Resumen Objetivo: Echinophora platyloba se utiliza tradicionalmente como agente antimicrobiano con el fin de preservar los productos caseros de deterioro. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la composición química del aceite esencial, actividad antimicrobiana y antioxidante del aceite esencial de E. platyloba de la provincia de Shahr-e-Kord. Materiales y métodos: la composición química del aceite esencial de E. platyloba mediante técnicas de GC-MS y GC y evaluar su efecto antibacteriano frente a Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica y Helicobacter pylori por ensayos de difusión en disco y de micro dilución en caldo. La actividad antioxidante del aceite esencial de E. platyloba se evaluó por los radicales ABST. β-ocimeno y α-cariofileno eran los componentes principales del aceite esencial de E. platyloba. El aceite esencial mostró la actividad antibacteriana prometido contra S. aureus, seguido de S. enterica y H. pylori. El aceite esencial presenta actividad antioxidante del aceite esencial mostró la IC50 de 0. 32 mg/ml que fue mayor que la IC50 de ácido ascórbico (0.20 mg/ml). En conclusión : Aceite esencial de E. platyloba ha se recomienda ß-ocimeno y quimiotipo α-cariofileno y su uso como agentes antioxidantes y antibacterianas como sus usos tradicionales.

Abstract Objective: Echinophora platyloba is traditionally used as antimicrobial agent in order to preserve the home-made products from deterioration. The aim of this study was to evaluate chemical composition of essential oil, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of E. platyloba essential oil from Shahr-E-Kord city, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. Materials and methods: chemical composition of E. platyloba essential oil by GC and GC-MS techniques and evaluate its antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica and Helicobacter pylori by disc diffusion and micro broth dilution assays. The antioxidant activity of E. platyloba essential oil was evaluated by ABST radicals. β-ocimene and α-caryophyllene were the main components of E. platyloba essential oil. The essential oil showed the promised antibacterial activity against S. aureus, followed by S. enterica and H. pylori. The antioxidant activity evaluation of essential oil showed the IC50 of 0.32 mg/ml that was higher than the IC50 of ascorbic acid (0.20 mg/ml). In conclusion , E. platyloba essential oil has β-ocimene and α-caryophyllene chemotype and its use as antioxidant and antibacterial agents is recommended as its traditional uses.

Solid-phase peptide synthesis of dipeptide (histidine-β-alanine) as a chelating agent examined by common N-9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl-N-trityl-L-histidine and tert-butyloxycarbonyl-β-alanine-OH amino acid derivatives. Trityl chloride resin was used as a carrier resin. The molecular structure of the dipeptide was definite by using different methods such as ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), proton (1H) nuclear magnetic ressonance (NMR) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and the chelating property of synthesized dipeptide was investigated for removing of metal ions Al3+, Cu2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+in vitro. In addition, the pharmacological and biological activities of dipeptide were examined by prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) program.

Background Despite the high importance of Helicobacter pylori, the origin and transmission of this bacterium has not been clearly determined. According to controversial theories and results of previous studies, animal source foods – especially milk – play an important role in the transmission of H. pylori to humans. The aim of the present study was to determine the distribution of vacA, cagA,iceA and oipA virulence factors inH. pylori strains isolated from milk and dairy products and study their antimicrobial resistance properties.Methods A total of 520 raw milk and 400 traditional dairy product samples were cultured and tested. Those that were H. pylori-positive were analyzed for the presence of vacA,cagA, iceA and oipAvirulence factors. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the disk diffusion method.Results One hundred and three out of 520 milk samples (19.8%) and 77 out of 400 dairy products samples (19.2%) were contaminated with H. pylori. The most frequently contaminated samples were ovine milk (35%) and traditional cheese (30%). Total prevalence ofvacA, cagA, iceA andoipA factors were 75%, 76.6%, 41.6% and 25%, respectively. H. pylori strains of milk and dairy products harbored high levels of resistance to ampicillin (84.4%), tetracycline (76.6%), erythromycin (70.5%) and metronidazole (70%).Conclusions High presence of antibiotic-resistant strains of H. pylorisuggest that milk and dairy samples may be the sources of bacteria that can cause severe infection. Our findings should raise awareness about antibiotic resistance in H. pylori strains in Iran.

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence rate, enterotoxigenecity, and antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus isolated from dairy products in Iran. From September 2010 to July 2011, a total of 347 samples from various dairy products, traditional and commercial, were collected from randomly selected retail stores. Overall, 20 samples (5.8%) were found to be contaminated with S. aureus. The highest prevalence of S. aureus was found in traditional cheese (11.1%), followed by traditional ice-cream (5.9%), cream (5.6%), and butter (5.3%). The ability to synthesize classical staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEA-E) was determined in 7 of 20 (35%) isolates by using ELISA. SE type C was the most common enterotoxin found in the isolated S. aureus (42.9%), followed by SE type A (28.6%), SEA+SEC and SE type D (14.3%). Of the 20 isolates, 16 (80.0%) were positive for one or more entrotoxin genes and 8 different genotypes were observed. Susceptibilities of the isolates were determined for 14 antimicrobial drugs using the disk diffusion assay. Most of the isolates (95.0%) were resistant to one or more two antimicrobial agent and 45.0% of the isolates were resistant to three or more of drugs. Resistance to ampicillin was the most common finding (55.0%), followed by tetracycline (40.0%) and penicillin G (30.0%). The results of this study showed the wide spread of enterotoxigenic and multidrug-resistant S. aureus strains in traditional dairy products in Iran and highlighted their public health hazards.