Resumo Mancha-de-Bipolaris é uma das mais importantes doenças foliares do milho. Estratégias de manejo adequadas e o uso de cultivar resistente permitem o controle da doença, mas para tanto, conhecer os aspectos associados ao patógeno e a resposta do hospedeiro é necessário para traçar estratégias eficientes para seleção de genótipos resistentes a essa doença. Neste sentido, objetivou-se realizar a caracterização do isolado de Bipolaris maydis avaliando a patogenicidade em diferentes linhagens de milho-pipoca e os sintomas gerados no hospedeiro a partir da inoculação. A caracterização do isolado consistiu na avaliação macromorfológica das colônias e micromofológica dos conídios em meio nutritivo BDA. Para avaliação da patogenicidade do isolado foi conduzido um experimento em casa de vegetação utilizando 20 linhagens endogâmicas de milho-pipoca, com delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. A inoculação foi realizada por meio de pulverização em folhas, com uma suspensão contendo 1,0 x 104 conídios.ml-1 do isolado CF/UENF 501 de B. maydis. Foi realizada uma avaliação de incidência e três avaliações de severidade dos sintomas da doença, com o intervalo de sete dias para cada avaliação. Os dados da caracterização morfológica do isolado foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva e para severidade da doença foi aplicado o modelo de regressão linear de primeiro grau. Realizou-se a análise de variância para o coeficiente linear e angular obtido para cada tratamento e quando constatada diferença aplicou-se o agrupamento de médias de Scott-knott a 5% de significância. O isolado apresentou colônias com coloração cinza esverdeado, aspecto algodonoso e forma irregular. As linhagens L353 e L354 e L624 estão entre as linhagens que apresentaram maior resistência no inicio e ao longo das avaliações. A elevada virulência do isolado CF/UENF 501 possibilitou diferenciar as linhagens quanto a intensidade da doença, bem como o padrão dos sintomas apresentados.

Abstract Southern corn leaf blight (SCLB) is one of the most important corn leaf diseases. Appropriate management strategies and the use of resistant cultivars allow disease control. Therefore, knowing the aspects related to the pathogen and the response of hosts makes it possible to design efficient strategies for selecting genotypes resistant to this disease. In this sense, the objective was to carry out the Bipolaris maydis isolate characterization, evaluating the pathogenicity in different popcorn lines and the symptoms generated in the host after inoculation. The isolate characterization consisted of the macromorphological evaluation of the colonies and the micromorphological evaluation of the conidia in the PDA medium. An experiment was carried out in a greenhouse to evaluate the pathogenicity of the isolate, using 20 inbred lines of popcorn in a randomized block design with four replicates. Inoculation was carried out by spraying leaves, with a suspension containing 1.0 x 104 conidia.ml-1 of the CF/UENF 501 isolate of B. maydis. An incidence assessment and three assessments of disease symptom severity were performed, with seven days intervals between evaluations. The morphological characterization data of the isolate were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and for disease severity, the linear regression model was applied the first-degree model. The variance analysis was performed for the linear and angular coefficients obtained for each treatment. When a difference was found, the Scott-Knott clustering algorithm at 5% significance was applied. The isolate had gray-green colonies, a cottony appearance, and an irregular shape. The lines L353, L354, and L624 show more resistance at the beginning and throughout the evaluations. The high virulence of the CF/UENF 501 isolate made it possible to differentiate the lines in terms of disease intensity and the pattern of symptoms presented.

Resumo O Brasil é o maior produtor de figos da América do Sul, porém o cultivo comercial brasileiro da figueira baseia-se na plantação de uma única cultivar, o Roxo-de-Valinhos, resultando em sérios problemas relativos a pragas e doenças. Uma vez que há variações epigenéticas na interação planta-patógeno, principalmente por meio da regulação gênica, o presente trabalho objetiva realizar a caracterização in vivo de acessos de figo, por meio da análise de incidência natural de nematoides formadores de galha e de incidência natural de ferrugem, correlacionada ao seu perfil epigenômico, a fim de subsidiar trabalhos de conservação, melhoramento genético e produção da cultura. A análise dos componentes principais dos dados da caracterização dos acessos foi realizada por meio da matriz de correlação residual obtida pela análise de variância conjunta utilizando o programa GENES. Pôde-se constatar que todas as plantas foram atacadas por este patógeno, evidenciando que são suscetíveis ao mesmo. Já a análise conjunta dos dados demonstrou que a metilação e a incidência de ferrugem em folhas, quando observadas na mesma fase fenológica da planta, se correlacionam, apresentando evidências iniciais de mesmas cargas fatoriais de pressão nos genótipos, com a premissa de comportamento semelhante nos mesmos, indicando que, além do fator genético, fatores abióticos também são responsáveis pelas alterações no fenótipo das plantas, evidenciando a plasticidade fenotípica das mesmas.

Abstract Commercial fig tree cultivation in Brazil involves a single cultivar, ‘Roxo-de-Valinhos’. The use of a single cultivar results in serious diseases and related problems. The aim of this study was to characterize fig accessions by analyzing the natural root-knot nematode and leaf rust incidence in relation to the epigenomic profile of the plant, since epigenetic variations affect plant–pathogen interactions. All plants were attacked by nematodes, indicating susceptibility; Meloidogyne incognita was the root-knot nematode species involved. Joint analysis of data showed that methylation and leaf rust incidence were correlated when observed in the same phenological phase, presenting initial evidence of the same factorial pressure loads in genotypes, suggesting similar behavior within these genotypes.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the antibiotic profile of microorganisms isolated from urine samples of patients with community urine tract infections (UTI) admitted to the University Hospital of the Federal University of Sao Carlos to support an appropriate local empirical treatment. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2018 to October 2020. Data from 1,528 positive urine cultures for bacterial pathogens and antibiograms were tabulated. Bacterial species prevalence and their resistance profile were analyzed and compared by sex and age. For Gram-negative fermenting bacteria, resistance rates were compared between patients with previous hospitalization and the total of infections caused by this group. For comparisons, the Chi-square test was performed, using Fisher’s exact test when necessary (BioEstat program, adopting p ≤ 0.05). A multivariate analysis was applied to assess the effect of the studied variables in predicting multidrug resistance. Infections were more prevalent in women and older adults. Gram-negative bacteria represented 90.44% of total cultures. In both sexes, E. coli prevalence was significantly higher in adults compared with older adults (p < 0.0001). For several antibiotics, resistance rates were higher in the older adults compared with other ages and in patients with Gram-negative fermenting infections and previous hospitalization compared with the total of infections by this group of bacteria. The closer to the hospitalization, the higher the number of antibiotics with superior resistance rates. Resistance rates for aminoglycosides, carbapenems, ceftazidime, nitrofurantoin, piperacillin+tazobactam, and fosfomycin were less than 20%, considered adequate for empirical treatment. Only hospitalization in the previous 90 days was statistically significant in predicting infections by multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effect of oropharyngeal colostrum immunotherapy (OCI) on the mortality of preterm newborns (PTNB) with very low birth weight (VLBW). Method Non-randomized clinical trial, carried out with 138 mother-child pairs attended at a public maternity hospital. The treatment group used raw colostrum, dripping 4 drops (0.2 ml) into the oropharyngeal mucosa, totaling 8 administrations in 24 h, up to the 7th complete day of life (OCI). The control group was composed of newborns admitted to the same maternity hospital before the implementation of the OCI. Analyzes were performed: descriptive, bivariate, multiple logistic regression, and survival analysis, with a significance level of 5% and 95% CI. Results The treatment group had an RR of death of 0.26 (95% CI = 0.07-0.67; p= 0.00), adjusted for maternal age, marital status, gestational hypertension, type of delivery, number of prenatal visits, and birth weight. Number Needed to Treat (NNT) demonstrated that for every 5 individuals treated with OCI, one death was prevented NNT = 4.9 (95% CI = 1.84-5.20); however, for PTNB with VLBW who remained hospitalized for 50, 100 and 150 days, the NNT reduces to 4, 4 and 3, respectively. Conclusion The OCI proved to be a beneficial intervention, since it reduced the risk of mortality in PTNB with VLBW when compared to the control group.

Resumen Introducción. El psílido asiático (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) es el principal vector de la bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus que causa la enfermedad de Huanglongbing (HLB) en los cítricos en Panamá. Objetivo. Determinar la distribución geográfica y las plantas hospederas del psílido asiático dentro de las zonas citrícolas de Panamá. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se desarrolló de junio a octubre de 2021, a través de un muestreo sistemático dentro de 46 localidades asociadas a cítricos comerciales y huertos familiares en siete provincias de Panamá. En cada planta se procedió a embolsar con una bolsa plástica de cierre mágico dos brotes nuevos de ≈10 cm de largo para capturar los especímenes e introducirlos dentro de viales plásticos de 2 mm con alcohol al 95 % para su posterior identificación. La variable de estudio incluyó el conteo del número total de especímenes y los datos fueron analizados de manera porcentual. Resultados. Del total de 73 muestras colectadas, la presencia del psílido asiático se confirmó en un 21,92 % (dieciséis muestras), resultó positiva su presencia en las provincias de Chiriquí, Coclé, Herrera, Panamá y Panamá Oeste, en alturas desde los 17 hasta 1080 m s. n. m. No hubo presencia del psílido en las provincias de Los Santos y Veraguas. De las dieciséis muestras que resultaron positivas, el 50 % pertenecieron a la planta de mirto, seguida por la naranja (18,75 %) y el limón criollo (12,50 %). Conclusiones. La distribución del psílido asiático vector del HLB en parcelas de cítricos comerciales y de huertos familiares en las principales zonas citrícolas en Panamá, se presentó diferentes alturas sobre el nivel del mar, asociado a la presencia de plantas hospederas como mirto, naranja y limón criollo.

Abstract Introduction. The asian psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) is the main vector of the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus that causes Huanglongbing (HLB) disease in citrus in Panama. Objective. To determine the geographic distribution and host plants of the asian psyllid within the citrus growing areas in Panama. Materials and methods. The study was carried out from June to October 2021 through systematic sampling within 46 localities associated with commercial citrus and home gardens in seven provinces of Panama. In each plant, two new shoots of 10 cm long were bagged with a magic-seal plastic bag to capture the specimens and introduce them into 2 mm plastic vials with 95 % alcohol for later identification. The study variable included the count of the total number of specimens, and the data was analyzed as a percentage. Results. Of the total of 73 collected samples, the presence of the Asian psyllid was confirmed in 21.92 % (16 samples). Its presence was positive in the provinces of Chiriquí, Coclé, Herrera, Panama, and West Panama, at altitudes of 17 to 1080 m.a.s.l. There was no presence of the psyllid in the provinces of Los Santos and Veraguas. Of the 16 samples that were positive, 50 % belonged to the myrtle plant, followed by orange (18.75%), and creole lemon (12.50 %). Conclusion. The distribution of the asian psyllid vector of HLB in commercial citrus and home gardens in the main citrus growing areas in Panama was presented at different heights above sea level, mainly associated with the presence of the host plants such as myrtle, orange, and creole lemon.

Abstract Objective To verify the performance of the Net Promoter Score (NPS) as a tool to assess parental satisfaction in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). Methods The authors conducted an observational cross-sectional multicenter study in the PICUs of 5 hospitals in Brazil. Eligible participants were all parents or legal guardians of PICU-admitted children, aged 18 years or over. The NPS was administered together with the EMpowerment of PArents in THe Intensive Care (EMPATHIC-30), used as the gold standard, and a sociodemographic questionnaire. For analysis, the results were dichotomized into values greater than or equal to the median of the tests. The associations between the 2 tools were evaluated and the distribution of their results was compared. Results The parents or legal guardians of 78 PICU-admitted children were interviewed. Of the respondents, 85% were women and 62% were in a private hospital. The median NPS was 10 (IQR, 10-10), and the median EMPATHIC-30 score was 5.7 (IQR, 5.4-5.9). Compared with the gold standard, the NPS had a sensitivity of 100% at all cutoff points, except at cutoff 10, where the sensitivity was slightly lower (97.5%). As for specificity, NPS performance was poorer, with values ranging from 0% (NPS ≥ 5) to 47.4% (NPS = 10). Conclusions NPS proved to be a sensitive tool to assess parental satisfaction, but with poor ability to identify dissatisfied users in the sample.

Resumen Los coronavirus (CoV) causan enfermedades respiratorias y entéricas leves, graves o críticas, pudiendo ocasionar la muerte del paciente. Debido a la alta conectividad entre naciones y a la transmisión, actualmente la COVID-19 representa un verdadero problema de salud pública en todo el mundo. El CoV-2 causante del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2) apareció a finales de diciembre de 2019 en Wuhan, China, y en marzo de 2020 la COVID-19 fue declarada pandemia. En esta revisión se describen las características del genoma y de la proteína espiga del SARS-CoV-2, su papel en la inmunopatogénesis de la COVID-19, la tormenta de citocinas, la actividad citotóxica inducida por células T y la producción de anticuerpos contra el SARS-CoV-2 mediada por células B, así como la eficacia de algunas vacunas, tomando en cuenta las mutaciones presentes en la proteína espiga.

Abstract Coronavirus (CoV) infections cause respiratory and enteric diseases with clinical manifestations ranging from faint to severe, even lead to death of patients. High connectivity between nations and infectivity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), represent a global health problem as the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). This CoV-2 that cause SARS, which appeared in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 originated COVID-19 and declared as pandemic a few months posterior its appearance. In this review, the genomic and spike protein characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, the role of SARS-CoV-2 in the COVID-19 pathogenesis, cytokine storm, the role of cytotoxic T and B cells against SARS-CoV-2, as well as the vaccines efficacy (taking into account mutations in the spike protein) are described.

Abstract This work, subdivided into the first part and the second part, produced a technographic overview of the lithic material of middle Holocene sites, located in the central portion of South America, in the macro-region dominated by savannas in the lowlands of South America. This analysis was possible through reflection on available bibliographic information. The description of the modes of making lithic tools was based on the recognition of the three technical principles based on the techno-functional perspective: debitage, shaping and affordance; and on the considerations about relationship between the active and prehensive parts of the pieces (also called “techno-functional categories”). As a result, a synthesis of the technological peculiarities and variabilities was obtained in areas little known or documented with regard to the lithic materiality. In the first part of the article, this overview highlighted that there was, in the groupings of the sites of the Cratón Amazônico, a localized contribution to the relative technical cultures on the part of the principles of debitage and shaping, without being completely homogeneous. In reference to the management of raw materials, a local supply of lithic resources can be seen near these sites.

Resumen Este trabajo, subdividido em primera y segunda parte, presenta un panorama tecnográfico del material lítico proveniente de sitios del Holoceno medio, localizados en la región central de América del Sur, específicamente de la macro-región dominada por sabanas en las tierras bajas. Este análisis fue posible a través de una revisión y reflexión sobre la información bibliográfica disponible. En base a un enfoque tecno-funcional, la descripción de los modos de manufactura de útiles líticos se basó en el reconocimiento de tres principios técnicos desde el punto de vista tecno-funcional: débitage, façonnage y affordance, así como de la consideración de la relación entre las porciones activas y prehensivas de las piezas interpretadas como útiles (denominadas también “categorías tecno- funcionales”). Como resultado se obtuvo una síntesis de las particularidades y variabilidades tecnológicas en áreas poco conocidas o documentadas en lo que se refiere a la materialidad lítica. En la primera parte del artículo, esta síntesis puso en evidencia que en los agrupamientos de los sitios del Cratón Amazónico existió un conjunto de culturas tecnicas relativamente homogéneas concentradas alrededor de los principios de débitage y façonnage. En cuanto a la gestión de la materia prima, se observa en estos sitios un aprovisionamiento local de recursos líticos.

Abstract This article constitutes the second part of the lithic technographic analysis of Middle Holocene sites in a vast macro-region, the central portion of South America: it includes the groups of sites B, C and D. A common element in all the analyzed sets is the presence of the techno-functional category B tools. In reference to the production mode, it is observed that the principle of debitage predominates in the area of analysis. However, its application was diverse; there are assemblages in which there was a predetermination about the making of flakes, others in which the cores were reintroduced as blanks or presented edges and there are other places in which façonnage confection flakes were reintroduced as blanks for tools. Other production principles have also been recorded: the principles of affordance (both in the exclusive productional expression and in its productional and functional expression) and shaping are observed in sites in groups A, C and D. Recognizing the different production modes is the starting point for thinking about how groups with different technical traditions have occupied different spaces in the region.

Resumen Este artículo conforma la segunda parte del análisis de las tecnografías líticas de los sitios del Holoceno medio en una extensa macrorregión, el sector central de América del Sur: abarca los agrupamientos B, C y D de los sitios. Un elemento común en todos los conjuntos analizados en la presencia de herramientas de la categoría tecno-funcional B. En referencia a los modos de producción se observa que el principio de debitagem predomina en el área de análisis. No obstante su aplicación es diversa; hay conjuntos donde existió una predeterminación sobre la confección de lascas, otros donde los núcleos son reintroducidos como soportes o presentando filos y otros sitios en donde se reintrodujeron lascas de confección de façonage como herramientas de soporte. El resto de los principios de producción también fueron registrados: el de afordancia (tanto en la producción instrumental como en su expresión produccional) y el de façonage se observan en sitios de los agrupamientos A, C y D. El reconocimiento de los diferentes modos de producción, es el punto de inicio para pensar como grupos con tradiciones técnicas diferentes, ocuparon espacios diversos en la región.

Resumen Introducción: La diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad metabólica con riesgo elevado de presentar úlceras en extremidades inferiores (pie diabético) que puede terminar en amputación. Objetivo: Identificar las variables predictivas de amputaciones en los pacientes con diagnóstico de pie diabético en el Hospital Verdi Cevallos desde enero de 2017 a diciembre de 2018. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo y correlacional, que incluyó 130 pacientes con diagnóstico de pie diabético. Se utilizaron técnicas de inferencia estadística no paramétrica univariante para la correlación de las variables cualitativas (pruebas de χ2), así como la direccionalidad de estas. Resultados: Se encontró correlación entre la insuficiencia renal crónica avanzada, mal control glucémico, enfermedad vascular periférica severa y gravedad de la úlcera por la clasificación de Wagner-Merrit con la realización de amputación futura. Conclusión: El mal control glucémico, la insuficiencia renal crónica avanzada, enfermedad vascular periférica severa y los estadios 4 y 5 de la clasificación de Wagner-Merrit fueron factores predictivos de amputación en el paciente con pie diabético.

Abstract Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease with an elevated risk of presenting ulcers in the lower extremities (diabetic foot ulcers), that in some cases may end in the amputation of such extremities. Objective: To identify the predictive variables of amputations in patients diagnosed with diabetic foot ulcers at the Verdi Cevallos Hospital from January 2017 to December 2018. Methodology: A retrospective and correlational study were carried out which included 130 patients diagnosed with diabetic foot. Multivariate and univariate nonparametric statistical inference techniques were used for the correlation of qualitative variables, as well as their directionality. Results: Correlation was found between advanced chronic renal failure, poor glycemic control, severe peripheral vascular disease, and ulcer severity according to the Wagner-Merrit classification with future amputation. Conclusion: Poor glycemic control, advanced chronic renal failure, severe peripheral vascular disease and stages 4 and 5 of the Wagner-Merrit classification were predictive factors for amputation in patients with diabetic foot.

This study evaluated the pollutant levels (NO2, SO2, CO, and O3), air quality index (AQI) and the influence of meteorological variables and coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on the air quality in Rio de Janeiro. The data set used comprises periods before (March-April, 2019) and during pandemic (March-April, 2020). According to the AQI results, on most days, the air quality was ranked as “good”. Brazilian air quality standards for SO2, O3, and NO2 were not exceeded in any of the monitoring stations during partial lockdown, while CO exceeded in all periods in one site due to industrial emission. Comparing both periods, descriptive statistics for the meteorological parameters presented no differences, which suggests similar conditions. However, when evaluated week by week in 2020, weather conditions presented some differences that probably affected pollutant concentrations. The correlations between O3 and NO2 and some meteorological parameters indicate that variations in both favored ozone formation, since it is a photochemical process favored by temperature and solar radiation and that, in Rio de Janeiro, low NO2 concentrations lead to increased O3. The improvements on air quality during the partial lockdown may be attributed mainly to a reduction on emission sources rather than weather conditions.

This study aims to analyze Tetragonisca angustula honey from southwestern Bahia for its physicochemical characteristics, phenolic compounds and glioma cell inhibitory effect, in samples from different periods of the year, dry (DP) and rainy (RP) period. The analyses showed that samples obtained in the DP and RP are statistically different for the physicochemical profile (p < 0.05). DP honey has a darker color, greater acidity, content of reducing sugars and ash and lower moisture, when compared to RP. The content of total phenolics and flavonoids was determined spectrometrically, using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and reaction with aluminum chloride, respectively, and there was no statistical difference between the samples (p > 0.05). For the extraction of phenolic compounds, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction was used, besides analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV), which identified chlorogenic acid and quantified caffeic acid and rutin (1.7723 and 0.9384 μg 100 mg-1 honey, respectively). Glioma cell inhibition effect lines were observed for DP at concentrations 1000 ng mL-1 of honey. Principal component analysis (PCA) proposes the physicochemical parameters as the main distinguishing factors between the DP and RP samples. DP samples showed similarity for the parameters ash content, acidity and reducing sugars and the samples of the RP had consonance between pH and moisture.

Resumo O trabalho objetivou avaliar a relação peso-comprimento e o fator de condição, caracterizando a biometria, anatomia, histologia e densidade volumétrica do fígado de Brycon amazonicus, em diferentes estágios de crescimento corporal. O experimento utilizou vinte espécimes em quatro fases de crescimento corporal (PI, PII, PIII e PIV) colhidos a cada 90 dias, contendo cinco espécimes, cada grupo. Os fígados foram dissecados, pesados (g) e processados rotineiramente pela técnica da hematoxilina e eosina. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, teste de correlação de Pearson e regressão linear. A equação que representou a relação peso-comprimento foi W = 0,05902 x L2,63, com crescimento alométrico negativo, mas com fator de condição relativo igual a 1,0. O fígado apresentou-se dividido em três lobos com a vesícula biliar próxima ao lobo direito e sua cor variou de vermelho claro a vermelho escuro, não variando em relação a outras espécies de peixes. A relação hepatossomática acompanhou o crescimento corporal até a fase do grupo PII e então declinou, demonstrando o comportamento de seu desenvolvimento em Brycon amazonicus. O órgão constitui-se predominantemente por hepatócitos, seguido de vasos e capilares sinusoidais, com a morfologia histológica semelhante ao de muitas espécies de peixes. Centros melanomacrófagos foram encontrados apenas nos animais mais desenvolvidos, mas em pequena quantidade, instigando o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas sobre esta célula, nesta espécie. Desta forma, pesquisas desta natureza permitem a caracterização de espécies de peixes, auxiliando no aperfeiçoamento de métodos de criação, compreensão de processos patológicos provocados por enfermidades, e obtenção de melhor capacidade produtiva, atendendo um mercado cada vez mais exigente e próspero.

Abstract The work aimed to evaluate the weight-length relationship and the condition factor, characterizing the biometry, anatomy, histology and volumetric density of the liver of Brycon amazonicus, in different stages of body growth. The experiment used twenty specimens in four stages of body growth (PI, PII, PIII and PIV) harvested every 90 days, containing five specimens, each group. The livers were dissected, weighed (g) and processed routinely using the hematoxylin and eosin technique. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, Pearson’s correlation test and linear regression. The equation that represented the weight-length relation was W = 0.05902 x L2.63, with negative allometric growth, but with a relative condition factor equal to 1.0. The liver was divided into three lobes with the gallbladder close to the right lobe and its color varied from light red to dark red, not varying in relation to other fish species. The hepatosomatic relationship followed body growth until the PII group stage and then declined, demonstrating the behavior of its development in Brycon amazonicus. The organ consists predominantly of hepatocytes, followed by sinusoidal vessels and capillaries, with histological morphology similar to that of many species of fish. Melanomacrophage centers were found only in the most developed animals, but in small quantities, prompting the development of new research on this cell, in this species. In this way, research of this nature allows the characterization of fish species, helping to improve breeding methods, understanding pathological processes caused by diseases, and obtaining better productive capacity, serving an increasingly demanding and prosperous market.

RESUMO: Pombos urbanos são conhecidos pela sua capacidade de carrear e disseminar diversos agentes zoonóticos. Estudos tem sugerido que pombos são também relevantes na disseminação de estirpes resistentes a múltiplas drogas. No presente estudo, pombos no ambiente de um hospital veterinário foram amostrados em três diferentes períodos e testados para a presença de Escherichia coli patogênica, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus spp. e Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile. Isolados de E. coli de 19 pombos (40.4%) foram positivos para o gene codificador da toxina EAST1. O gene codificador de intimina (eae) do patotipo E. coli enteropatogênica foi encontrada em um isolado (2.1%). Salmonella spp. foi encontrada em nove pombos (19.1%), sendo todos isolados do primeiro período de captura (P < 000.1). S. Typhimurium foi isolado de seis animais e S. Heidelberg de três. A tipagem molecular de isolados de Salmonella spp. por ERIC-PCR demonstrou que oito estirpes possuíam alta similaridade genética entre si, sugerindo a ocorrência de um surto de salmonelose nos animais carreadores. Vinte Staphylococcus (42.5%) foram isolados de 18 animais (38.3%). Oito diferentes espécies foram detectadas, sendo S. xylosus a mais frequente. Duas estirpes de C. difficile não-toxigênica (4.3%) foram isoladas. Uma estirpe de S. Typhimurium, uma de S. aureus e um isolado de C. difficile foram classificados como resistentes a múltiplas drogas antimicrobianas. O presente estudo sugere que pombos capturados no ambiente do hospital veterinário podem atuar como reservatórios e disseminadores de bactérias patogênicas e envolvidas em infecção hospitalar, incluindo E. coli diarreiogênica e Staphylococcus sp., C. difficile e Salmonella spp multirresistente.

ABSTRACT: Pigeons are known for their capacity to harbor and spread several zoonotic agents. Studies have suggested that pigeons are also relevant disseminators of multidrug-resistant strains. In this study, pigeons surrounding a veterinary hospital were sampled and tested for the presence of pathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile. E. coli isolates from 19 (40.4%) pigeons tested positive for the E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (EAST1)-encoding gene. The intimin-encoding gene (eae) of enteropathogenicE. coli (EPEC) was found in one isolate (2.1%). Salmonella spp. were found in nine (19.1%) pigeons, all from the first capture event (P < 000.1). S. Typhimurium and S. Heidelberg were isolated from six and three pigeons, respectively. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC-PCR) of the Salmonella spp. isolates suggested that eight of the nine strains had a high genetic similarity, supporting the hypothesis of an outbreak of salmonellosis in these pigeons. Twenty (42.5%) staphylococcal isolates were recovered from 18 (38.3%) pigeons. Eight different species were detected, with S. xylosus being the most frequent. Two (4.3%) C. difficile strains were isolated. Three isolates, one each of S. Typhimurium, S. aureus, and C. difficile, were classified as multidrug-resistant strains. The present research suggested that pigeons residing in urban areas can act as reservoirs and disseminators of pathogenic bacteria, including nosocomial pathogens, such as diarrheagenicE. coli and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus spp., C. difficile, and Salmonella spp.

Resumen Los análisis de conos y semillas permiten evaluar las características físicas y biológicas de un lote de semillas y determinar la cantidad y calidad de semilla producida en unidades productoras de germoplasma forestal. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la variación morfológica y germinación de la semilla de 48 familias resineras de Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl., distribuidas en tres gradientes altitudinales en rodales naturales de la Comunidad Indígena de Nuevo San Juan Parangaricutiro (CINSJP), Michoacán. Se evaluaron las variables: ancho, largo, peso y germinación, número de semillas por kilogramo y contenido de humedad de la semilla. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas (p ≤ 0.05) entre gradientes y entre familias en las variables. El tamaño, peso de la semilla y porcentajes de germinación fueron mayores en los gradientes 1 y 2 (2200 m. s. n. m.-2400 m. s. n. m. y 2401 m. s. n. m.-2600 m. s. n. m.); en número de semillas existe diferencia estadística (p ≤ 0.05) entre familias en cada gradiente con 35 760 a 108 966 semillas (kg-1).

Abstract The analyzes of cones and seeds allow to evaluate the physical and biological characteristics of a lot of seeds and to determine the quantity and quality of seed produced in forest germplasm production units. The objective of this study was to determine the morphological variation and seed germination of 48 resin families of Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl., distributed in three altitudinal gradients, natural forests of the Indigenous Community of Nuevo San Juan Parangaricutiro, Michoacán. The evaluated variables were: width, length, weight and germination, number of seeds per kilogram, and moisture content of the seed. The results showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between gradients and between families in the variables. The size, weight of seed, and germination percentages were higher in gradients 1 and 2 (2200 m. a. s. l.-2400 m. a. s. l. and 2401 m. a. s. l.-2600 m. a. s. l.); in number of seeds there is a statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) between families in each gradient with 35 760 to 108 966 seeds (kg-1).