OBJECTIVES: To retrospectively evaluate the performance and distinctive pattern of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI) screening and treatment in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) under anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy and determine the relevance of re-exposure and other risk factors for TB development. METHODS: A total of 135 and 83 patients with AS and PsA, respectively, were evaluated for LTBI treatment before receiving anti-TNF drugs via the tuberculin skin test (TST), chest radiography, and TB exposure history assessment. All subjects were evaluated for TB infection at 3-month intervals. RESULTS: The patients with AS were more often treated for LTBI than were those with PsA (42% versus 30%, p=0.043). The former also presented a higher frequency of TST positivity (93% versus 64%, p=0.002), although they had a lower frequency of exposure history (18% versus 52%, p=0.027) and previous TB (0.7% versus 6%, p=0.03). During follow-up [median, 5.8 years; interquartile range (1QR), 2.2-9.0 years], 11/218 (5%) patients developed active TB (AS, n=7; PsA, n=4). TB re-exposure was the main cause in seven patients (64%) after 12 months of therapy (median, 21.9 months; IQR, 14.2-42.8 months) and five LTBI-negative patients. TB was identified within the first year in four patients (36.3%) (median, 5.3 months; IQR, 1.2-8.8 months), two of whom were LTBI-positive. There was no difference in the TB-free survival according to the anti-TNF drug type/class; neither synthetic drug nor prednisone use was related to TB occurrence (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Known re-exposure is the most critical factor for incident TB cases in spondyloarthritis. There are also some distinct features in AS and PsA LTBI screening, considering the higher frequency of LTBI and TST positivities in patients with AS. Annual risk reassessment taking into consideration these peculiar features and including the TST should be recommended for patients in endemic countries.

Este estudo apresenta uma avaliação da deposição de elementos potencialmente tóxicos no Canal de Bertioga (costa sudeste brasileira) ao longo de 150 anos, período principal de atividade antropogênica na área. O trabalho analisou cinco testemunhos sedimentares por meio de ICP-OES para determinar os níveis de metais (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn) e As. O índice de carga de poluição (PLI) e o fator de enriquecimento (EF) foram calculados para identificar a toxicidade relativa dos elementos dos sedimentos e a contribuição antropogênica dos elementos investigados. Os índices indicaram a ausência de contaminação por metais pesados, mas houve uma entrada mais elevada de As nos testemunhos B2 e B5, amostrados em área com maiores taxas de sedimentação. Através de análise estatística de decomposição de séries temporais, verificou-se que o fluxo de metais para a área segue os ciclos de estações chuvosa (verão austral) e seca (inverno austral). Como conclusão pode ser verificado que o enriquecimento observado corresponde ao final do século XIX, quando o Porto de Santos foi inaugurado, e à década de 1970, quando as atividades do porto foram expandidas. Ainda, a análise dos índices e da decomposição temporal indica que a entrada de As no Canal de Bertioga dá-se por processos naturais de intemperismo e sedimentação.

The study presents an evaluation of potentially toxic elements deposition in Bertioga Channel (Southeastern Brazilian coast) along the last 150 years, the main anthropogenic activity period in the area. Five sediment cores by means of ICP-OES to determine the levels of metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) and As. The pollution load index (PLI) and enrichment factor (EF) were calculated to identify the relative elements toxicity of the sediments and the anthropogenic contribution of the investigated elements. The indexes indicated the absence of contamination but a higher input of As in cores B2 and B5, which have been sampled in an area that presents higher sedimentation rates. Through an statistical analysis of time series decomposition, it was verified that the metals flux to the area follow the cycles of rainy (austral summer and autumn) and dry seasons (austral winter and spring). In conclusion, the enrichment corresponds to the end of the 19th Century, when Santos Harbor was inaugurated, and to the 1970s, when Santos Harbor activities expanded. In addition, the analysis of the indexes and the temporal decomposition indicate that these elements' input to Bertioga Channel is due to natural processes of weathering and sedimentation.

Os objetivos da presente revisão foram: i) demonstrar a utilização do Teste de Coordenação Corporal para Crianças (Körperkoordinationstest Für Kinder - KTK) em variadas populações infantis; ii) descrever estudos que desenvolveram padrões de referência do KTK; e iii) averiguar a existência de padrões de referência do KTK para a coordenação motora de crianças brasileiras. A seleção das publicações realizou-se entre os meses de abril e junho (2010) e foram utilizadas as bases de dados Pubmed, Lilacs e www.google.com/scholar. Os resultados indicaram que o KTK é um instrumento de avaliação do desempenho motor coordenativo adequado para ser aplicado em diferentes populações infantis como portadores de síndrome de Down. A maioria dos estudos que construíram valores de referência para suas populações infantis mostrou valores médios inferiores àqueles estabelecidos a partir do grupo de crianças alemãs de onde se originaram os dados de referência do KTK. Tal fato denota a importância da construção de dados normativos em diferentes países, tendo em vista as variadas características de natureza biológica, social, econômica e cultural a serem consideradas. Por fim, observou-se que não existem dados de referência do KTK para crianças brasileiras, porém, é inegável a importância da aplicação do teste para avaliar a coordenação motora global dessas crianças.

The aims of the present review were: i) to demonstrate the use of the Body Coordination Test for Children (Körperkoordinationstest Für Kinder- KTK) in diverse populations of children, ii) to describe studies that developed reference values for KTK, and iii) to ascertain the existence of reference values of KTK for Brazilian children’s motor coordination. The selection of publications was performed between April and June (2010) and the Pubmed, Lilacs and www.google.com/scholar databases were employed. The results indicated that the KTK is an evaluation instrument for motor coordinative performance appropriate to be applied in different childish populations, such as Down syndrome bearers. Most studies that constructed reference values for their childish population showed lower mean values than those established from the group of German children from whom originated the reference data of KTK. This fact demonstrates the importance of the construction of normative data in different countries in view of diverse biological, social, economical and cultural characteristics to be considered. Finally, it was observed the absence of reference data of KTK for Brazilian children, however, it is undeniable the importance of applying the test to evaluate the global motor coordination of these children.

A drenagem ácida de minas (DAM) é uma preocupação ambiental devido ao risco de mobilização de elementos, incluindo elementos tóxicos, e ingresso na cadeia alimentar. Neste estudo, três camadas de cobertura foram testadas para minimizar a mobilização de As, Fe e S em um substrato remanescente de mineração de ouro, contendo pirita e arsenopirita. Para isso, diferentes camadas (camada de quebra de capilaridade, selante e de cobertura) dispostas sobre o substrato e a indução de uma barreira geoquímica (BG) foram usadas a fim de propiciar condições adequadas para adsorção e coprecipitação do As mobilizado. Treze tratamentos foram estabelecidos para avaliar a lixiviação de As, Fe e S do substrato, em lisímetros. O valor de pH, as concentrações de As, Fe, S, Na e K e o volume total de lixiviado foram determinados. As análises mineralógicas foram realizadas com amostras do substrato no final do período experimental. As menores quantidades de As, Fe e S foram lixiviadas nos tratamentos que receberam Na e K para induzir a formação de BG, com valores médios de 5,47, 48,59 e 132,89 g/lisímetros, respectivamente. A análise mineralógica revelou a formação de jarosita no tratamento controle e nos tratamentos que receberam sais de Na e K. Entretanto, a quantidade de jarosita nestes tratamentos foi superior à encontrada no controle, indicando que esses sais aceleraram a formação da BG. Elevadas quantidades de As, Fe e S foram observadas nos lixiviados dos tratamentos sem camada de quebra de capilaridade, com valores médios de 11,7, 103,94 e 201,13 g/lisímetros, respectivamente. A formação da BG e o uso de diferentes camadas sobre o substrato sulfetado mostraram ser técnicas eficientes para diminuir a mobilização de As, Fe e S e mitigar os impactos da drenagem ácida de minas.

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is an environmental concern due to the risk of element mobilization, including toxic elements, and inclusion in the food chain. In this study, three cover layers were tested to minimize As, Fe and S mobilization from a substrate from former gold mining, containing pyrite and arsenopyrite. For this purpose, different layers (capillary break, sealant and cover layer) above the substrate and the induction of a geochemical barrier (GB) were used to provide suitable conditions for adsorption and co-precipitation of the mobilized As. Thirteen treatments were established to evaluate the leaching of As, Fe and S from a substrate in lysimeters. The pH, As, Fe, S, Na, and K concentrations and total volume of the leachates were determined. Mineralogical analyses were realized in the substrate at the end of the experimental period. Lowest amounts of As, Fe and S (average values of 5.47, 48.59 and 132.89 g/lysimeter) were leached in the treatments that received Na and K to induce GB formation. Mineralogical analyses indicated jarosite formation in the control treatment and in treatments that received Na and K salts. However, the jarosite amounts in these treatments were higher than in the control, suggesting that these salts accelerated the GB formation. High amounts of As, Fe and S (average values of 11.7, 103.94 and 201.13 g/lysimeter) were observed in the leachate from treatments without capillary break layer. The formation of geochemical barrier and the use of different layers over the sulfide substrate proved to be efficient techniques to decrease As, Fe and S mobilization and mitigate the impact of acid mine drainage.

Protocolos de avaliação ecológica rápida são ferramentas importantes para treinamento de pós-graduandos e levantamento de informações em áreas pouco conhecidas. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um levantamento de qualidade de água e diversidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos em duas sub-bacias em uma área protegida. Atividades de campo, processamento em laboratório, interpretação e discussão de dados foram realizados em grupos com a participação de representantes dos Programas de Pós-graduação em Ecologia da UFMG e da UFS, SEMARH, professores do município de Capela e "brigada voluntária de incêndio" do Refúgio de Vida Silvestre (RVS) Mata do Junco em Sergipe. Os resultados foram sintetizados, analisados e disponibilizados na Unidade de Conservação (UC) RVS Mata do Junco na forma de banners de divulgação, atividades de educação ambiental com alunos de escolas locais e em um seminário de recursos hídricos no estado de Sergipe. As amostras de fundo apresentaram composições taxonômicas e diversidade diferentes, como mostraram as análises de ordenação MDS e de partição aditiva da diversidade. O substrato cascalho apresentou menor riqueza taxonômica média em cada unidade amostral (a1 = 28%) e a diferença média entre amostragens (diversidade b1) foi elevada nos dois casos (39% em folhiço, 41% em cascalho), indicando a alta variação que há entre amostras espacialmente próximas em um mesmo riacho. A diversidade entre riachos foi menor em folhiço do que em cascalho (b2 = 21 e 31%, respectivamente). Foram capturados 57 peixes, com predomínio de Characiformes (62%) e Perciformes (21%). Esta avaliação ecológica rápida corrobora a importância da criação e manutenção desta unidade de conservação, a fim de manter a boa qualidade de suas águas e serviços ecológicos, destacando-se a conservação da biodiversidade aquática e o abastecimento do município de Capela, com cerca de 20 mil habitantes que têm no RVS Mata do Junco seu único manancial de abastecimento de água.

Rapid Ecological Assessment protocols are important tools for the training of postgraduate students, as well as the collection of data on poorly-known and protected areas with the potential for the preservation of water supplies for urban areas. The objective of this study was to perform a survey of water quality and diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates in two sub-basins at the Mata do Junco Wildlife Refuge in the Brazilian state of Sergipe. The collection of data in the field, laboratory processing, and the interpretation and discussion of data were conducted in groups by students from two postgraduate programmes in Ecology and Conservation (UFMG and UFS), personnel of the state environment agency (SEMARH), school teachers from the local town of Capela, and members of the reserve's voluntary fire brigade. The results of the assessment were organised, analysed, and presented at the reserve headquarters in the form of posters, for the development of environmental education activities with pupils from local schools, as well as contributing to a SEMARH seminar. Samples were characterised by distinct taxonomic compositions and diversity, as confirmed by MDS and additive partitioning of diversity analyses. The gravel substrate presented the lower mean taxonomic richness in each sampling unit (a1 = 28%), while the average difference among samples (b1 diversity) was elevated for both substrates (39% for leaf litter, 41% for gravel), reflecting the pronounced variation among samples, even adjacent ones within the same stream. Diversity between streams was lower in the case of leaf litter in comparison with gravel (b2 = 21 and 31%, respectively). A total of 57 fish specimens were collected with a predominance of individuals of the orders Characiformes (62%) and Perciformes (21%). This rapid ecological assessment confirmed the importance of the conservation unit and emphasised the need for its continuation, given its importance for the maintenance of water quality and its other ecological services, such as the conservation of the region's aquatic biodiversity and providing the local town of Capela (circa 20,000 inhabitants) with its water supply, the Mata do Junco being its only source.

This work reports an alternative, fast and robust method, for the determination of total As, As(III) and As(V) by HG-AAS without the use of prereductants. The method is based on the different rates of arsine formation of the inorganic As species and the effect of As(III) in the signal obtained for total As. Groundwater and mineral spiked waters were used to sample preservation evaluation. The method was validated by the determination of As in SRM 1640 and used in the determination of total As and its inorganic species in groundwater samples collected from mines in the Iron Quadrangle - MG.

Acid drainage results from exposition of sulfides to the atmosphere. Arsenopyrite is a sulfide that releases arsenic (As) to the environment when oxidized. This work evaluated the As mobility in six sulfidic geomaterials from gold mining areas in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Grained samples (<2 mm) were periodically leached with distilled water, during 70 days. Results suggested As sorption onto (hydr)oxides formed by oxidation of arsenopyrite. Low pH accelerated the acid generation, dissolving Fe oxihydroxides and releasing As. Presence of carbonates decreased oxidation rates and As release. On the other hand, lime added to a partially oxidized sample increased As mobilization.