Resumo Mancha-de-Bipolaris é uma das mais importantes doenças foliares do milho. Estratégias de manejo adequadas e o uso de cultivar resistente permitem o controle da doença, mas para tanto, conhecer os aspectos associados ao patógeno e a resposta do hospedeiro é necessário para traçar estratégias eficientes para seleção de genótipos resistentes a essa doença. Neste sentido, objetivou-se realizar a caracterização do isolado de Bipolaris maydis avaliando a patogenicidade em diferentes linhagens de milho-pipoca e os sintomas gerados no hospedeiro a partir da inoculação. A caracterização do isolado consistiu na avaliação macromorfológica das colônias e micromofológica dos conídios em meio nutritivo BDA. Para avaliação da patogenicidade do isolado foi conduzido um experimento em casa de vegetação utilizando 20 linhagens endogâmicas de milho-pipoca, com delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. A inoculação foi realizada por meio de pulverização em folhas, com uma suspensão contendo 1,0 x 104 conídios.ml-1 do isolado CF/UENF 501 de B. maydis. Foi realizada uma avaliação de incidência e três avaliações de severidade dos sintomas da doença, com o intervalo de sete dias para cada avaliação. Os dados da caracterização morfológica do isolado foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva e para severidade da doença foi aplicado o modelo de regressão linear de primeiro grau. Realizou-se a análise de variância para o coeficiente linear e angular obtido para cada tratamento e quando constatada diferença aplicou-se o agrupamento de médias de Scott-knott a 5% de significância. O isolado apresentou colônias com coloração cinza esverdeado, aspecto algodonoso e forma irregular. As linhagens L353 e L354 e L624 estão entre as linhagens que apresentaram maior resistência no inicio e ao longo das avaliações. A elevada virulência do isolado CF/UENF 501 possibilitou diferenciar as linhagens quanto a intensidade da doença, bem como o padrão dos sintomas apresentados.

Abstract Southern corn leaf blight (SCLB) is one of the most important corn leaf diseases. Appropriate management strategies and the use of resistant cultivars allow disease control. Therefore, knowing the aspects related to the pathogen and the response of hosts makes it possible to design efficient strategies for selecting genotypes resistant to this disease. In this sense, the objective was to carry out the Bipolaris maydis isolate characterization, evaluating the pathogenicity in different popcorn lines and the symptoms generated in the host after inoculation. The isolate characterization consisted of the macromorphological evaluation of the colonies and the micromorphological evaluation of the conidia in the PDA medium. An experiment was carried out in a greenhouse to evaluate the pathogenicity of the isolate, using 20 inbred lines of popcorn in a randomized block design with four replicates. Inoculation was carried out by spraying leaves, with a suspension containing 1.0 x 104 conidia.ml-1 of the CF/UENF 501 isolate of B. maydis. An incidence assessment and three assessments of disease symptom severity were performed, with seven days intervals between evaluations. The morphological characterization data of the isolate were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and for disease severity, the linear regression model was applied the first-degree model. The variance analysis was performed for the linear and angular coefficients obtained for each treatment. When a difference was found, the Scott-Knott clustering algorithm at 5% significance was applied. The isolate had gray-green colonies, a cottony appearance, and an irregular shape. The lines L353, L354, and L624 show more resistance at the beginning and throughout the evaluations. The high virulence of the CF/UENF 501 isolate made it possible to differentiate the lines in terms of disease intensity and the pattern of symptoms presented.

Resumo O Brasil é o maior produtor de figos da América do Sul, porém o cultivo comercial brasileiro da figueira baseia-se na plantação de uma única cultivar, o Roxo-de-Valinhos, resultando em sérios problemas relativos a pragas e doenças. Uma vez que há variações epigenéticas na interação planta-patógeno, principalmente por meio da regulação gênica, o presente trabalho objetiva realizar a caracterização in vivo de acessos de figo, por meio da análise de incidência natural de nematoides formadores de galha e de incidência natural de ferrugem, correlacionada ao seu perfil epigenômico, a fim de subsidiar trabalhos de conservação, melhoramento genético e produção da cultura. A análise dos componentes principais dos dados da caracterização dos acessos foi realizada por meio da matriz de correlação residual obtida pela análise de variância conjunta utilizando o programa GENES. Pôde-se constatar que todas as plantas foram atacadas por este patógeno, evidenciando que são suscetíveis ao mesmo. Já a análise conjunta dos dados demonstrou que a metilação e a incidência de ferrugem em folhas, quando observadas na mesma fase fenológica da planta, se correlacionam, apresentando evidências iniciais de mesmas cargas fatoriais de pressão nos genótipos, com a premissa de comportamento semelhante nos mesmos, indicando que, além do fator genético, fatores abióticos também são responsáveis pelas alterações no fenótipo das plantas, evidenciando a plasticidade fenotípica das mesmas.

Abstract Commercial fig tree cultivation in Brazil involves a single cultivar, ‘Roxo-de-Valinhos’. The use of a single cultivar results in serious diseases and related problems. The aim of this study was to characterize fig accessions by analyzing the natural root-knot nematode and leaf rust incidence in relation to the epigenomic profile of the plant, since epigenetic variations affect plant–pathogen interactions. All plants were attacked by nematodes, indicating susceptibility; Meloidogyne incognita was the root-knot nematode species involved. Joint analysis of data showed that methylation and leaf rust incidence were correlated when observed in the same phenological phase, presenting initial evidence of the same factorial pressure loads in genotypes, suggesting similar behavior within these genotypes.

La hemocromatosis es una enfermedad caracterizada por el excesivo depósito de hierro en múltiples órganos, entre ellos hígado, páncreas, piel y corazón. La infiltración de este último es un importante factor en morbilidad y mortalidad. Presentamos un caso de un paciente pediátrico con insuficiencia cardíaca terminal que ameritó trasplante cardíaco, que resultó sin complicaciones. Posterior a la cirugía, mostró mejoría bioquímica y clínica, lo que influyó positivamente en su calidad de vida y prolongó su supervivencia.

Resumen Actualmente existe el interés a nivel mundial por aprovechar las características agronómicas y nutritivas de super alimentos como el amaranto, en México se consume reventado por lo que es importante dilucidar los factores que influyen en esta capacidad para su mejor aprovechamiento. Por lo que el objetivo fue evaluar la capacidad de reventado de 12 genotipos de amaranto, la variabilidad genética, heredabilidad y la asociación de variables de calidad industrial con el volumen de reventado. El experimento se desarrolló en las localidades de Santa Lucía de Prías y Boyeros, Estado de México y Cuapiaxtla, Tlaxcala en los años 2019 y 2020. El genotipo más destacado en volumen de reventado fue Tlahuicole, seguido por AGIM ambos tuvieron el mayor incremento (6 y 5.93) respectivamente. Se observó que la variación debida a efectos ambientales fue la principal fuente en 4 de las 5 variables estudiadas, tal variación no es capitalizable en esquemas de selección; por otro lado, peso de mil granos fue la variable que presentó la variación más alta debida a efectos genéticos (65.96%), la cual es capitalizable en un esquema de selección. Las variables diámetro de semilla, volumen de reventado e incremento de volumen, presentaron una variación debida a efectos genéticos entre 4.46 y 6.5%, si se quiere iniciar un esquema de selección se deberá incluir germoplasma con mayor variabilidad en estos caracteres. La asociación significativa entre diámetro de semilla y peso semilla sin reventar indica que estos caracteres que pueden utilizarse como criterios de selección el volumen de reventado.

Abstract Currently, there is worldwide interest in taking advantage of the agronomic and nutritional characteristics of superfoods such as amaranth, in Mexico it is consumed popped so it is important to elucidate the factors that influence this capacity for its better use. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the popping capacity of 12 amaranth genotypes, genetic variability, heritability and the association of industrial quality variables with the popping volume. The experiment was conducted in the localities of Santa Lucía de Prías and Boyeros, State of Mexico and Cuapiaxtla, Tlaxcala in the years 2019 and 2020. The most outstanding genotype in popping volume was Tlahuicole, followed by AGIM, both had the largest increase (6 and 5.93), respectively. It was observed that the variation due to environmental effects was the main source in 4 of the 5 variables studied, such variation is not capitalizable in selection schemes; on the other hand, weight of one thousand grains was the variable that showed the highest variation due to genetic effects (65.96%), which is capitalizable in a selection scheme. The variables seed diameter, popping volume and volume increase presented a variation due to genetic effects between 4.46 and 6.5%, if there is intention to start a selection scheme, germplasm with greater variability in these traits must be included. The significant association between seed diameter and weight of non-popped seed indicates that these traits can be used as selection criteria for popping volume.

Abstract This paper presents a radiopropagation algorithm based on a Ray Tracing (RT) technique that combines a modified multipath model for constant refractivity gradient profiles and the Uniform Theory of Diffraction (UTD). A novel formulation is proposed by the authors for calculation and ground-reflection analysis of ray paths depending on atmospheric refractivity. The algorithm introduced herein was evaluated in a mixed scenario and in two more realistic case studies, under conditions of constant refractivity gradient and lossy terrain profiles. Pathloss results are obtained and compared with Parabolic Equation (PE) numerical solution results at 2.0 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 5.4 GHz. In such conditions, the modified radiopropagation multipath algorithm with atmospheric refractivity introduced herein showed satisfactory results.

Resumen Introducción: La diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad metabólica con riesgo elevado de presentar úlceras en extremidades inferiores (pie diabético) que puede terminar en amputación. Objetivo: Identificar las variables predictivas de amputaciones en los pacientes con diagnóstico de pie diabético en el Hospital Verdi Cevallos desde enero de 2017 a diciembre de 2018. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo y correlacional, que incluyó 130 pacientes con diagnóstico de pie diabético. Se utilizaron técnicas de inferencia estadística no paramétrica univariante para la correlación de las variables cualitativas (pruebas de χ2), así como la direccionalidad de estas. Resultados: Se encontró correlación entre la insuficiencia renal crónica avanzada, mal control glucémico, enfermedad vascular periférica severa y gravedad de la úlcera por la clasificación de Wagner-Merrit con la realización de amputación futura. Conclusión: El mal control glucémico, la insuficiencia renal crónica avanzada, enfermedad vascular periférica severa y los estadios 4 y 5 de la clasificación de Wagner-Merrit fueron factores predictivos de amputación en el paciente con pie diabético.

Abstract Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease with an elevated risk of presenting ulcers in the lower extremities (diabetic foot ulcers), that in some cases may end in the amputation of such extremities. Objective: To identify the predictive variables of amputations in patients diagnosed with diabetic foot ulcers at the Verdi Cevallos Hospital from January 2017 to December 2018. Methodology: A retrospective and correlational study were carried out which included 130 patients diagnosed with diabetic foot. Multivariate and univariate nonparametric statistical inference techniques were used for the correlation of qualitative variables, as well as their directionality. Results: Correlation was found between advanced chronic renal failure, poor glycemic control, severe peripheral vascular disease, and ulcer severity according to the Wagner-Merrit classification with future amputation. Conclusion: Poor glycemic control, advanced chronic renal failure, severe peripheral vascular disease and stages 4 and 5 of the Wagner-Merrit classification were predictive factors for amputation in patients with diabetic foot.

The worldwide emergence of viral diseases such as Zika, Dengue, Chikungunya, West Nile and Yellow Fever urge the search for solutions to eliminate their common vector, the Aedes aegypti mosquito. This paper describes the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) and docking studies of a series of nine 3-(3-aryl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)propionic acids (AOPA), 1-9, previously published by our group. Additionally, three new 1,2,4-oxadiazoles, 10-12, have also been synthesized, characterized and studied. The QSAR and docking studies of all compounds, 1-12, clearly indicate that larger hydrophobic substituents such as biphenyl groups attached on position 3 in 1,2,4-oxadiazoles improve the larvicidal activity. It is worthwhile to mention that nanocapsulation of compounds 10-12 were necessary to help their dissolution in water and these three new 1,2,4-oxadiazoles also exhibited approximately equal or higher larvicidal activities compared to the former prototypes at stage L4.

ABSTRACT The study analyzes the association between self-destructive indirect behaviors and social anomie in a sample of 509 fourth grade high school students from Lima. A data sheet, the Kelley et al. (1985) Self-destructive behaviors Scale adapted to Spanish language by Ponce (2007) and the Li et al. (1999) Anomie Scale validated by Vera et al. (2013) were applied. The study found direct and significant association between both variables in the total sample (in cases with and without domestic violence), with moderate effect. In cases without domestic violence, discontent is associated with all self-destructive behaviors’ dimensions, followed by distrust associated to four of them. In teenagers who are victims of domestic violence, discontent is associated with lack of planning and anticipation and neglecting their duties and distrust is associated with neglecting their duties. Finally, in accordance with the results from multivariate logistic regression analyses, the only dimension of social anomie statistically significant (p<.05) to predict self-destructive behaviors is discontent.

RESUMEN El estudio analiza la asociación entre las conductas autodestructivas indirectas y la anomia social en una muestra de 509 escolares de cuarto de secundaria de instituciones educativas de Lima. Se empleó una ficha de datos, la escala de conductas autodestructivas de Kelley et al. (1985) adaptada al español por Ponce (2007) y la escala de anomia social de Li et al. (1999) validada por Vera et al (2013). Se halló asociación directa y significativa entre ambas variables en la muestra total (con y sin violencia familiar), con tamaño del efecto moderado. Cuando no existe violencia, el descontento se asocia con todas las dimensiones de las conductas autodestructivas, seguido de la desconfianza asociada con cuatro de ellas; en adolescentes con violencia, el descontento se asocia con falta de planeación, de anticipación y descuido de deberes y la desconfianza con descuido de deberes. Finalmente, de acuerdo con los resultados de la regresión logística, a nivel multivariado, la única dimensión de la anomia social que resulta estadísticamente significativa (p<.05) en la predicción de las conductas autodestructivas es descontento.

This study evaluated the pollutant levels (NO2, SO2, CO, and O3), air quality index (AQI) and the influence of meteorological variables and coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on the air quality in Rio de Janeiro. The data set used comprises periods before (March-April, 2019) and during pandemic (March-April, 2020). According to the AQI results, on most days, the air quality was ranked as “good”. Brazilian air quality standards for SO2, O3, and NO2 were not exceeded in any of the monitoring stations during partial lockdown, while CO exceeded in all periods in one site due to industrial emission. Comparing both periods, descriptive statistics for the meteorological parameters presented no differences, which suggests similar conditions. However, when evaluated week by week in 2020, weather conditions presented some differences that probably affected pollutant concentrations. The correlations between O3 and NO2 and some meteorological parameters indicate that variations in both favored ozone formation, since it is a photochemical process favored by temperature and solar radiation and that, in Rio de Janeiro, low NO2 concentrations lead to increased O3. The improvements on air quality during the partial lockdown may be attributed mainly to a reduction on emission sources rather than weather conditions.

This study aims to analyze Tetragonisca angustula honey from southwestern Bahia for its physicochemical characteristics, phenolic compounds and glioma cell inhibitory effect, in samples from different periods of the year, dry (DP) and rainy (RP) period. The analyses showed that samples obtained in the DP and RP are statistically different for the physicochemical profile (p < 0.05). DP honey has a darker color, greater acidity, content of reducing sugars and ash and lower moisture, when compared to RP. The content of total phenolics and flavonoids was determined spectrometrically, using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and reaction with aluminum chloride, respectively, and there was no statistical difference between the samples (p > 0.05). For the extraction of phenolic compounds, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction was used, besides analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV), which identified chlorogenic acid and quantified caffeic acid and rutin (1.7723 and 0.9384 μg 100 mg-1 honey, respectively). Glioma cell inhibition effect lines were observed for DP at concentrations 1000 ng mL-1 of honey. Principal component analysis (PCA) proposes the physicochemical parameters as the main distinguishing factors between the DP and RP samples. DP samples showed similarity for the parameters ash content, acidity and reducing sugars and the samples of the RP had consonance between pH and moisture.

Resumo O trabalho objetivou avaliar a relação peso-comprimento e o fator de condição, caracterizando a biometria, anatomia, histologia e densidade volumétrica do fígado de Brycon amazonicus, em diferentes estágios de crescimento corporal. O experimento utilizou vinte espécimes em quatro fases de crescimento corporal (PI, PII, PIII e PIV) colhidos a cada 90 dias, contendo cinco espécimes, cada grupo. Os fígados foram dissecados, pesados (g) e processados rotineiramente pela técnica da hematoxilina e eosina. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, teste de correlação de Pearson e regressão linear. A equação que representou a relação peso-comprimento foi W = 0,05902 x L2,63, com crescimento alométrico negativo, mas com fator de condição relativo igual a 1,0. O fígado apresentou-se dividido em três lobos com a vesícula biliar próxima ao lobo direito e sua cor variou de vermelho claro a vermelho escuro, não variando em relação a outras espécies de peixes. A relação hepatossomática acompanhou o crescimento corporal até a fase do grupo PII e então declinou, demonstrando o comportamento de seu desenvolvimento em Brycon amazonicus. O órgão constitui-se predominantemente por hepatócitos, seguido de vasos e capilares sinusoidais, com a morfologia histológica semelhante ao de muitas espécies de peixes. Centros melanomacrófagos foram encontrados apenas nos animais mais desenvolvidos, mas em pequena quantidade, instigando o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas sobre esta célula, nesta espécie. Desta forma, pesquisas desta natureza permitem a caracterização de espécies de peixes, auxiliando no aperfeiçoamento de métodos de criação, compreensão de processos patológicos provocados por enfermidades, e obtenção de melhor capacidade produtiva, atendendo um mercado cada vez mais exigente e próspero.

Abstract The work aimed to evaluate the weight-length relationship and the condition factor, characterizing the biometry, anatomy, histology and volumetric density of the liver of Brycon amazonicus, in different stages of body growth. The experiment used twenty specimens in four stages of body growth (PI, PII, PIII and PIV) harvested every 90 days, containing five specimens, each group. The livers were dissected, weighed (g) and processed routinely using the hematoxylin and eosin technique. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, Pearson’s correlation test and linear regression. The equation that represented the weight-length relation was W = 0.05902 x L2.63, with negative allometric growth, but with a relative condition factor equal to 1.0. The liver was divided into three lobes with the gallbladder close to the right lobe and its color varied from light red to dark red, not varying in relation to other fish species. The hepatosomatic relationship followed body growth until the PII group stage and then declined, demonstrating the behavior of its development in Brycon amazonicus. The organ consists predominantly of hepatocytes, followed by sinusoidal vessels and capillaries, with histological morphology similar to that of many species of fish. Melanomacrophage centers were found only in the most developed animals, but in small quantities, prompting the development of new research on this cell, in this species. In this way, research of this nature allows the characterization of fish species, helping to improve breeding methods, understanding pathological processes caused by diseases, and obtaining better productive capacity, serving an increasingly demanding and prosperous market.

Abstract This study aimed to characterize papaya lines via microsatellite markers, and select genotypes based on the fixation index in order to promote the genetic purification of important commercial hybrids parent lines. Overall, 400 genotypes from three parental lines (JS-12, SS-72/12, and Sekati) were genotyped. Expected (HE), observed (HO) heterozygosity, and fixation index (F), were estimated. Genetic distances were estimated using an unweighted index, which was graphically presented via cluster analysis using the UPGMA and PCoA. Intra-genotypic variability was detected in both JS-12 and Sekati lines, while an absence of it was observed in SS-72/12. Such variability may positively contribute to the fitting of ‘UENF/Caliman 01’ and ‘UC-10’ hybrids into the traits of commercial interest how size and weight fruit. Regarding the fixation index, 293 genotypes showed maximum values (F=1) facilitating the genotypes selection process. Concerning population analysis, a close proximity between heterotic group ‘Formosa’ lines was observed, while a greater distance among ‘Solo’ group ones, and this enables systematic exploitation of such material. The fixation index maximum enabled the 80 genotypes selection thereby contributing to the parents genetic purification, since, the selected genotypes will be used in future hybridization steps to generate hybrids fitted into the traits of commercial interest.

Ursolic acid (UA) is being investigated due to its anti-inflammatory potential, and structural modifications can enhance its biological activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of the ursolic acid derivatives (UAD) in macrophages and in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model. RAW264.7 cells were cultured in the presence or absence of UA or UAD (1-18). Nitric oxide (NO), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and cellular viability were measured. 30 min before the carrageenan-induced paw edema, the UAD1 and UAD2 (200 mg kg-1) were administered intraperitoneally. The results showed that UAD2-4, UAD7, UAD9-11 had half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) greater than 90 µM and were able to reduce NO, NF-κB and TNF production. Moreover, UAD1 and UAD2 reduced paw edema and IL-6 production. In conclusion, the results obtained demonstrated a variation in the response between the derivatives due to the chemical modifications, showing potential to reduce the inflammatory mediators, deserving further investigations.

ABSTRACT A new antlion species, Tyttholeon froehlichi Tavares, Marquez and Contreras sp. n., is described from the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico, an area biogeographically significant for its high number of endemic species. Previously monotypic, Tyttholeon Adams now comprises two Nearctic species. Three of the four genera within the formerly recognized tribe Gnopholeontini and their respective species, all present in the Peninsula of Baja California (Gnopholeon barberi Currie, G. delicatulus Currie, G. zapotecus Stange, Menkeleon bellulus Banks, and Tyttholeon puerilis Adams), are herein diagnosed, illustrated, and have their distribution updated and analyzed. A taxonomic key is provided for Tyttholeon.