Constitutional genomic imbalances are known to cause malformations, disabilities, neurodevelopmental delay, and dysmorphia and can lead to dysfunctions in the cell cycle. In extremely rare genetic conditions such as small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC), it is important to understand the cellular consequences of this extra marker, as well the factors that contribute to their maintenance or elimination through successive cell cycles and phenotypic impact. The study of chromosomal mosaicism provides a natural model to characterize the effect of aneuploidy on genome stability and compare cells with the same genetic background and environment exposure, but differing in the presence of sSMC. Here, we report the functional characterization of different cell lines from two familial patients with mosaic sSMC derived from chromosome 12. We performed studies of proliferation dynamics, stability, and variability of these cells using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), and conventional staining. We also quantified the telomere-related genomic instability of sSMC cells using 3D telomeric profile analysis by quantitative-FISH. sSMC cells exhibited differences in the cell cycle dynamics compared to normal cells. First, the sSMC cells exhibited lower proliferation index and higher frequency of SCE than normal cells, associated with a higher level of chromosomal instability. Second, sSMC cells exhibited more telomeric-related genomic instability. Lastly, the differences of sSMC cells distribution among tissues could explain different phenotypic repercussions observed in patients. These results will help in our understanding of the sSMC stability, maintenance during cell cycle, and the cell cycle variables involved in the different phenotypic manifestations.

Resumo Objetivos: A capnografia volumétrica fornece o padrão de eliminação do CO2, pelo volume expirado por ciclo respiratório e avalia o comprometimento pulmonar. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a dinâmica respiratória de indivíduos controles saudáveis e em indivíduos com fibrose cística, em um protocolo de exercício submáximo por seis minutos em esteira, por parâmetros da capnografia volumétrica [slope 3(Slp3), Slp3/volume corrente (Slp3/TV) e slope 2(Slp2)]. Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal com 128 indivíduos [(fibrose cística) 64 indivíduos; (controles) 64 indivíduos]. Os participantes realizaram capnografia volumétrica antes, durante e após seis minutos em esteira. Análise estatística realizada pelos testes de Friedman, Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis, considerado a idade e o sexo. Alpha = 0,05. Resultados: Avaliação de seis minutos em esteira: na fibrose cística, os parâmetros da capnografia volumétrica foram diferentes antes, durante e após seis minutos em esteira, o mesmo ocorreu nos controles, exceto para o Slp2. Considerando a idade: (Slp3) diferença na FC, independentemente da idade, em todos os momentos e nos controles apenas para ≥ 12 anos; (Slp3/TV) diferença para fibrose cística e controles independentemente da idade; (Slp2) diferença apenas para o grupo fibrose cística, independentemente da idade. Considerando o sexo: (Slp3 e Slp3/TV) diferença para fibrose cística, independentemente do sexo, e controles apenas no sexo masculino; (Slp2) diferença para fibrose cística e sexo feminino. Análise entre grupos (fibrose cística versus controles): Slp3 e Slp3/TV identificou a fibrose cística, independentemente da idade e sexo, enquanto o Slp2 evidenciou a fibrose cística considerando a idade. Conclusão: A fibrose cística apresentou maiores valores dos parâmetros antes, durante e após exercício, inclusive quando se considerou idade e sexo, podendo indicar não homogeneidade da distribuição da ventilação nas vias periféricas.

Abstract Objectives: Volumetric capnography provides the standard CO2 elimination by the volume expired per respiratory cycle and is a measure to assess pulmonary involvement. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the respiratory dynamics of healthy control subjects and those with cystic fibrosis in a submaximal exercise protocol for six minutes on the treadmill, using volumetric capnography parameters (slope 3 [Slp3], Slp3/tidal volume [Slp3/TV], and slope 2 [Slp2]). Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with 128 subjects (cystic fibrosis, 64 subjects; controls, 64 subjects]. Participants underwent volumetric capnography before, during, and after six minutes on the treadmill. Statistical analysis was performed using the Friedman, Mann–Whitney, and Kruskal–Wallis tests, considering age and sex. An alpha = 0.05 was considered. Results: Six minutes on the treadmill evaluation: in cystic fibrosis, volumetric capnography parameters were different before, during, and after six minutes on the treadmill; the same was observed for the controls, except for Slp2. Regarding age, an Slp3 difference was observed in cystic fibrosis patients regardless of age, at all moments, and in controls for age ≥ 12 years; a difference in Slp3/TV was observed in cystic fibrosis and controls, regardless of age; and an Slp2 difference in the cystic fibrosis, regardless of age. Regarding sex, Slp3 and Slp3/TV differences were observed in cystic fibrosis regardless of sex, and in controls in male participants; an Slp2 difference was observed in the cystic fibrosis and female participants. The analysis between groups (cystic fibrosis and controls) indicated that Slp3 and Slp3/TV has identified the CF, regardless of age and sex, while the Slp2 showed the CF considering age. Conclusions: Cystic fibrosis showed greater values of the parameters before, during, and after exercise, even when stratified by age and sex, which may indicate ventilation inhomogeneity in the peripheral pathways in the cystic fibrosis.

Resumo Objetivo: Comparar parâmetros do Sistema de Oscilometria de Impulso de crianças com peso normal com crianças com sobrepeso e obesas. Método: Todos os participantes foram submetidos à avaliação de mecanismos respiratórios utilizando o Sistema de Oscilometria de Impulso Jaeger™ (MasterScreen™ IOS, Erich Jaeger, Alemanha) seguindo as normas da Sociedade Torácica Americana. Todos os participantes foram submetidos a testes de espirometria e oscilometria (três testes foram registrados, com coleta de dados por pelo menos 20 segundos). Resultados: O estudo incluiu 81 crianças (30 no grupo de controle, 21 no grupo sobrepeso e 30 no grupo obesidade), pareadas por idade e sexo. No que diz respeito a dados de espirometria, o grupo obesidade mostrou valores numéricos mais elevados; contudo, não houve diferenças significativas entre os três grupos. No que diz respeito a parâmetros do Sistema de Oscilometria de Impulso, houve diferença entre o grupo de controle e o grupo obesidade em Z5 (p = 0,036), resistência 5 hertz (p = 0,026), frequência de ressonância (p = 0,029) e área de reatância (p = 0,014). Nos parâmetros expressos em percentual previsto, houve diferenças em resistência 5 hertz, frequência de ressonância e área de reatância entre o grupo de controle e grupo obesidade. Conclusões: Crianças obesas mostraram parâmetros de oscilometria aumentados representativos de obstrução das vias aéreas em comparação a crianças com peso normal. As alterações em alguns parâmetros oscilométricos já podem ser observadas em crianças com sobrepeso em idade escolar.

Abstract Objective: To compare impulse oscillometry system parameters of normal-weight children with overweight and obese children. Method: All participants were submitted to the evaluation of lung function (spirometry and impulse oscillometry) following the American Thoracic Society standards. The evaluation of respiratory mechanics was performed using the Jaeger™ MasterScreen™ Impulse Oscillometry System (Erich Jaeger, Germany), three tests were recorded, with acquisition for at least 20 seconds. Results: The study included 81 children (30 in the control group, 21 in the overweight group, and 30 the in obesity group), matched for age and sex. Regarding spirometry data, obesity group showed higher numerical values in relation to the control group; however, there were no significant differences among the three groups. For impulse oscillometry parameters, there was a difference between control group and obesity group for respiratory impedance (p = 0.036), resistance at 5 hertz (p = 0.026), resonant frequency (p = 0.029), and reactance area (p = 0.014). For the parameters expressed in percentage of predicted, there were differences in resistance at 5 hertz, resonant frequency, and reactance area between control group and obesity group. Conclusions: Obese children showed increased oscillometry parameters values representative of airway obstruction, compared to normal-weight children. Changes in some oscillometry parameters can already be observed in overweight school-aged children.

Bacterial infections occur worldwide and are a major public health problem. Among pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus is the main causative agent of bacterial diseases in the world. This study aimed to evaluate which components of the immune system could act protectively against a S. aureus infection in intradermally immunized mice. C57BL/6 and A/j mice were immunized intradermally with S. aureus inactivated by heat and then challenged with viable strains in an air pouch model. At 6, 12, and 24 h after the challenge, euthanasia was performed, and the cellular profile of the inflammatory infiltrate, cytokines, and the bacterial load were evaluated in the air pouch lavages. Immunized mice demonstrated that the intradermal immunization with S. aureus promoted protection in C57BL/6 mice by reducing the bacterial, which was correlated with increased serum concentration of IgG antibodies (IgG1 and IgG2a) against S. aureus. The increase in IgG2a antibody levels was correlated with a decrease of bacterial load in intradermally immunized C57BL/6 mice, along with production of IL-17A at the inflammation site, as well as IgG1consumption. Similar results were not found in the A/j lineage. In conclusion, a vaccine against S. aureus should focus more on the individual characteristics of the host because it is a determinant factor for the success of the immunization.

The association between subclinical thyroid dysfunctions and autonomic modulation changes has been described by many studies with conflicting results. We aimed to analyze the association between subclinical hyperthyroidism (SCHyper), subclinical hypothyroidism (SCHypo), and heart rate variability (HRV) using the baseline from ELSA-Brasil. SCHyper and SCHypo were classified by use of medication to treat thyroid disorders, thyrotropin levels respectively above and under the reference range, and normal free thyroxine levels. For HRV, the participants underwent 10 min in supine position and the R-R intervals of the final 5 min were selected for analysis. We first used linear regression models to report crude data and then, multivariate adjustment for sociodemographic (age, sex, and race) and cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, body mass index, use of alcohol, and leisure physical activity) using the euthyroid group as reference. From 9270 subjects (median age, 50; interquartile range: 44–56), 8623 (93.0%) were classified as euthyroid, 136 (1.5%) as SCHyper, and 511 (5.5%) as SCHypo. Compared to euthyroid subjects, SCHyper participants presented significantly higher heart rate (68.8 vs 66.5 for euthyroidism, P=0.007) and shorter R-R intervals (871.4 vs 901.6, P=0.007). Although SCHyper was associated with lower standard deviation of NN interval (SDNN) (β: –0.070; 95% confidence interval (95%CI): –0.014 to –0.009) and low-frequency (LF) (β: –0.242, 95%CI: –0.426 to –0.058) compared to the euthyroid group, these differences lost significance after multivariate adjustment for confounders. No significant differences were found for HRV in SCHypo. No association was found between HRV and SCHyper or SCHypo compared to euthyroid subjects in this sample of apparently healthy subjects.

Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo de forragem e o desempenho de ovinos mantidos em pastagem de capim-aruana, submetidos a porcentagens crescentes de proteína bruta (PB) no suplemento, na época seca. Vinte borregos da raça Santa Inês foram utilizados em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os suplementos foram fornecidos em 1,0% do peso corporal, nas porcentagens de 0, 15, 20, 25 e 30%. O aumento de proteína bruta influenciou o consumo total de matéria seca (kg/dia) e a porcentagem do peso vivo, com valores máximos estimados de 1.296g (3,2% de MS) com 21,48 e 21,89% de PB no suplemento, respectivamente. O consumo de forragem máximo, estimado de 893g/dia, ocorreu com a PB de 21,5%. O aumento de PB nos suplementos resultou em efeito quadrático sobre o ganho médio diário, com valor máximo de 104g/dia com a PB de 23% no suplemento. Recomenda-se o uso de suplementos múltiplos com 21 a 23% de PB fornecidos na proporção de 1% do peso corporal (PC) para ovinos mantidos em pastos de capim-aruana na época seca.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the forage intake and grazing sheep performance keep on Aruana grass subjected to increasing crude protein (CP) levels in the supplement on dry season. Twenty Santa Ines male lambs were used, with initial body weight of 31.80kg by a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications. The supplements were provided daily at 1% of body weight, with protein levels of 0, 15, 20, 25 and 30%. The increase of the crude protein levels promoted a squarely effect on dry matter intake (kg/day and % of BW), with maximum estimated values of 1296g and 3.2% of DM in CP levels of 21.48 and 21.89, respectively. The maximum forage intake estimated of 893g/day occurred in CP level de 21.51%. The increased of crude protein level in supplements increased squarely the average daily gain, with a maximum of 104g/day, for the 23% crude protein in the supplement. Thus, the use of the multiple supplements supplied in 1% of body weight with CP levels ranged 21 a 23% is indicated for sheep grazing Aruana grass on dry season.

Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) has been indicated as an efficient medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. It remains unclear if its effects are due to an improvement of the insulin signaling cascade, especially in obese subjects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of GbE on insulin tolerance, food intake, body adiposity, lipid profile, fasting insulin, and muscle levels of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP-1B), and protein kinase B (Akt), as well as Akt phosphorylation, in diet-induced obese rats. Rats were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) or a normal fat diet (NFD) for 8 weeks. After that, the HFD group was divided into two groups: rats gavaged with a saline vehicle (HFD+V), and rats gavaged with 500 mg/kg of GbE diluted in the saline vehicle (HFD+Gb). NFD rats were gavaged with the saline vehicle only. At the end of the treatment, the rats were anesthetized, insulin was injected into the portal vein, and after 90s, the gastrocnemius muscle was removed. The quantification of IRS-1, Akt, and Akt phosphorylation was performed using Western blotting. Serum levels of fasting insulin and glucose, triacylglycerols and total cholesterol, and LDL and HDL fractions were measured. An insulin tolerance test was also performed. Ingestion of a hyperlipidic diet promoted loss of insulin sensitivity and also resulted in a significant increase in body adiposity, plasma triacylglycerol, and glucose levels. In addition, GbE treatment significantly reduced food intake and body adiposity while it protected against hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in diet-induced obesity rats. It also enhanced insulin sensitivity in comparison to HFD+V rats, while it restored insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation, increased IRS-1, and reduced PTP-1B levels in gastrocnemius muscle. The present findings suggest that G. biloba might be efficient in preventing and treating obesity-induced insulin signaling impairment.

O trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a morfometria dos frutos e sementes de carobinha (Jacaranda decurrens subsp. symmetrifoliolata) e o efeito de temperaturas na germinação de sementes armazenadas em ambiente sem controle de temperatura e umidade relativa. O estudo foi realizado no Laboratório de Sementes da UFGD, Dourados, MS. Em amostra de 120 frutos e de 550 sementes foi determinado: o comprimento, a largura, a espessura, o número de sementes por fruto, e a massa dos frutos. A germinação foi estudada após três períodos de armazenamento das sementes (120, 480 e 720 dias) a temperatura ambiente e sob quatro temperaturas de germinação: três constantes (18, 25 e 30ºC) com luz contínua e sob condição de tempera alternada, 20-30ºC, com fotoperíodo de 12 horas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 3 x 4, com quatro repetições. As variações nas medidas de frutos e sementes representam indício da alta variabilidade genética populacional. As sementes armazenadas por 120 dias e submetidas à germinação na temperatura de 25ºC resultaram em 69,4% de germinação e índice de velocidade de germinação - IVG, de 0,983. Sob temperaturas de germinação de 30ºC, constante, e de 20-30ºC, alternada, obtiveram-se 63,9% e 63,8% de germinação e 0,486 e 0,413 de IVG, respectivamente. Sob temperatura de 18ºC a germinação foi lenta e menor, 27,7% e IVG de 0,119. As sementes armazenadas por 480 e 720 dias não germinaram. Com base no comportamento fisiológico das sementes é possível classificar Jacaranda decurrens subsp. symmetrifoliolata como espécie intermediária (entre ortodoxa e recaucitrante).

This study aimed to evaluate the morphometry of fruits and seeds of Jacaranda decurrens subsp. symmetrifoliolata ("carobinha") and the effect of temperature on the germination of seeds that were stored in environment without controlled temperature and relative humidity. The study was carried out at Seed Laboratory of Federal University of Grande Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. For a sample of 120 fruits and 550 seeds, the following variables were determined: length, width and thickness, besides the number of seeds per fruit and fruit biomass. Germination was studied after three seed storage periods (120, 480 and 720 days) at environment temperature and four germination temperatures: three constant temperatures (18, 25 and 30ºC) with continuous light, and one alternating temperature, 20-30ºC, with 12-hour photoperiod. Experimental design was completely randomized, in 3 x 4 factorial schemes, with four replicates. The variations in the measures of fruits and seeds evidence a high genetic variability in the population. The seeds stored for 120 days and subjected to germination test at 25ºC resulted in 69.4% germination and germination velocity index - GVI of 0.983. At 30ºC, constant temperature, and 20-30ºC, alternating temperature, germination was 63.9% and 63.8% while GVI was 0.486 and 0.413, respectively. At 18ºC, germination was slow and lower, 27.7%, and GVI was 0.119. Seeds stored for 480 and 720 days did not germinate. Based on the physiological behavior of seeds, it is possible to classify Jacaranda decurrens subsp. symmetrifoliolata as an intermediate species (between orthodox and recalcitrant).

Dois cultivares de soja, Santa Rosa e UFV-1, foram cultivados em solução nutritiva na presença de excesso de alumínio, cloro e manganês. Além de provocar o aparecimento de sintomas foliares (cloro e manganês) ou radiculares (alumínio), os elementos em excesso causaram diminuições no crescimento e impediram a produção de vagens. A análise mineral das folhas mostrou a influência dos tratamentos na composição do tecido.

Two soybean cultivars, Santa Rosa and FV-1, were grown in nutrient solution in the presence of high concentrations of Al (24 ppm), CI (1750 ppm) and Mn (25 ppm). Observations, measurements and chemical analyses allowed for the following conclusions to be drawn: (1) symptoms of toxicity are in agreement with those described in the literatura; (2) the detrimental effect obeyed the decreasing order - Mn Al CI; (3) dry matter production by the variety UFV - 1 was relatively more affected by the treatments; (4) leaf analyses do not provide a reliable indication of the sensitivity of the two varieties to the high levels of the three elements in the substrate; (5) Ca/Al ratio in the roots keeps a good relationship with the relative tolerance of the two cultivas to excess Al in the medium.