The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene based thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) incorporated with zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) and silver nanoparticles (AgNano). Japan Industrial Standard was applied to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of incorporated TPE compounds against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Antifungal action was evaluated against Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and Cladosporium cladosporioides. Samples prepared with ZnPT eliminated 99.9% of the E. coli and 99.7 % of the S. aureus population, and presented an inhibition zone in the fungal assay. Samples prepared with AgNano eliminated 99.7% of the E. coli and 95.5 % of the S. aureus population. There was no inhibition zone in samples containing AgNano; however, these samples did not present fungal growth on their surfaces. TPE samples containing ZnPT showed biocidal activity against the microorganisms tested and can be used to develop antimicrobial products.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of a reflux system adapted in the digestion tubes in sample preparation of xanthan gum for subsequent determination of Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Na and Zn by using spectrometric techniques. Through the proposed method, the samples were digested with HNO3 for 3 h in a digester block at 220 °C. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by comparing the results with another sample preparation method and by using recovery tests, which results vary between 83 and 103%. The efficiency of digestion was assessed and significant results were verified through residual carbon values, which were five times lower compared to conventional acid digestion in open system, with use of HNO3 and HClO4. The proposed methodology is a simple and accurate analytical strategy, which does not require the use of special equipment, neither a mixture of strong oxidizing acid in the sample preparation.

Avaliou-se a possibilidade de substituição do calcário calcítico (CC) por farinha de casca de ovos de codornizes (FCOC) em sua dieta, na fase de 11 a 25 semanas de idade. Foram utilizadas 192 codornizes japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica), distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, constituído por três tratamentos (64 aves por tratamento): Tratamento 1: 100% de CC; Tratamento 2: 50 % de CC + 50 % de FCOC e Tratamento 3: 100% de FCOC. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: ingestão média diária de alimento, produção de ovos por ave por dia, produção de ovos comercializáveis, peso do ovo, massa de ovos, índices conversão alimentar por massa de ovos e por dúzia de ovos, espessura de casca, peso específico, pesos e porcentagens de gema, clara e casca. Não houve efeito significativo na substituição de 50% ou 100 % do CC na dieta sobre a ingestão diária de alimento, produção de ovos por ave por dia, produção de ovos comercializáveis, peso de gema, porcentagens de gema, clara e casca, espessura de casa e peso específico. Verificou-se efeito significativo para: peso do ovo, massa de ovos, índices de conversão alimentar por massa de ovos e por dúzia de ovos, pesos de clara e de casca. Conclui-se que o CC pode ser substituído por até 100% de FCOC em dietas para codornizes japonesas, na fase de 11 a 25 semanas de idade, sem que haja redução no desempenho produtivo das aves.

It was verified the possibility of replacement of limestone (CC) per quail eggshell meal (QSEM) in them diets in the phase of 11-25 weeks of age. It was used 192 Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), distributed in a completely randomized design, consisting of three treatments (64 birds for treatment): Treatment 1: it was used 100% CC; Treatment 2: 50% of QESM + 50% CC and Treatment 3: 100% QESM. The parameters studied were: feed intake, egg production per bird-day, commercial egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion ratio per egg mass and per dozen eggs, shell thickness, specific weight, weights and percentages of yolk, albumen and shell. There was not significant effect when replacing 50% or 100 % of CC per QESM in feed intake, egg production per bird-day, commercial egg production, weight of yolk, percentages of yolk, albumen and shell, shell thickness and specific weight. However, there was significant effect: egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion ratios per egg mass and per dozen eggs and the weights of albumen and shell. It is concluded that the CC can be substituted by up to 100% QESM in diets for Japanese quails, in 11-25 weeks of age, without any reduction in productive performance.

About 80% of the human adult population is infected with HSV-1. Although there are many anti-HSV-1 drugs available (acyclovir, ganciclovir, valaciclovir, foscarnet), their continuous use promotes the selection of resistant strains, mainly in ACV patients. In addition to resistance, the drugs also have toxicity, particularly when administration is prolonged. The study of new molecules isolated from green algae with potential antiviral activity represents a good opportunity for the development of antiviral drugs. Caulerpin, the major product from the marine algae Caulerpa Lamouroux (Caulerpales), is known for its biological activities such as antioxidant, antifungal, acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChE) and antibacterial activity. In this work, we show that caulerpin could be an alternative to acyclovir as an anti-HSV-1 drug that inhibits the alpha and beta phases of the replication cycle.

The presence of intestinal helminths can down-regulate the immune response required to control mycobacterial infection. BALB/c mice infected with Mycobacterium bovis following an infection with the intestinal helminth Strongyloides venezuelensis showed reduced interleukin-17A production by lung cells and increased bacterial burden. Also, small granulomas and a high accumulation of cells expressing the inhibitory molecule CTLA-4 were observed in the lung. These data suggest that intestinal helminth infection could have a detrimental effect on the control of tuberculosis (TB) and render coinfected individuals more susceptible to the development of TB.

A doença de Aujeszky (DA) é uma enfermidade infecto-contagiosa que causa grandes perdas econômicas ao produtor e à agroindústria suinícola em todo o mundo. É causada pelo vírus da doença de Aujeszky (VDA), um alfaherpesvírus envelopado com genoma DNA de fita dupla e linear. O genoma do VDA codifica 11 glicoproteínas, as quais são os maiores alvos do sistema imune do hospedeiro em resposta a infecção. A glicoproteína E (gE) é uma proteína não essencial e a deleção do gene da gE é muito utilizada para a produção de vacinas com marcadores. Com o objetivo de desenvolver insumos moleculares para a produção de um teste de ELISA específico para gE do VDA, a seqüência do gene da gE foi amplificada, clonada e expressa no sistema de expressão em baculovírus. O produto da amplificação foi clonado no vetor pGem®-T Easy e subclonado no plasmídeo de expressão pFastBac™1. O DNA recombinante pFastBac-gE-VDA foi usado para a transposição sítio-específica no baculovírus recombinante (bacmid). Após seleção por antibióticos e cor, as colônias com o recombinante bacmid-pFastBac-gE-VDA foram selecionadas e a presença do gene da gE foi confirmada por PCR. O DNA recombinante viral, bacmid-pFastBac-gE-VDA, foi usado para cotransfecção de células de inseto Trichoplusia ni e a presença do recombinante e a proteína gE foi determinada por PCR, por SDS-PAGE e Western blotting, respectivamente.

Aujeszky' s disease (AD) is an infectious disease causing important economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. The disease is caused by an alpha-herpesvirus, Aujeszky' s disease virus (ADV), an enveloped virus with a double stranded linear DNA genome. The ADV genome encodes 11 glycoproteins, which are major targets for the immune system of the host in response to the infection. The glycoprotein E (gE) is a non-essential protein and deletion of the gE gene has been used for the production of marker vaccines. Aiming to develop molecular reagents for the production of a gE specific ELISA test, the gE gene was amplified by PCR, cloned and expressed into a baculovirus expression system. The recombinant DNA vector pFastBac-gE-ADV was used for site-specific transposition into the recombinant baculovirus (bacmid). Colonies with recombinant bacmid-pFastBac-gE-ADV were selected by antibiotic and color selection and the presence of the gE gene was confirmed by PCR. The recombinant bacmid-pFastBac-gE-ADV was cotransfected in insect Trichoplusia ni and the presence of the recombinant DNA and gE protein were detected by PCR, SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, respectively.

Esse estudo visou avaliar a incidência e a mortalidade por câncer de tireóide (CT) no Brasil através análise dos dados de sete Registros de Câncer de Base Populacional e do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade. Taxas de mortalidade qüinqüenais por CT, ajustadas para idade, foram calculadas dentro de um período de 20 anos (1980-1999) para o país como um todo. Calculamos taxas trienais de incidência ajustadas por idade empregando os dados disponíveis desde 1993. As taxas de mortalidade ajustadas por idade decaíram de 0,22/100.000 para 0,28/100.000 (-21%) entre os homens, e de 0,42/100.000 para 0,51/100.000 (-17%) entre as mulheres. Entre os homens, as taxas de incidência ajustadas por idade variaram de 0,7/100.000 em Belém até 3,0/100.000 em São Paulo. Essas cidades também apresentaram a mais baixa (0,8/100.000) e a mais alta (10,9/100.000) taxas de incidência ajustada por idade entre as mulheres. A tendência de queda de mortalidade é provavelmente explicada pela melhoria do diagnóstico e do tratamento do CT ao longo do período do estudo, enquanto as variações geográficas da incidência estão provavelmente relacionadas à disponibilidade de recursos de cuidados médicos nas diferentes regiões e na qualidade dos dados dos registros de câncer.

In this study we evaluated the incidence and mortality due to thyroid cancer (TC) in Brazil using incidence data provided by seven Brazilian cancer registries and mortality data from the Brazilian Mortality Information System. Five-year age-adjusted mortality rates were calculated over a 20-year period (1980-1999) for the country as a whole. We have calculated a 3-year age-adjusted incidence rate using data available since 1993. Age-adjusted mortality rates decreased from 0.22/100,000 to 0.28/100,000 (-21%) among males, and from 0.42/100,000 to 0.51/100,000 (-17%) among females. Among males, age-adjusted incidence rates varied from 0.7/100,000 in Belém to 3.0/100,000 in São Paulo. These cities also presented the lowest (0.8/100,000) and the highest (10.9/100,000) age-adjusted incidence rates among females. The downward tendency of mortality is probably explained by an improvement in diagnosis and treatment of TC over the study period, whereas geographical variations in incidence are probably related to availability of medical care resources in the different regions and the quality of cancer registers’ data.