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au:RAMIREZ, ANTONIO J.

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Effect of Hot Isostatic Pressing of Water Atomized AISI 316L Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
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Rodrigues, Pedro Henrique Eça

; Unti, Luiz Fernando Kultz

; Mariani, Fábio Edson

; Gargarella, Piter

; Cintho, Osvaldo Mitsuyuki

; Ramirez, Antonio J.

; Zilnyk, Kahl

Materials Research

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2023, Volume 26 Suppl. 1 elocation e20230074

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

The objective of this work is to study the possibility of obtaining dense parts using water atomized AISI 316L steel powder in the L-PBF process. Despite its irregular, non-spherical, particle morphology, it has a significantly lower cost. 25 samples were produced varying the laser power and the scanning speeds to determine the optimal processing conditions. Additionally, hot isostatic pressing (HIP) was performed after the L-PBF process to further increase densification. Selected samples were subjected to microstructural characterization. The best densification results obtained were for the sample produced with the laser power of 173 W and scanning speed of 600 mm/s, where densifications close to 98% were obtained. HIP post-processing promoted increased densification of samples with closed porosity, allowing samples with densification above 95% to reach values close to 100%. HIP did not promote the closure of open pores. The results indicate that the use of water atomized AISI 316L in the L-PBF process combined with post-processing by HIP can produce dense engineering components and at the same time reduce the production costs of the manufactured components, mainly because it is a lower cost raw material when compared to the commonly used feedstock obtained by gas atomization.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2023-0074

Tricuspid Aortic Valve Reconstruction with Autologous Pericardium (Ozaki Technique) in Bicuspid Aortic Valve Infective Endocarditis Ozaki Technique
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Ramirez, Antonio D’Errico

; Losito, Concetta

; Bari, Nicola Di

; Giovannico, Lorenzo

; Acquaviva, Tommaso

; Romito, Roberta

; Milano, Aldo Domenico

Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery

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2023, Volume 38 N. 2 Pages 309 - 311

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

https://doi.org/10.21470/1678-9741-2021-0630

Measurement of physical activity and sedentary behavior in national health surveys, South America
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Silva, Danilo R.

; Barboza, Luciana L.

; Baldew, Se-Sergio

; Anza-Ramirez, Cecilia

; Ramírez-Vélez, Robinson

; Schuch, Felipe B.

; Gomes, Thayse N.

; Sadarangani, Kabir P.

; García-Hermoso, Antonio

; Nieto-Martinez, Ramfis

; Ferrari, Gerson

; Miranda, J. Jaime

; Werneck, André O.

Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública

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2022, Volume 46 elocation e7

Abstract: En Pt Es | Text: En Pt Es | PDF: En | PDF: Pt | PDF: Es

ABSTRACT Objectives. To characterize how physical activity and sedentary behavior have been measured in national health surveys in South American countries. Methods. An extensive search was made for national health surveys from all 12 South American countries through health websites, national statistical offices, and contact with researchers and policy-makers. The following eligibility criteria were used to select surveys: conducted in a South American country; used a nationally representative sample ≥ 18 years; coordinated by the public, private or mixed private–public sector; and assessed physical activity and/or sedentary behavior. Data were extracted on general information about the surveys, specific details about the physical activity and sedentary behavior assessment, and additional questions related to activity behavior. Results. In total, 36 surveys were included, two of which were multicountry surveys; all surveys assessed physical activity and 27 assessed sedentary behavior. Most surveys (23/36; 64%) were based on previously validated international questionnaires, but 13 (57%) of these deviated from the reference tools, introducing changes and adaptations. Sedentary behavior was assessed mostly through questions on screen time and/or daily sitting time in the same physical activity questionnaires. No survey used device-based measures to generate data on these behaviors. Conclusions. Differences between instruments used and modifications limit the comparability of data across countries. This highlights the importance of standardizing assessment within South America for physical activity and sedentary behavior sections in national surveys, with the broader aim of contributing to establishing a standardized strategy for the surveillance of physical activity and sedentary behavior in South America.

RESUMO Objetivos. Caracterizar como a atividade física e o comportamento sedentário têm sido medidos em pesquisas nacionais de saúde em países sul-americanos. Métodos. Foi realizada uma busca extensa de pesquisas nacionais de saúde de todos os 12 países sul-americanos em sites de saúde e órgãos nacionais de estatística, e pelo contato com pesquisadores e formuladores de políticas. Foram usados os seguintes critérios de elegibilidade para selecionar as pesquisas: conduzida em um país sul-americano; que tenha usado uma amostra nacionalmente representativa ≥ 18 anos; coordenada pelo setor público, privado ou público-privado; e que tenha avaliado a atividade física e/ou o comportamento sedentário. Os dados extraídos eram sobre informações gerais das pesquisas, detalhes específicos sobre a avaliação da atividade física e do comportamento sedentário e questões adicionais relacionadas ao comportamento na atividade. Resultados. Ao todo, 36 pesquisas foram incluídas, duas das quais foram conduzidas em vários países. Todas as pesquisas avaliaram a atividade física e 27 avaliaram o comportamento sedentário. A maioria das pesquisas (23/36; 64%) baseou-se em questionários internacionais previamente validados e 13 (57%) delas se desviaram das ferramentas de referência, introduzindo mudanças e adaptações. O comportamento sedentário foi avaliado principalmente por meio de perguntas sobre tempo de tela e/ou tempo diário sentado nos mesmos questionários sobre atividade física. Nenhuma pesquisa utilizou medições realizadas por dispositivos para gerar dados sobre esses comportamentos. Conclusões. As diferenças entre os instrumentos usados e as modificações limitam a comparabilidade dos dados entre os países, o que destaca a importância de padronizar a avaliação na América do Sul para as seções de atividade física e comportamento sedentário em pesquisas nacionais, com o objetivo mais amplo de contribuir para o estabelecimento de uma estratégia padronizada para a vigilância da atividade física e do comportamento sedentário na América do Sul.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Describir cómo se han medido la actividad física y el sedentarismo en las encuestas nacionales de salud en los países de América del Sur. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo una extensa búsqueda de encuestas nacionales de salud de los doce países sudamericanos en sitios web de salud, oficinas nacionales de estadística y mediante el contacto con investigadores y responsables de formular políticas. Para escoger las encuestas se emplearon los siguientes criterios de selección: realizada en un país sudamericano; muestra representativa a nivel nacional de ≥ 18 años; coordinada por el sector público, el sector privado o mixto público-privado; y evaluación de la actividad física o el sedentarismo. Se extrajeron datos como información general de las encuestas, detalles específicos de la evaluación de la actividad física y el sedentarismo, y otras preguntas relacionadas con la actividad física. Resultados. En total, se incluyeron 36 encuestas, dos de las cuales se realizaron en varios países. Todas las encuestas evaluaron la actividad física; 27, el sedentarismo. La mayoría de las encuestas (23/36; 64%) se basaron en cuestionarios internacionales anteriormente validados, de los cuales 13 (57%) se desviaron de las herramientas de referencia al tener cambios y adaptaciones. El sedentarismo se evaluó principalmente en los mismos cuestionarios de actividad física mediante preguntas sobre el tiempo invertido delante de pantallas o el tiempo diario sentado. Ninguna encuesta aplicó medidas basadas en dispositivos para obtener datos sobre estos comportamientos. Conclusiones. Las diferencias entre los instrumentos empleados y las modificaciones limitan la comparabilidad de los datos en todos los países. Esto pone de relieve la importancia de estandarizar la evaluación en América del Sur de las secciones dedicadas a la actividad física y al sedentarismo en las encuestas nacionales, con el objetivo general de contribuir a la creación de una estrategia estandarizada para la vigilancia de la actividad física y el sedentarismo en América del Sur.

https://doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2022.7

First Colombian consensus on congenital Chagas and clinical approach for women of child-bearing age diagnosed with Chagas
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Cucunubá, Zulma M.

; Valencia-Hernández, Carlos A.

; Puerta, Concepción J.

; Sosa-Estani, Sergio

; Torrico, Faustino

; Cortés, Jorge Alberto

; Ramirez, Juan David

; Vera, Mauricio J.

; Acosta, Belkis Xiomara

; Álvarez, Carlos Arturo

; Muller, Edith Ángel

; Beltrán, Mauricio

; Bermúdez, María Isabel

; Berrío, Maritza

; Camacho Moreno, Germán

; Castellanos, Yeny Zulay

; Criollo, Ingrid

; Flórez, Astrid Carolina

; Guerra Morales, Patricia

; Herazo, Rafael Antonio

; Hernández, Diana Carolina

; León, Cielo Maritza

; Medina Camargo, Manuel

; MedinaAlfonso, Mabel

; Pachón, Edwin

; Paez Fonseca, Bernardo

; Parra, María Luisa

; Pavia, Paula X.

; Quiróz, Franklin Roberto

; Ríos, Lyda Constanza

; Roa, Nubia Lucía

; Torres, Fernando

; Uribe Rivero, Luz Marina

Infectio

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dec 2017, Volume 21 N. 4 Pages 255 - 266

Abstract: Es En | Text: Es En | PDF: Es | PDF: En

Resumen La transmisión congénita de la enfermedad de Chagas ha sido poco estudiada en Colombia y existen pocos procedimientos rutinarios en el sistema de salud para el manejo de esta enfermedad. Por ello se desarrolló un consenso de expertos dirigido a generar recomendaciones de diagnóstico y tratamiento de Chagas con- génito y orientación a mujeres en edad fértil. Con ese propósito se realizó una búsqueda extensiva de la literatura, empleando una combinación de términos Mes (Chagas, Chagas congénito, prevención, control, diagnóstico, tratamiento y embarazo) para reflejar el estado del arte en cada tema de interés. Después de ello, se leyeron los resúmenes y aquellos seleccionados para análisis del texto completo. La literatura relevante se sintetizo, clasifico y organizo en tablas y se presentó al panel de expertos, el cual estaba constituido por 30 profesionales en diferentes áreas. Mediante la metodología Delphi se realizaron 2 rondas de cuestionarios virtuales y una reunión presencial en los cuales se evaluaron los niveles de acuerdo entre los participantes. Los puntos con falta de consenso durante las 2 rondas virtuales se expusieron durante las mesas de discusión en la ronda presencial. La evidencia utilizada se adaptó a las particularidades nacionales según el caso y se aprobó el contenido del documento final. Se propone que estas recomendaciones sean usadas por profesionales de la salud en Colombia.

Abstract Congenital transmission of Chagas disease has not been extensively studied in Colombia, and there are no standardized processes in the health system regarding the specific diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of this disease. To generate recommendations on congenital Chagas disease and Chagas in women of childbearing age in Colombia, a consensus of experts was developed. An extensive literature search through the Medline database was carried out using the MeSH terms: «Chagas disease/congenital», «prevention and control», «diagnosis», «therapeutics» and «pregnancy». Appropriate abstracts were selected and the full texts were analyzed. The relevant information was synthesized, classified, and organized into tables and figures and was presented to a panel of experts, which was composed of 30 professionals from various fields. Based on the Delphi methodology, three rounds of consultation were conducted. The first and second rounds were based on electronic questionnaires that measured the level of consensus of each question among the participants. The third round was based on a face-to-face discussion focusing on those questions without consensus in the previous consultations. The evidence was adapted to national circumstances on a case-by-case basis, and the content the final document was approved. These recommendations are proposed for use in routine medical practice by health professionals in Colombia.

https://doi.org/10.22354/in.v21i4.689 799 downloads

Desenvolvimento dos Parâmetros do Processo de Soldagem por Atrito com Pino Não Consumível para o Aço de Alta Resistência e Baixa Liga ISO 3183 X80M
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Hermenegildo, Tahiana F. C.

; Silva, Ana Carla S.

; Torres, Edwar A.

; Santos, Tiago F. A.

; Ramirez, Antonio J.

Soldagem & Inspeção

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jun 2017, Volume 22 N. 2 Pages 129 - 138

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Resumo Sabe-se que as velocidades de soldagem e rotacional, força axial, ângulo de inclinação e desenho da ferramenta são as principais variáveis de entrada independentes, que são utilizadas para controlar o processo de soldagem por atrito com pino não consumível, e que a taxa de geração de calor, taxa de resfriamento, força na direção de soldagem e o torque são as variáveis de resposta, que irão influenciar na evolução microestrutural e desempenho mecânico da junta soldada. Neste trabalho foi feito um estudo do comportamento destas variáveis visando o desenvolvimento de parâmetros para o aço API 5L X80 (ISO 3183 X80M). Para tanto, chapas com 12 mm de espessura, foram soldadas através de dois passes, utilizando ferramenta de nitreto de boro cúbico policristalino. Observou-se que, mantendo-se a velocidade de soldagem constante, o aumento da velocidade rotacional e /ou da força axial, tende a reduzir as forças reativas e o torque atuantes durante o processo pelo aumento da taxa de geração de calor. Por outro lado, mantendo-se essas variáveis constantes, o aumento da velocidade de soldagem tende a aumentar as forças e o torque, uma vez que para o aço, este parâmeto desempenha um papel significativo na taxa de geração de calor durante o processo.

Abstract It is known that welding and rotational speeds, axial force, the inclination angle, and the tool design are the main independent input variables which are used to control the process of friction stir welding, and the heat generation rate and cooling, force in the welding direction and torque are the response variables that will change the microstructural evolution and mechanical performance of the welded joint. In this work, the behavior of these input and response variables aiming the development of friction stir welding process applied to steel API 5L X80 (ISO 3183 X80M) steel were studied. For this purpose, plates with 12 mm thick were welded by two passes using polycrystalline cubic bore nitrite tool. It was observed that, while keeping the welding speed constant, an increase in spindle speed and /or axial force, tends to reduce the reactive forces and the torque acting during the process by increasing of the heat generation rate. Otherwise, keeping spindle speed and axial force constants, the welding speed rising the forces and torque, allowing the welding speed plays a significant role in the heat generation rate during the process.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-9224/si2202.03 1518 downloads

Guide for Recommended Practices to Perform Crack Tip Opening Displacement Tests in High Strength Low Alloy Steels
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Ávila, Julián A.

; Lima, Vinicius

; Ruchert, Cassius O. F. T.

; Mei, Paulo Roberto

; Ramirez, Antonio J.

Soldagem & Inspeção

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sep 2016, Volume 21 N. 3 Pages 290 - 302

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Abstract: Fracture mechanics approach is important for all mechanical and civil projects that might involve cracks in metallic materials, and especially for those using welding as a structural joining process. This methodology can enhance not only the design but also the service life of the structures being constructed. This paper includes detailed consideration of several practical issues related to the experimental procedures to assess the fracture toughness in high strength low alloy steels (HSLA) using the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) parameter, specifically pipeline steels for oil and gas transportation. These considerations are important for engineers who are new in the field, or for those looking for guidelines performing different procedures during the experimentation, which usually are difficult to understand from the conventional standards. We discuss on topics including geometry selection, number of replicate tests, fatigue precracking, test procedure selection and realization, reports of results and other aspects.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-9224/SI2103.05 21979 downloads

Desenvolvimento de sistema de apoio com depósito cerâmico para soldagem e processamento por atrito com pino não consumível
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Santos, Tiago F. A.

; Torres, Edwar A.

; Hermengildo, Tahiana F.C.

; Ramirez, Antonio J.

Soldagem & Inspeção

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jun 2014, Volume 19 N. 2 Pages 104 - 113

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

A mesa suporte das peças a serem unidas normalmente se deforma durante o processo de soldagem por atrito com pino não consumível devido às altas cargas envolvidas. Consequentemente, a obtenção de juntas soldadas com penetração total, bem como a vida útil da amostra e da ferramenta podem ser afetadas, causando paradas não programadas e comprometendo a produtividade do processo e deslocando mão de obra para uma etapa de manutenção não prevista na cadeia do processo de soldagem. Este trabalho apresenta uma mesa de apoio com depósito cerâmico para o processamento e soldagem por atrito com pino não consumível. Para o desenvolvimento da mesa foram testados quatro depósitos cerâmicos, sob uma placa de aço, dos quais o de menor porosidade atingiu melhor desempenho. Essa mesa permitiu a realização de juntas soldadas com penetração completa de aços inoxidáveis duplex; resistir às altas cargas durante a soldagem de aços baixa liga alta resistência e realizar juntas dissimilares aço-alumínio, sem aderência do material mais macio à mesa suporte; bem como outras importantes características como confinar o calor e o metal plastificado, assim como determinar parâmetros de soldagem estáveis.

Usually, the workpiece is deformed during the friction stir welding, due to high applied loads. Consequently, fully and consolidated friction stir welded joints as well as tools life time can be affected promoting unscheduled manufacturing stops which favorites decreasing the welding productivity. Furthermore, the workforce is dislocated to not predicted maintenance steps. This work proposes the development of a special ceramic backing to joining and processing material using FSW technologies. Four ceramic deposits were tested over a steel plate , which allowed selecting those with less porosity and, thus, better strength. This backing allowed to obtain full penetration welds for duplex stainless steels, to resist high forces during engage for high strength low alloy steels and to obtain consolidated aluminum-steel dissimilar joints. For the last one, there was not adherence of the soft material in workpiece. In addition, the ceramic backing allowed confine the heat and plasticized metal, as well as developing established welding parameters.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-9224/SI1902.02 2009 downloads

Primer consenso colombiano sobre Chagas congénito y orientación clínica a mujeres en edad fértil con diagnóstico de Chagas
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Cucunubá, Zulma M.

; Valencia-Hernández, Carlos A.

; Puerta, Concepción J.

; Sosa-Estani, Sergio

; Torrico, Faustino

; Cortés, Jorge Alberto

; Ramirez, Juan David

; Vera, Mauricio J.

; Acosta, Belkis Xiomara

; Álvarez, Carlos Arturo

; Muller, Edith Ángel

; Beltrán, Mauricio

; Bermúdez, María Isabel

; Berrío, Maritza

; Camacho Moreno, Germán

; Castellanos, Yeny Zulay

; Criollo, Ingrid

; Flórez, Astrid Carolina

; Guerra Morales, Patricia

; Herazo, Rafael Antonio

; Hernández, Diana Carolina

; León, Cielo Maritza

; Medina Camargo, Manuel

; Medina Alfonso, Mabel

; Pachón, Edwin

; Paez Fonseca, Bernardo

; Parra, María Luisa

; Pavia, Paula X.

; Quiróz, Franklin Roberto

; Ríos, Lyda Constanza

; Roa, Nubia Lucía

; Torres, Fernando

; Uribe Rivero, Luz Marina

Infectio

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jun 2014, Volume 18 N. 2 Pages 50 - 65

Abstract: Es En | Text: Es En | PDF: Es | PDF: En

La transmisión congénita de la enfermedad de Chagas ha sido poco estudiada en Colombia y existen pocos procedimientos rutinarios en el sistema de salud para el manejo de esta enfermedad. Por ello se desarrolló un consenso de expertos dirigido a generar recomendaciones de diagnóstico y tratamiento de Chagas congénito y orientación a mujeres en edad fértil. Con ese propósito se realizó una búsqueda extensiva de la literatura, empleando una combinación de términos MeSH (Chagas, Chagas congénito, prevención, control, diagnóstico, tratamiento y embarazo) para reflejar el estado del arte en cada tema de interés. Después de ello, se leyeron los resúmenes y aquellos seleccionados para análisis del texto completo. La literatura relevante se sintetizó, clasificó y organizó en tablas y se presentó al panel de expertos, el cual estaba constituido por 30 profesionales en diferentes áreas. Mediante la metodología Delphi se realizaron 2 rondas de cuestionarios virtuales y una reunión presencial en los cuales se evaluaron los niveles de acuerdo entre los participantes. Los puntos con falta de consenso durante las 2 rondas virtuales se expusieron durante las mesas de discusión en la ronda presencial. La evidencia utilizada se adaptó a las particularidades nacionales según el caso y se aprobó el contenido del documento final. Se propone que estas recomendaciones sean usadas por profesionales de la salud en Colombia.

Congenital transmission of Chagas disease has not been extensively studied in Colombia, and there are no standardized processes in the health system regarding the specific diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of this disease. In order to generate recommendations on congenital Chagas disease and Chagas in women of childbearing age in Colombia, a consensus of experts was developed. An extensive literature search through the Medline database was carried out using the MeSH terms: " Chagas disease/congenital " , " prevention and control " , " diagnosis " , " therapeutics " and " pregnancy " . Appropriate abstracts were selected and the full texts were analyzed. The relevant information was synthesized, classified, and organized into tables and figures and was presented to a panel of experts, which was composed of 30 professionals from various fields. Based on the Delphi methodology, three rounds of consultation were conducted. The first and second rounds were based on electronic questionnaires that measured the level of consensus of each question among the participants. The third round was based on a face-toface discussion focusing on those questions without consensus in the previous consultations. The evidence was adapted to national circumstances on a case-by-case basis, and the content the final document was approved. These recommendations are proposed for use in routine medical practice by health professionals in Colombia.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infect.2013.12.001 2694 downloads

Efeito dos parâmetros de processo na obtenção e na microestrutura de juntas alumínio-aço realizadas mediante soldagem por atrito com pino não consumível (SAPNC)
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López, Edwar Andrés Torres

; Ramirez, Antonio J.

Soldagem & Inspeção

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sep 2013, Volume 18 N. 3 Pages 245 - 256

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Os resultados bem-sucedidos apresentados na literatura acerca da soldagem por atrito com pino não consumível das juntas alumínio-aço, desconsideram o aspecto e formação de defeitos na junta como pontos de referência para sua avaliação. Igualmente aumenta a controvérsia acerca da presença de compostos intermetálicos do tipo Fe xAl y, somado à falta de informação sobre sua origem. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar parâmetros adequados para a obtenção de juntas alumínio-aço livres de defeitos e sua relação com a formação de fases deletérias durante a soldagem por atrito com pino. Foram obtidas juntas soldadas consolidadas e foi determinada a microestrutura resultante destas juntas soldadas da liga de alumínio 6063-T5 e aço AISI SAE 1020. Utilizou-se uma ferramenta de carbeto de tungstênio (WC-14Co) a velocidades de rotação e de avanço de 300 rpm e 150 mm.min-1, respectivamente. Foram empregados deslocamentos da ferramenta de +0,5; +1,0 e +1,5 mm. Os resultados realçam a importância do aporte energético na obtenção de juntas alumínio-aço com aspecto superficial e penetração adequados. A análise microestrutural revela a formação de sete regiões na junta soldada, destacando a zona termo-mecanicamente afetada no lado do aço, uma banda de grãos ultra finos de ferrita e a ausência de compostos intermetálicos na interface alumínio-aço.

The successful results presented in the literature about the FSW aluminum-steel joints, ignore the appearance and formation of defects at the joint as reference points for evaluation. It also increases the controversy about the presence of intermetallic compounds of the type Fe xAl y, and the lack of information about its origin. The objective of this study is to determine appropriate parameters for obtaining free defects aluminum-steel joints and their relation to the formation of deleterious phases during the FSW. Consolidated welded joints were obtained and determined the microstructure in aluminum alloy 6063-T5 and AISI SAE 1020 welds joints. It was used a tungsten carbide tool (WC-14Co) at rotation and weld speeds of 300 rpm and 150 mm. min-1, with tool offset of +0.5, +1.0 and +1.5 mm. The results highlight the importance of heat input in the Al-steel welding surface appearance and penetration depth. The microstructural analysis reveals the formation of seven regions in the weld, highlighting the thermo-mechanically affected zone on the steel, a band of ultra fine grains of ferrite and the absence of intermetallic compounds in the Al-steel interface.

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Microstructure evaluation of UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel friction stir welds
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Santos, Tiago F. A.

; Marinho, Ricardo R.

; Paes, Marcelo T. P.

; Ramirez, Antonio J.

Rem: Revista Escola de Minas

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- Sobre o periódico
- SciELO Analytics

jun 2013, Volume 66 N. 2 Pages 187 - 191

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Juntas soldadas por atrito com pino foram obtidas para o aço inoxidável duplex UNS S32205. Os lados de avanço e retrocesso da junta soldada evidenciaram diferentes características microestruturais, o lado de avanço apresentou um maior grau de refinamento de grãos, principal mecanismo de aumento de dureza. A caracterização microestrutural foi realizada através de microscopia ótica, eletrônica de varredura e de transmissão. A zona termomecanicamente afetada apresentou ilhas de austenita deformadas em matriz ferrítica. A zona misturada apresentou uma microestrutura fina completamente recristalizada, permitindo um impressionante aumento de dureza, na junta soldada associado a uma melhoria na resistência à corrosão. Avaliações por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e ensaios de corrosão corroboraram para a ausência de fases secundárias deletérias na junta soldada.

UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel welds were performed by friction stir welding (FSW). Advancing and retreating sides showed distinct characteristics in the welded joint. The advancing side shows the strongest grain refinement which is corroborated by microhardness measurements. The microstructure characterization was carried out by optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The thermomechanically affected zone displays austenite islands deformed in a ferrite matrix. The stir zone (SZ) showed a fine recrystallized microstructure providing an outstanding increase of hardness associated with better corrosion performance. Transmission electron microscopy and corrosion tests have corroborated the absence of intermetallic phases on welded joints.

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