Abstract In this work, the preliminary design of an electron Linear Particle Accelerator (eLINAC) capable of delivering a beam with an energy range of 5 to 100 MeV using the S-band acceleration frequency is presented. At its peak energy, it can be used as an injector for a synchrotron light source, as an independent free electron laser, or to generate neutrons. The eLINAC will be separated into three beam lines to deliver electron beams at different energies permitting the possibility of industrial applications such as food irradiation, medical use, and national security.

Objective Exploring the relationship between PM10 intra- and extra-domiciliary levels and the lung function of people living in La Sierra, Antioquia, Colombia. Materials and Methods A survey and field observations were used for determining the environmental conditions and the immediate household environment of 124 people who had taken a spirometric test. Meteorological conditions were monitored: temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, wind speed and PM10 (24 hours) within and outside the houses. Results Indoor PM10 (0.05 mg/m³) in 50 % of the houses was <outdoor PM10 (0.06 mg/m³); there was 79.08 % relative humidity, 33.03 mm rainfall, 28.75°C and 0.91 m/s wind speed. 25% of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was<74 %. There was a positive correlationbetween indoor and outdoor PM10 (0.197: p=0.029) and a negative correlation between indoor PM10 and wind speed (-0.215: p=0,017). A weak positive relationship was found between FEV1 and indoor and outdoor PM10. Discussion The results suggested that indoor pollution came from automobile emission, industrial combustionand unpaved roads (i.e. producing a lot of dust). PM10 decreased with increasing rain fall, higher relative humidity and increased wind speed.

Objetivo Explorar la relación entre niveles de PM10 intra y extradomiciliario y la función pulmonar de los habitantes, corregimiento La Sierra, Puerto Nare, Antioquia-Colombia. Materiales y Métodos Mediante encuesta y observación, se determinaron condiciones ambientales y del entorno inmediato de viviendas correspondientes a 124 habitantes a los cuales se había realizado el examen espirométrico; se monitorearon condiciones meteorológicas: temperatura, humedad relativa, precipitación, velocidad del viento y PM10 (24 horas) al interior y exterior de las casas. Resultados En el 50 % de las viviendas el PM10 interior (0,05mg/m³) fue <PM10 exterior (0,06 mg/m³), humedad relativa 79,08 %, pluviosidad 33,03 mm, temperatura 28,75°C y velocidad del viento 0,91 m/s. El 25 % del VEF1 fue <74 %. La correlación PM10 interior y exterior fue positiva, 0,197 (p=0,029) y entre PM10 interior y velocidad del viento negativa -0,215 (p=0,017). Se encontró débil relación positiva entre el volumen espiratorio forzado y el PM10 interior y exterior. Discusión Los resultados sugieren que la contaminación interior de las viviendas proviene de las emisiones de automotores, combustión industrial, y vías destapadas. El PM10 disminuyó con el aumento de la lluvia, la humedad relativa y el viento.

Objetivo Explorar la relación entre niveles de PM10 intra y extradomiciliario y la función pulmonar de los habitantes, corregimiento La Sierra, Puerto Nare, Antioquia-Colombia. Materiales y Métodos Mediante encuesta y observación, se determinaron condiciones ambientales y del entorno inmediato de viviendas correspondientes a 124 habitantes a los cuales se había realizado el examen espirométrico; se monitorearon condiciones meteorológicas: temperatura, humedad relativa, precipitación, velocidad del viento y PM10 (24 horas) al interior y exterior de las casas. Resultados En el 50 % de las viviendas el PM10 interior (0,05mg/m³) fue <PM10 exterior (0,06 mg/m³), humedad relativa 79,08 %, pluviosidad 33,03 mm, temperatura 28,75°C y velocidad del viento 0,91 m/s. El 25 % del VEF1 fue <74 %. La correlación PM10 interior y exterior fue positiva, 0,197 (p=0,029) y entre PM10 interior y velocidad del viento negativa -0,215 (p=0,017). Se encontró débil relación positiva entre el volumen espiratorio forzado y el PM10 interior y exterior. Discusión Los resultados sugieren que la contaminación interior de las viviendas proviene de las emisiones de automotores, combustión industrial, y vías destapadas. El PM10 disminuyó con el aumento de la lluvia, la humedad relativa y el viento.

Objective Exploring the relationship between PM10 intra- and extra-domiciliary levels and the lung function of people living in La Sierra, Antioquia, Colombia. Materials and Methods A survey and field observations were used for determining the environmental conditions and the immediate household environment of 124 people who had taken a spirometric test. Meteorological conditions were monitored: temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, wind speed and PM10 (24 hours) within and outside the houses. Results Indoor PM10 (0.05 mg/m³) in 50 % of the houses was <outdoor PM10 (0.06 mg/m³); there was 79.08 % relative humidity, 33.03 mm rainfall, 28.75°C and 0.91 m/s wind speed. 25% of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was<74 %. There was a positive correlationbetween indoor and outdoor PM10 (0.197: p=0.029) and a negative correlation between indoor PM10 and wind speed (-0.215: p=0,017). A weak positive relationship was found between FEV1 and indoor and outdoor PM10. Discussion The results suggested that indoor pollution came from automobile emission, industrial combustionand unpaved roads (i.e. producing a lot of dust). PM10 decreased with increasing rain fall, higher relative humidity and increased wind speed.

Effects of frequency, average current density and duty cycle on hardness of electroplated nickel were studied in Watts and sulphamate solutions by mean of direct and rectangular pulse current. The results in Watts solutions show high hardness values at low duty cycles, high average current density and high frequency of the pulse current. Hardness in nickel sulphamate solutions shows a low variation with duty cycle and frequency changes. Hardness values obtained in the Watts bath with rectangular pulse current are higher than those achieved with direct current at the same average current density. In the sulphamate bath this difference has not significance.