Abstract The Yarinacocha lake is an emblematic ecosystem of the Peruvian Amazon, representing the main point of fish landing and a tourist attraction in the city of Pucallpa. The wide fauna diversity in this area has made it the target of various studies, although for fish species most of them were focused on commercial species. In this work, we carried out the first ichthyofauna species inventory of the Yarinacocha lake, sampling throughout the entire lake during the rainy and dry seasons and considering also all previously recorded species deposited in the Ichthyological Collection of the MUSM with the same locality. A total of 164 fish species were recorded, representing 10 orders (plus Eupercaria), 34 families and 116 genera. Characiformes was the order with more species (68 spp., 41.5%) followed by Siluriformes (59 spp., 36%), Cichliformes (17 spp., 10.5%), and Gymnotiformes (8 spp., 4.9%). The most highly represented families, including almost 55.5% of the total diversity obtained, were Characidae (23 spp., 14%), followed by Cichlidae (17 spp., 10.4%), Loricariidae (14 spp., 8.5%), Pimelodidae (13 spp., 7.9%), Doradidae (13 spp., 7.4%) and Anostomidae (12 spp., 7.3%). From the total fish species recorded in this study, only 22 are considered protected species following the IUCN criteria and 109 species have commercial importance, including 90 ornamental species (54.8%). Our results contribute to the knowledge of the ichthyofauna of the Yarinacocha lake and can be used as a starting point for its conservation and sustainable management over time.

Resumo O lago Yarinacocha é um ecossistema emblemático da Amazônia peruana, representando o principal ponto de desembarque de peixes e também uma atração turística da cidade de Pucallpa. A grande diversidade faunística nesta área a tornou alvo de vários estudos, embora para as espécies de peixes a maioria deles tenha sido focada em espécies comerciais. Neste trabalho, realizamos o primeiro inventário da ictiofauna do lago Yarinacocha, amostrando todo o lago durante as estações chuvosa e seca, e também considerando todas as espécies depositadas na Coleção Ictiológica do MUSM dessa localidade. Um total de 164 espécies de peixes foram registradas, representando 10 ordens (mais Eupercaria), 34 famílias e 116 gêneros. Characiformes foi a ordem com mais espécies (68 espécies, 41,5%), seguida por Siluriformes (59 espécies, 36%), Cichliformes (17 espécies, 10,5%) e Gymnotiformes (8 espécies, 4,9%). As famílias mais representadas, incluindo quase 55,5% da diversidade total obtida, foram Characidae (23 spp., 14%), seguido por Cichlidae (17 spp., 10,4%), Loricariidae (14 spp., 8,5%), Pimelodidae (13 spp., 7,9%), Doradidae (13 spp., 7,4%) e Anostomidae (12 spp., 7,3%). Do total de espécies de peixes registradas neste estudo, apenas 22 são consideradas espécies protegidas seguindo os critérios da IUCN e 109 espécies têm importância comercial, incluindo 90 espécies ornamentais (54,8%). Nossos resultados contribuem para o conhecimento da ictiofauna do lago Yarinacocha e podem ser utilizados como ponto de partida para sua conservação e manejo sustentável ao longo do tempo.

Abstract In the Peruvian Amazon, freshwater snails of the Ampullariidae family are known as churos, and around 20 species have originally been described for Peru. Although they are widely used for food, traditional medicine and the object of many studies for their cultivation and industrialization, only the species Pomacea maculata is mentioned in the literature. Molecular identification was carried out based on the mitochondrial marker COI of individuals of "churo negro" apple snails (Pomacea) commercialized in the markets of Iquitos, as well as those used in restaurant dishes in the city of Lima, and contrasted with specimens from their natural habitat. It was found that these specimens, correspond to the species Pomacea nobilis (Reeve, 1856). The molecular phylogenetic analysis showed P. nobilis as the sister species of P. guyanensis, in the P. glauca group, distantly related to P. maculata. The uncorrected distances found between them, for the mitochondrial marker COI, were from 11.33% to 13.17%, while with P. maculate were from 13.67% to 15.33%. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of the DNA barcode for the identification and authentication of the species, which gives it added value for its eventual export trade.

Resumen En la Amazonia Peruana los caracoles dulceacuícolas de la familia Ampullariidae son conocidos como churos y originalmente han sido descritas para Perú alrededor de 20 especies. Aunque son muy usadas para alimentación, medicina tradicional y objeto de muchos estudios para su cultivo e industrialización, solamente es mencionada en la literatura la especie Pomacea maculata. Se llevó a cabo la identificación molecular sobre la base del marcador mitocondrial COI, de individuos de churos negros (Pomacea) comercializados en los mercados de Iquitos, así como los usados en platos a la carta en la ciudad de Lima, contrastados con otros individuos de procedencia de su hábitat natural. Se encontró que estos especímenes expendidos corresponden a la especie Pomacea nobilis (Reeve, 1856). El análisis filogenético molecular mostró que P. nobilis es especie hermana de P. guyanensis, en el grupo de P. glauca, distantemente relacionada de P. maculata. Las distancias no corregidas encontradas entre ellas, para el marcador mitocondrial COI, fueron de 11.33% a 13.17%, mientras que con P. maculata fueron de 13.67% a 15.33%. Estos resultados demostraron la eficacia del código de barras de ADN para la identificación y autenticación de la especie, lo que le da un valor agregado para su eventual comercio de exportación.

Plasticity of conchological characters had led to erroneous descriptions and the accumulation of synonyms making difficult the discrimination among species. The land snail genus Megalobulimus is an example of this problem. Megalobulimus leucostoma (Sowerby, 1835) has three subspecies which are difficult to differentiate by using the original descriptions. The aim of this paper is to discriminate among the subspecies of M. leucostoma by using morphometric and distribution analyses. Both provide substantial differences between M. l. leucostoma and M. l lacunosus that would not support the subspecies status of the former. Megalobulimus leucostoma weyrauchi fits into the great conchological variability of M. l. leucostoma; also the sympatric status between these two subspecies would not support the subspecies status of the former, and M. l. weyrauchi should be considered as part of M. l. leucostoma.

La plasticidad de los caracteres conquiliológicos ha conllevado a diversas descripciones erróneas y a la acumulación de sinonimias lo cual ha dificultado la discriminación entre especies. El género de moluscos terrestres Megalobulimus es un ejemplo de esta problemática. Dentro de éste se encuentra Megalobulimus leucostoma (Sowerby, 1835), que presenta tres subespecies las cuales no se logran diferenciar correctamente a partir de sus descripciones originales. El presente estudio busca discriminar a las subespecies de Megalobulimus leucostoma a partir del análisis morfométrico y de distribución. Ambos análisis establecen diferencias sustanciales entre M. l. leucostoma y M. l. lacunosus que no soportarían el estatus de subespecie de esta última. Megalobulimus leucostoma weyrauchi se ubica dentro de la gran gama de variabilidad conquiliológica de M. l. leucostoma y sus datos de distribución lo ubican en simpatría con la misma por lo cual su estatus como subespecie no estaría soportado, y podría considerarse como parte de M. l. leucostoma.

Bostryx is largely distributed in Andean Valleys and Lomas formations along the coast of Peru and Chile. One species, Bostryx aguilari, is restricted to Lomas formations located in the Department of Lima (Peru). The use of genetic information has become essential in phylogenetic and population studies with conservation purposes. Considering the rapid degradation of desert ecosystems, which threatens the survival of vulnerable species, the aim of this study was, first, to resolve evolutionary relationships within Bostryx and to determine the position of Bostryx within the Bulimulidae, and second, to survey the genetic diversity of Bostryx aguilari, a species considered rare. Sequences of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA and nuclear rRNA regions were obtained for 12 and 11 species of Bulimulidae, respectively, including seven species of Bostryx. Sequences of the 16S rRNA gene were obtained for 14 individuals (from four different populations) of Bostryx aguilari. Phylogenetic reconstructions were carried out using Neighbor-Joining, Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference methods. The monophyly of Bostryx was not supported. In our results, B. solutus (type species of Bostryx) grouped only with B. aguilari, B. conspersus, B. modestus, B. scalariformis and B. sordidus, forming a monophyletic group that is strongly supported in all analyses. In case the taxonomy of Bostryx is reviewed in the future, this group should keep the generic name. Bostryx aguilari was found to have both low genetic diversity and small population size. We recommend that conservation efforts should be increased in Lomas ecosystems to ensure the survival of B. aguilari, and a large number of other rare species restricted to Lomas.

In this work we performed a biogeographic study of two genera of Amazonian land snails, Megalobulimus (Strophocheilidae) and Systrophia (Scolodontidae). We used samples from different regions of the Peruvian Amazon, as well as bibliographic information. We analyzed both nuclear (5.8S-ITS2-28S rRNA) and mitochondrial (16S rRNA) genes to reconstruct phylogenies and obtain hypotheses concerning the evolutionary relationships among Amazonian genera and other species with global distribution. The nuclear phylogeny allowed us to determine the evolutionary position of both genera, and the mitochondrial phylogeny permitted the differentiation of species at the intrageneric level. We found that Megalobulimus clustered with the non-achatinoid clade within Stylommatophora, as expected, but its relationship to family Acavidae could not be demonstrated. Systrophia did not cluster with any of the two established clades, but formed a basal one within Stylommatophora. The mitochondrial gene 16S rRNA allowed us to differentiate Megalobulimus species, and performed well for DNA barcoding of these edible snails. Biogeographical analysis revealed several endemic species in the Peruvian Amazon within both genera, highlighting the Chanchamayo and Inambari biogeographic units.

En este trabajo realizamos un estudio biogeográfico de dos géneros de caracoles terrestres amazónicos, Megalobulimus (Strophocheilidae) y Systrophia (Scolodontidae). Se utilizaron individuos colectados en diversas localidades de la Amazonia peruana así como información bibliográfica. Se utilizaron los marcadores moleculares 5.8S-ITS2-28S rRNA y 16S rRNA para reconstruir filogenias y obtener hipótesis sobre las relaciones evolutivas entre los géneros amazónicos y otras especies de distribución global. La filogenia nuclear permitió determinar la posición evolutiva de ambos géneros y la filogenia mitocondrial permitió la diferenciación de las especies a nivel intragenérico. Megalobulimus formó parte del clado no-achatinoideo en la filogenia de los gastrópodos Stylommatophora, como lo esperado, pero no pudo ser demostrada su cercanía a la familia Acavidae, mientras que Systrophia quedó fuera de los dos clados establecidos, formando uno basal dentro de los Stylommatophora. El gen mitocondrial 16S rRNA permitió diferenciar a las especies de Megalobulimus, actuando como código de barras de ADN de estos caracoles comestibles. El análisis de distribución geográfica reveló varios endemismos para la Amazonia peruana para especies de ambos géneros, resaltando las unidades biogeográficas de Chanchamayo e Inambari.

The alignment of ribosomal genes is difficult due to insertion and deletion events of nucleotides, making the alignment ambiguous. This can be overcome by using information from the secondary structure of ribosomal genes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of the secondary structure in improving the alignment of the 16S rRNA gene in land snails of the family Orthalicidae. We assessed 10 Orthalicid species (five genera). Total DNA was isolated and the partial 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced using internal primers. The sequences were aligned with ClustalX and manually corrected, in DCSE format, using the 16S rRNA secondary structure of Albinaria caerulea (Pulmonata: Clausiliidae). The sequences obtained ranged from 323 to 345 bp corresponding to parts of both domains IV and V of the 16S rRNA gene. The secondary structure was recovered by homology using RnaViz 2.0. Most stems are conserved, and in general the loops are more variable. The compensatory mutations in stems are related to maintenance of the structure. The absence of a bulge-stem-loop in domain V places the family Orthalicidae within the Heterobranchia.

El alineamiento de genes ribosomales es dificultoso debido a eventos de inserción y deleción de nucleótidos, convirtiendo el alineamiento en ambiguo; esto puede ser superado utilizando la información de la estructura secundaria. El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar la utilidad de la estructura secundaria en mejorar el alineamiento del gen 16S rRNA de caracoles terrestres de la familia Orthalicidae. Se evaluaron 10 especies de Orthalicidos (5 géneros). El ADN total fue aislado y parte del gen 16S rRNA fue amplificado y secuenciado usando primers internos. Las secuencias fueron alineadas con ClustalX y corregidas a mano, en formato DCSE, usando la estructura secundaria del 16S rRNA de Albinaria caerulea (Pulmonata: Clausiliidae). Las secuencias obtenidas variaron de 323 a 345 pb correspondiendo a partes del dominio IV y V del gen 16S rRNA. Se pudo recuperar por homología la estructura secundaria para los Orthalicidos usando RnaViz 2.0. La mayoría de las hélices son conservadas, siendo en general los bucles más variables. El fenómeno de mutaciones compensatorias en las hélices, estaría relacionado con la conservación de la estructura. La ausencia de un "bulge-stem-loop" en el dominio V ubica a la familia Orthalicidae dentro de Heterobranchia.

The genera Bostryx and Scutalus (Orthalicidae: Bulimulinae) are endemics from South America. They are mainly distributed on the western slopes of the Peruvian Andes. The goal of the present work was to assess their evolutionary position among the stylommatophoran gastropods based on the 16S rRNA mitochondrial marker. Four sequences were obtained, and along with 28 sequences of other Stylommatophora retrieved from the GenBank, were aligned with ClustalX. The phylogenetic reconstruction was carried out using the methods of Neighbor-Joining, Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian inference. The multiple sequence alignment had 371 sites, with indels. The two genera of the family Orthalicidae for the first time included in a molecular phylogeny (Bostryx and Scutalus), formed a monophyletic group along with another member of the superfamily Orthalicoidea (Placostylus), result that is comparable with that obtained with nuclear markers. Their evolutionary relationship with other land snails is also discussed.

Los géneros Bostryx y Scutalus (Orthalicidae: Bulimulinae) son endémicos de América del Sur y están principalmente distribuidos en la vertiente occidental de los Andes del Perú. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar su posición evolutiva dentro de los gastrópodos Stylommatophora basada en el marcador mitocondrial 16S rRNA. Fueron obtenidas cuatro secuencias las que, junto con 28 de otros Stylommatophora disponibles en el GenBank, fueron alineadas con ClustalX. La reconstrucción filogenética se realizó mediante los métodos de Neighbor-Joining, Máxima Parsimonia, Máxima Verosimilitud e Inferencia Bayesiana. El alineamiento resultó en 371 sitios, con presencia de indels. Los dos géneros de la Familia Orthalicidae por primera vez incluidos en una filogenia molecular (Bostryx y Scutalus), formaron un grupo monofilético con otro miembro de la superfamilia Orthalicoidea (Placostylus), tal como lo obtenido con marcadores nucleares. Se discute también su relación evolutiva con otros caracoles terrestres.