pH-Stat method at 55 °C. These strains were identified by PCR amplification of 16s rRNA genes using universal primers. Fermentation increased the activity up to 50%. The growth medium, designed for lipase production, increased the activity up to 4.55 folds. The crude supernatant of ZR-5 after fermentation and separation the cells, was lyophilized and the activity was measured. Total activity of this strain was 12 kU/g that shows its potential for industrial uses. Further study is required for purification of enzyme and calculation its specific activity. Immobilization is another approach should be considered.

INTRODUCTION: We investigated the antianxiety and sedative effects of the essential oil of Ducrosia anethifolia. Boiss. (Apiaceae). METHODS: We used elevated plus maze, spontaneous motor activity and ketamine-induced sleep tests in mice. In addition, the essential oil was analyzed by GC/MS. Twenty compounds were identified, and n-decanal (70.1%) and alpha-pinene (12.4%) constituted the major components. RESULTS: In elevated plus maze, Ducrosia anethifolia essential oil at doses of 25-200 mg/kg increased the percentage of open arm time and entries. Unlike diazepam, ducrosia anethifolia essential oil could not suppress spontaneous motor activity and did not alter ketamine-induced sleep parameters. These results are indicative of antianxiety effect of Ducrosia anethifolia essential oil without sedative effect

Resumo Foi analisado o polimorfismo cromossômico de Anopheles darlingi, cuja amostra foi obtida na Rodovia BR-174 (Manaus/Boa Vista). Foram descritas duas novas inversões independentes, estendendo-se para doze o número de rearranjos de A. darlingi. Três regiões de despareamento também foram descritas, sendo uma no cromossomo X e duas no cromossomo 2. Ocorreu uma alta incidência de inversões no estado heterozigoto e o número médio por indivíduo foi elevado (4,13 ± 0.13). As freqüências elevadas e significativas de heterozigotos para a maioria das inversões foram interpretadas como indicativas de uma adaptabilidade maior dos mesmos em relação à heterogeneidade ambiental. Os testes para associação de inversões evidenciaram a ocorrência de uma associação intracromossômica (braços 3R e 3L) e quatro intercromossômicas (cromossomos X - 3 e 2 - 3). Os dados de polimorfismo cromossômico de Anopheles darlingi corroboram a hipótese de que populações centrais da área de distribuição geográfica de uma espécie são mais polimórficas que as populações marginais. As populações de A. darlingi da Amazônia são altamente polimórficas quando comparadas com as populações do sul nas quais foram fixados determinados arranjos com reduzido polimorfismo.

Summary Jhe chromosomic polymorphism of Anopheles darlingi, whose sample was obtained in Highway BR-174 (Manaus/Boa Vista), was here analyzed. Two new independent inversions were described, and the number of rearrangements was raised to twelve. Three asynapsed regions were also described, being one in chromosome X and two in chromosome 2. There was a high occurence of inversions at the heterozygote state and the medium number per individual was high (4,13 ± 0,13). The higher and meaningful frequencies of heterozygote indicated their larger adaptability to the enviromental heterogeneity. The tests for the association of inversions showed the occurrence of an intrachromosomic association (arms 3R and 3D and four interchromosomic ones (chromosomes X-3 and 2-3). The data of the Anopheles darlingi chromosomic polymorphism support the hypothesis that the central populations of a geographic area are more polymorphic than the marginal populations. The A. darlingi populations of Amazônia are highly polymorphic as compared to the southern ones, where certain arrangements with reduce polymorphism were determined.