Resumen La espectroscopia de reflectancia en el infrarrojo cercano (NIRS) permite estimar la composición química de diversas muestras, (ingredientes, productos de origen animal, etc.); sin embargo, existe poca información de su uso con muestras de digesta ileal (DI) o heces (H) de cerdo; por lo que el objetivo fue desarrollar ecuaciones de predicción basadas en el método de cuadrados mínimos parciales para predecir la composición química de DI y H a través de un NIRS. Se utilizaron 110 muestras de DI y 202 de H de experimentos de digestibilidad, obteniéndose su espectro y mediante un modelo multivariado se desarrolló el método de predicción. Las variables analizadas en la DI fueron: proteína cruda (PC), Leucina (Leu), lisina (Lys) y treonina (Thr) y en las H: materia seca (MS), PC y energía (E). Los valores en DI fueron: PC: R2 0.98, error estándar de calibración (SEC) 0.330, error estándar de predicción (SEP) 0.640; Leu: R2 0.95, SEC 0.040, SEP 0.102; Lys: R2 0.93, SEC 0.077, SEP 0.143; Thr: R2 0.67, SEC 0.209, SEP 0.187. En H fueron PC: R2 0.98, SEC 0.95, SEP 1.19; E (kcal/kg): R2 0.94, SEC 60.8, SEP 95.3; MS: R2 0.87, SEC 0.83, SEP 1.15. Los resultados muestran que la robustez de la calibración (DE/SEP) fue buena para PC, 3.34, Leu 2.07 y Lys 2.48 y regular para Thr 1.94, la predicción (RPD) fue buena para PC 2.11 en la DI. En H las R2 fueron altas para PC 0.98 y E 0.94. La mayor robustez fue para PC 5.59 y su predicción fue excelente 4.16 y buena para E 2.53. Se concluye que el NIRS puede predecir la PC en la DI y la PC y E en H. Para mejorar la estimación de aminoácidos en DI deben explorarse las causas que afectan la robustez de las calibraciones.

Abstract Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) allows the estimation of the chemical composition of various samples (ingredients, animal products, etc.); however, there is little information on its use with samples of swine ileal digesta (ID) or feces (F). Therefore, the objective was to develop prediction equations based on the partial least squares method to predict the chemical composition of the ID and F through NIRS. 110 ID and 202 F samples from digestibility experiments were used, their spectra were obtained and a multivariate model was used to develop the prediction method. The variables analyzed in ID were: crude protein (CP), leucine (Leu), lysine (Lys) and threonine (Thr) and in F: dry matter (DM), CP and energy (E). The DI values were: PC: R2 0.98, standard error of calibration (SEC) 0.330, standard error of prediction (SEP) 0.640; Leu: R2 0.95, SEC 0.040, SEP 0.102; Lys: R2 0.93, SEC 0.077, SEP 0.143; Thr: R2 0.67, SEC 0.209, SEP 0.187. F values were: PC: R2 0.98, SEC 0.95, SEP 1.19; E (kcal/kg): R2 0.94, SEC 60.8, SEP 95.3; MS: R2 0.87, SEC 0.83, SEP 1.15. The results show that the calibration robustness (SD/SEP) was good for PC, 3.34, Leu 2.07 and Lys 2.48 and fair for Thr 1.94, the prediction (RPD) was good for PC 2.11 in ID. In F the R2 were high for PC 0.98 and E 0.94. The highest robustness was for PC 5.59 and its prediction was excellent 4.16 and good for E 2.53. It is concluded that NIRS can predict PC in ID and PC and E in F. In order to improve the estimation of amino acids in ID, the causes affecting the robustness of the calibrations should be explored.

Essential oils (EO) have diverse applications, such as antibacterial and antifungal activity. However, they are susceptible to oxidation in the presence of air, light, and moisture. In addition, they are thermally unstable. In this sense, it is necessary to develop techniques to increase the lifespan of EO. In this work, EO was obtained from cloves and characterized by different techniques. The major compounds found were eugenol (83%), eugenol acetate (9%), and β-caryophyllene (8%). The EO was encapsulated by extrusion using a microfluidic device. The sodium alginate was used as wall material, and the CaCl2 solution was used as a crosslinking agent. The microcapsule presented sizes of 164.7 ± 0.3 μm, with an encapsulation yield of 64 ± 14%. Functional characteristic groups of EO were observed in the microcapsule by infrared and Raman spectroscopies. The microcapsule increased the thermal decomposition of the EO from 162 to 230 °C. Release kinetics of the capsule was performed, with an equilibrium time of 72 h and release of 54% of the EO. Finally, the pure EO and encapsulated EO-microcapsules were applied in the Aedes aegypti larvae control, showing mean lethal concentration necessary to eliminate 50% (LC50) values of 74.4 and 96.9 μg mL-1 and lethal concentration necessary to eliminate 90% (LC90) of 106.2 and 133.3 μg mL-1 for pure EO and encapsulated EO, respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that these microcapsules have the potential for application in the Aedes aegypti larvae control.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of α-lipoic acid on in vitro maturation and of l-arginine on in vitro fertilization of oocytes for in vitro production of sheep embryos. Thus, the ovaries were collected at a local slaughterhouse and the oocytes collected by the method of follicular aspiration with a vacuum pump were divided equally into five maturation groups: CON, without addition of antioxidant; CIS group, with cysteamine as an antioxidant source; and the groups ALA5, ALA10 and ALA20, containing concentrations of 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 µM of ALA. After 24h of maturation, the oocytes were evaluated concerning occurrence and degrees of expansion of the cumulus cells. The oocytes of the best IVM group were destinated for in vitro fertilization (IVF). The selected and capacitated sperm were included in five groups: CON, without addition of capacitator agent; HEP group, with heparin as a capacitator source; and ARG5, ARG10 and ARG20 groups, where IVF occurred in the same HEP medium, replacing heparin with 5 mM, 10 mM and 20 mM L-arginine, respectively. The results were expressed as a percentage and the variables of cumulus cell expansion and number of cleaved structures were compared using the chi-square test in Epi Info software (Epi Info 7.2.5, Atlanta, GA, USA, 2021). Results were considered significant when P < 0.05. Regarding the expansion of cumulus cells all groups showed 100% expansion, on the total expansion category of COCs it was observed that ALA5 and ALA20 groups did not present the same proportion of COCs with total expansion as CIS group. After in vitro fertilization (IVF), there were no statistical differences in relation to the cleaved structures between CON, HEP, ARG5 and ARG10 groups. However, it was also observed that the use of 20.0 mM of L-arginine reduced the percentage of cleaved structures when compared to the ARG10 group (P<0.05).

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del ácido α-lipoico en la maduración in vitro y la l-arginina en la fecundación in vitro de ovocitos para la producción in vitro de embriones ovinos. Así, se recolectaron ovocitos de ovarios obtenidos de mataderos mediante el método de aspiración folicular con bomba de vacío, los cuales se dividieron en cinco grupos de maduración: CON, sin adición de antioxidante, grupo CIS, con cisteamina como fuente antioxidante y los grupos ALA5, ALA10 y ALA20, que contienen concentraciones de 5, 10 y 20 µM de ácido α-lipoico. Después de 24 h de maduración, se evaluó la aparición y el grado de expansión de las células del cúmulo en los ovocitos. Los ovocitos del mejor grupo MIV fueron destinados a fecundación in vitro (FIV), siendo por tanto incluidos en gotas con medio de fecundación in vitro, junto con los espermatozoides seleccionados y capacitados, resultando en los siguientes grupos: CON, sin adición de agente capacitador; grupo HEP, con heparina como fuente de condensadores; y los grupos ARG5, ARG10 y ARG20, donde se produjo la FIV en el mismo medio HEP, reemplazando la heparina por L-arginina 5, 10 y 20 mM, respectivamente. Los resultados se expresaron en porcentajes y las variables expansión celular del cúmulo y número de estructuras escindidas se compararon mediante la prueba chicuadrado del software Epi Info (Epi Info 7.2.5, Atlanta, GA, USA, 2021). Los resultados se consideraron significativos cuando P lt; 0,05. En cuanto a la expansión de las células del cúmulo, todos los grupos mostraron 100% de expansión. Evaluando los grados de expansión de las células del cúmulo, en la categoría de expansión total, se observó que los grupos ALA5 y ALA20 presentaron la misma proporción de CCO con expansión total que el grupo CIS (Plt;0.05), sin embargo se observa que hay una tendencia a la baja de las estructuras con plena expansión cuando se utilizan antioxidantes. En cuanto a las estructuras escindidas, fue posible identificar que no hubo diferencias estadísticas en relación a las estructuras escindidas, entre los grupos CON, HEP, ARG5 y ARG10. Sin embargo, también se observó que el uso de Larginina 20 mM redujo el porcentaje de estructuras escindidas en comparación con el grupo ARG10 (Plt;0.05).

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do ácido α-lipóico na maturação in vitro e da l-arginina na fertilização in vitro de oócitos para produção in vitro de embriões ovinos. Desta forma, foram realizadas colheitas de oócitos oriundos de ovários obtidos em abatedouro através do método de aspiração folicular com bomba de vácuo, que foram divididos em cinco grupos de maturação: CON, sem adição de antioxidante, grupo CIS, com cisteamina como fonte antioxidante e os grupos ALA5, ALA10 e ALA20, contendo as concentrações de 5, 10, e 20 µM de ácido α-lipóico. Após 24h de maturação, os oócitos foram avaliados quanto à ocorrência e grau de expansão das células do cumulus. Os oócitos do melhor grupo MIV foram destinados à fertilização in vitro (FIV), sendo, portanto, incluídos em gotas com meio de fertilização in vitro, juntamente com os espermatozoides selecionados e capacitados, resultando nos seguintes grupos: CON, sem adição de capacitador agente; grupo HEP, com heparina como fonte de capacitor; e grupos ARG5, ARG10 e ARG20, onde a FIV ocorreu no mesmo meio HEP, substituindo a heparina por L-arginina 5, 10 e 20 mM, respectivamente. Os resultados foram expressos em porcentagem e as variáveis de expansão das células do cumulus e número de estruturas clivadas foram comparadas por meio do teste qui-quadrado do software Epi Info (Epi Info 7.2.5, Atlanta, GA, EUA, 2021). Os resultados foram considerados significativos quando P lt; 0,05. Em relação à expansão das células do cumulus, todos os grupos apresentaram 100% de expansão. Avaliando os graus de expansão das células do cumulus, na categoria de expansão total observou-se que os grupos ALA5 e ALA20 apresentaram a mesma proporção de CCO com expansão total que o grupo CIS (Plt;0,05), porém se observa que há uma tendência de queda de estruturas com expansão total quando os antioxidantes foram utilizados. Em relação às estruturas clivadas, foi possível identificar que não houve diferenças estatísticas em relação às estruturas clivadas, entre os grupos CON, HEP, ARG5 e ARG10. Contudo, também foi observado que o uso de 20 mM de L-arginina reduziu o percentual de estruturas clivadas quando comparado ao grupo ARG10 (Plt;0,05).

RESUMEN Durante la fijación de una carilla cerámica, la polimerización del cemento a base de resinas se realiza con la interposición de la cerámica dental. Objetivo: evaluar en qué forma y magnitud afecta el tiempo de fotoactivación en la dureza Vickers de los cementos a base de resinas con la cerámica interpuesta. Materiales y Método: se confeccionaron 24 probetas de 11 mm de diámetro y 1 mm de espesor con: Paracore White Coltene (PC), Resin Duo Cement de Densell (DC), RelyX Veneer de 3M (RX) y Fill Up! De Coltene (FU) interponiendo 0,6 mm de espesor de cerámica feldespática Vitablock Mark II (Vita Zahnfabrik) durante la fotoactivación. Se polimerizó utilizando el 100% y el 25% del tiempo indicado por el fabricante con lámpara Coltolux LED ((Coltene) con 1200 mW/cm2 de intensidad. Cada grupo quedó conformado con tres probetas de cada material que se almacenaron a oscuras y en seco a 37 °C durante 7 días. Se registraron tres mediciones de microdureza Vickers de las superficies top y bottom de cada probeta con un microdurómetro Vickers Future Tech FM300 (300 g, 5 s) y se calculó su promedio, así como la relación entre los valores registrados en cada una de sus caras. Los resultados fueron analizados por medio de la prueba de ANOVA. (p<0.05). complementada con comparaciones múltiples por medio de la prueba de Tukey (p<0.05). Resultados: se encontró un efecto significativo de la modificación del tiempo de fotoactivación en los valores de dureza de los cementos evaluados con diferencias significativas entre algunos de ellos. Simultáneamente no se encontró significación estadística en el efecto de ese factor sobre la relación microdureza bottom/top registrada en esos materiales. Conclusiones: en las condiciones experimentales empleadas puede concluirse que la fotopolimerización en menor tiempo e interposición de material restaurador afecta significativamente la calidad de polimerización evaluada mediante los valores de microdureza, pero la proporción bottom/ top no fue afectada en la variación en el tiempo de polimerización.

ABSTRACT During ceramic veneer luting, resin cement polymerization is performed with interposition of the dental ceramic. Aim: To evaluate how and how much the photoactivation time affects the Vickers hardness of resin-based cements with interposed ceramic. Materials and Method: A total 24 specimens H mm in diameter and 1 mm thick were made from Paracore White Coltene (PC), Densell Resin Duo Cement (DC), 3MRelyX Veneer (RX) and Coltene Fill Up! (FU), interposing VitablockMarkII (Vita Zahnfabrik) feldspathic ceramic 0.6 mm thick during photoactivation. The materials were polymerized using 100% and 25% of the times indicated by the manufacturers with a Coltolux LED ((Coltene) light with intensity 1200 mW/cm2. Each polymerization time group consisted of three specimens of each material, which were stored dry in darkness at 37 °C for 7 days. Three Vickers microhardness measurements were made on the top and bottom surfaces of each specimen using a Vickers Future Tech FM300 microhardness tester (300 g, 5 s). The values were averaged, and the bottom/top ratios calculated. Results were analyzed by ANOVA. (p<0.05) complemented with multiple comparisons using Tukey’s test (p<0.05). Results: Different photoactivation times were found to have a significant effect on hardness values of the cements evaluated, with significant differences between some of the cements. No statistically significant difference was found for the effect of photoactivation time on bottom/top microhardness ratio in those materials. Conclusions: Under the experimental conditions employed, it can be concluded that photopolymerization for shorter times and the interposition of restorative material significantly affectpolymerization quality as evaluated by microhardness, but the bottom/top ratio was unaffected by differences in polymerization time.

Resumen Antecedentes. Las fracturas en mandíbula atrófica han sido tratadas desde con fijación intermaxilar hasta con osteosíntesis. Pueden requerir injertos óseos. La clasificación de Luhr es una guía para orientar el tratamiento. Objetivo. Mostrar el tratamiento de fracturas en mandíbula atrófica con placas y tornillos y las posibles indicaciones de uso de injerto óseo en este tipo de fracturas. Método. Se presenta una serie de 17 pacientes con mandíbula atrófica fracturada tratada con placas y tornillos, algunas con sistemas no bloqueados y otros bloqueados. En las de clase II and III se aplicó injerto óseo esponjoso para mejorar la capacidad osteogénica. El injerto se tomó del tercio proximal de la tibia, previa evaluación radiológica. Resultados. La evolución en general fue satisfactoria. Se inició la vía oral con papillas y los pacientes deambularon a las 24 h de posoperatorio. Se observó consolidación en 17 pacientes. Hubo una defunción por enfermedad vascular cerebral antes de 6 meses. Una paciente tuvo retardo de consolidación diagnosticado al tercer mes, pero no aceptó tratamiento secundario. Conclusiones. El tratamiento de las fracturas mandibulares atróficas con placa y tornillos bajo concepto de carga absorbida es un procedimiento confiable. La clasificación de Luhr es útil para orientar la utilización de injerto óseo, buscando mejorar la capacidad osteogénica en la fractura. Este tratamiento permite un pronto reinicio de la vía oral, así como la movilización de los pacientes.

Abstract Background. Fractures of the atrophic mandible have been historically treated in various ways, from intermaxillary fixation to internal fixation, some cases require bone grafts. Besides, the Luhr classification serves as a guide to select the type of treatment. Objective. To show the treatment of fractures in atrophic mandible with plates and screws, and the potential indications of bone graft in this type of fractures. Method. We presented a serie of 17 patients with atrophic mandible treated with plates and screws, some of them no blocked system and other with locked screws. For patients in luhr classes II and III cancellous bone grafts were used, looking for best osteogenic response, harvesting for the proximal third of the tibia. Results. Postoperative progress was generally uneventful. Oral intake with purees was resumed 24 hours after surgery, as well as ambulation. Fracture healing at 6 months was seen in 17 patients. One patient died before the 6-month time point as the result of a stroke. Delayed union was diagnosed 3 months after surgery in another patient, who refused secondary treatment. Conclusions. Treatment of fractures in atrophic mandibles with plates and screws is a reliable procedure. Luhr classification provide useful guidance regarding the use of bone grafts for best osteogenic response in the fracture. This treatment allows a quick restart of the feeding by mouth and movilization of the patients.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar el uso de preparaciones homeopáticas para reducir los efectos nocivos causados por los residuos de herbicidas de auxina en la germinación de semillas y el desarrollo temprano de plántulas de pepino. El diseño estadístico fue completamente al azar (DIC) en un esquema factorial 3x5+2, con cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron la combinación de tres preparados homeopáticos (Nux vomica, Carbo vegetabilis y Arsenicum album), en cinco dinamizaciones centesimales (6CH; 12CH; 18CH; 24CH y 30CH), más dos testigos (T0= agua destilada y TH= herbicida (Artys™) sin tratamiento homeopático). Cada unidad experimental consistió en cajas de acrílico transparente (Gerbox™) con 25 semillas de pepino, distribuidas en dos hojas de papel para germinación y humedecidas con tratamientos homeopáticos. Las unidades experimentales se mantuvieron en cámara de germinación DBO (ambiente controlado a 25 ºC y 12 h luz). Al décimo día después de la instalación del experimento se evaluaron las siguientes variables: porcentaje de germinación, longitud de brotes, longitud de raíces, fitointoxicación, porcentaje de plántulas muertas y masa seca total. El tratamiento homeopático de semillas de pepino contaminadas con herbicida picloram + 2,4-D (Artys™) provoca cambios positivos, provocando efectos interesantes en la germinación de las semillas, pero no es eficiente para la neutralización total del efecto causado por el herbicida picloram + 2,4-D y desarrollo de plántulas tempranas de pepino. Sin embargo, para algunas variables los resultados no son concluyentes con los preparados (Nux vomica, Carbo vegetabilis y Arsenicum album) y sus ultradiluciones (6CH, 12CH, 18CH, 24CH y 30CH), requiriendo más investigación para evaluar y describir la complejidad de propiedades inherente al tratamiento homeopático.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the use of homeopathic preparations to reduce the harmful effects caused by auxin herbicide residues on seed germination and early development of cucumber seedlings. The statistical design was completely randomized (DIC) in a 3x5+2 factorial scheme, with four replications. The treatments were the combination of three homeopathic preparations (Nux vomica, Carbo vegetabilis and Arsenicum album), in five centesimal dynamizations (6CH; 12CH; 18CH; 24CH and 30CH), plus two controls (T0= distilled water and TH = herbicide (Artys™) without homeopathic treatment). Each experimental unit consisted of transparent acrylic boxes (Gerbox™) with 25 cucumber seeds, distributed over two sheets of paper for germination and moistened with homeopathic treatments. The experimental units were kept in a BOD germination chamber (in a controlled environment at 25 ºC and 12 ho of light). On the tenth day after the installation of the experiment, the following variables were evaluated: percentage of germination, shoot length, root length, phytointoxication, percentage of dead seedlings and total dry mass. The homeopathic treatment of cucumber seeds contaminated with picloram + 2,4-D herbicide (Artys™) causes positive changes, causing interesting effects on seed germination, but it is not efficient for the total neutralization of the effect caused by the herbicide 2 picloram + 2,4-D and development of early cucumber seedlings. However, for some variables, the results are inconclusive with the preparations (Nux vomica, Carbo vegetabilis and Arsenicum album), and their ultradilutions (6CH, 12CH, 18CH, 24CH and 30CH), requiring more research to evaluate and describe the complexity of properties inherent to homeopathic treatment.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive performance, egg quality and the morphometry of the organs of Japanese quails (Cotournix cotournix japônica) when kept in comfort and under thermal stress. 192 nine-week-old quail were used, distributed in a completely randomized design at two temperatures (T1 = 24 °C and T2 = 32 °C), with 12 replicates of eight birds each, with an experimental period of 63 days, divided into three 21-day periods. Feed intake (g fowl-1 day-1), water consumption (mL fowl-1 day-1), egg production (%), egg weight (g), egg mass (g fowl- 1 day-1) and feed conversion (kg kg-1 and kg dozen-1). Laying quails after their production cycle are marketed as beef animals. It is observed that the average final live weight was reduced (P = 0.0362) by 27.58 g in birds kept at a temperature of 32 oC, which can compromise its commercial value. The feed intake of the birds was reduced (P = 0.0051) by 14.75% with an increase in ambient temperature. Birds kept at a temperature of 32 oC for 12 h daily showed a reduction in feed intake, final weight, yolk, and gizzard weight, but without affecting egg production, weight and mass.

ABSTRACT Constant changes during the seed maturation process affect its final quality and the post-harvest fruit resting, which can improve seed physiological quality. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological and enzymatic activities of eggplant seeds extracted from fruits harvested at different ages and resting periods after harvest. Fruits were harvested presenting different colors at 40, 50, 60, and 70 days after anthesis (DAA) and rested for 0 (freshly harvested fruits), 10, and 20 days. The experimental design was set as completely randomized, with four replications and evaluated seeds extracted from six fruits per plot. The resting periods in eggplant fruits harvested at less than 60 DAA improved the mass of 1000 seeds, germination, vigor, and protein content. Seeds with higher germination and vigor presented lower dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX) enzymatic activity. The results indicated that the ideal moment of eggplant harvest for seed production is when the fruit reaches the yellowish-brown color corresponding to about 60 DAA; however, if the eggplant fruit is harvested earlier (40 or 50 DAA), it has to rest for about 10 to 20 days to achieve high physiological quality (germination and vigor).

RESUMO Mudanças constantes durante o processo de maturação das sementes afetam sua qualidade final, assim como o repouso pós colheita dos frutos pode melhorar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica e a atividade enzimática de sementes de berinjela provenientes de frutos com diferentes idades e períodos de repouso após a colheita. Os frutos foram colhidos apresentando cores diferentes aos 40, 50, 60 e 70 dias após a antese (DAA) e mantidos em repouso por 0 (frutos recém-colhidos), 10 e 20 dias. Foi utilizado delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro repetições e foram avaliadas as sementes extraídas de seis frutos por parcela. O repouso dos frutos de berinjela colhidos com menos de 60 DAA possibilitou maiores massas de 1000 sementes, germinação, vigor e teor de proteínas das sementes. As sementes com maior germinação e vigor apresentaram baixa atividade enzimática da superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e peroxidase (POX). Os resultados indicaram que o momento ideal da colheita é quando o fruto atinge a cor amarelada-marrom correspondente a cerca de 60 DAA; no entanto, se o fruto de berinjela for colhido precocemente (40 a 50 DAA), ele tem que permanecer em repouso por cerca de 10 a 20 dias para as sementes alcançarem alta qualidade fisiológica (germinação e vigor).

Abstract Logistic and economical limitations are often the causes of dog owners not accurately monitoring the estrous cycle and the optimal insemination time. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo early embryonic development in bitches, after the analysis of sequential vaginal cytologies associated to single progesterone measurement and single laparoscopic insemination with high quality semen (fresh and with high spermatozoa concentration) or low-quality semen (frozen/thawed and with low spermatozoa concentration) at 48 h post- ovulation time predicted on a single progesterone measurement. Ten bitches were inseminated with 250 x 106 fresh spermatozoa (80% motility), and ten with 80 x 106 frozen/thawed spermatozoa (60% motility) in the cranial part of each uterine horn. Seven days later, ovariohysterectomy was performed and the oviducts and uterine horns and body were flushed to recover embryos and unfertilized oocytes. In 80% of the bitches inseminated with fresh and 50% of bitches inseminated with frozen/thawed semen, embryos at 2 to 8 cells stage were recovered mostly from the, oviducts. This study indicates that pregnancies can be obtained with a single laparoscopic intrauterine insemination after single serum progesterone measurement, although with a low number of embryos. This result should be taken into account in case economic or logistic restrictions that affect the possibility of owners to plan an accurate monitoring of the optimal breeding time using fresh and frozen semen.

Abstract In Colombia, few studies have focused on nest architecture, behavior or sociality of wild bees. This study provides basic information on the nests of Caenohalictus alexandrei and presents behavioral observations outside the nests, derived from direct field observation of 40 nests and 39 male sleeping cavities in two localities of the Savanna of Bogota, Colombia. We recognized four different behavioral activities carried out by adult females: foraging, guarding, opening and closing of the entrance of the nest, with foraging being the most frequent of them. The observed activities were carried out more frequently from 9:00 h to 13:00 h. Males were observed performing two behavioral activities in the sleeping cavities: staying at the cavity entrance and cavity departure. A third male activity, corporal grooming, was carried out outside the sleeping cavity. Our field observations indicate that more than one adult female was active simultaneously performing the different tasks within a single nest. The nests presented different levels of complexity in their architecture, depending on the age of the nest and number of adult females in them. Descriptions of the nesting sites and behavioral activities as well as illustrations of the nest architecture are provided.

Abstract A theoretical analysis of free Gibbs Energy and NMR 1H 13C chemical shifts of the effect of introduce methyl groups on diphenyl rings, to produce different isomers of (E)-1-(α,Ꞵ-dimethylbenzylidene)-2,2-diphenylhydrazine, is presented. IR vibrational frequencies, Mulliken charges, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), Gibbs free energy (G) and 1H- and 13C-NMR chemical shifts were obtained by theoretical calculations. In this analysis it was found that the position of the methyl group affects the values of the 1H- and 13C-NMR chemical shifts and the ∆G and ∆H thermodynamic properties of formation and reaction, these properties vary with the same trend, for the isomers studied. Gibbs free energy calculations show that the theoretical (E)-1-(3,4-Dimethylbenzylidene)-2,2-diphenylhydrazine isomer is the most stable, which explains the success of the experimental synthesis of this compound among the other isomers. For this molecule, the C of the HC=N group is the most nucleophilic and the H is the least acidic. The 1H-NMR chemical shifts of protons show a strong correlation with the C=N distance. It was also observed that methyl affects the ν(C=N) frequencies, the C=N distance increases when the inductive effect of the methyl groups is in the structure.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the capacity of fetal Doppler, maternal, and obstetric characteristics for the prediction of cesarean section due to intrapartum fetal compromise (IFC), a 5-min Apgar score < 7, and an adverse perinatal outcome (APO), in a high-risk population. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cohort study involving 613 singleton pregnant women, admitted for labor induction or at the beginning of spontaneous labor, who underwent Doppler ultrasound within the last 72 h before delivery. The outcome measures were cesarean section due to IFC, a 5-min Apgar score < 7, and any APO. Results: We found that maternal characteristics were neither associated with nor predictors of an APO. Abnormal umbilical artery (UA) resistance index (RI) and the need for intrauterine resuscitation were found to be significant risk factors for cesarean section due to IFC (p = 0.03 and p < 0.0001, respectively). A UA RI > the 95th percentile and a cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) < 0.98 were also found to be predictors of cesarean section due to IFC. Gestational age and a UA RI > 0.84 were found to be predictors of a 5-min Apgar score < 7 for newborns at < 29 and ≥ 29 weeks, respectively. The UA RI and CPR presented moderate accuracy in predicting an APO, with areas under the ROC curve of 0.76 and 0.72, respectively. Conclusion: A high UA RI appears to be a significant predictor of an APO. The CPR seems to be predictive of cesarean section due to IFC and of an APO in late preterm and term newborns.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a capacidade do Doppler fetal e características materno-obstétricas na predição de cesariana por comprometimento fetal intraparto (CFI), índice de Apgar de 5º min < 7 e desfecho perinatal adverso (DPA) em uma população de alto risco. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo envolvendo 613 parturientes admitidas para indução ou em início de trabalho de parto espontâneo que realizaram ultrassonografia Doppler nas 72 horas anteriores ao parto. Os desfechos foram cesariana por CFI, índice de Apgar de 5º min < 7 e DPA. Resultados: As características maternas não foram associadas nem preditoras de DPA. Índice de resistência (IR) da artéria umbilical (AU) anormal (p = 0,03) e necessidade de medidas de ressuscitação intrauterina (p < 0,0001) permaneceram como fatores de risco significativos para cesariana por CFI. IR AU > 95º e razão cerebroplacentária (RCP) < 0,98 foram preditores de cesariana. Idade gestacional e IR AU > 0,84 foram os preditores de índice de Apgar de 5º min < 7 para recém-nascidos < 29 e ≥ 29 semanas, respectivamente. IR AU e RCP apresentaram acurácia moderada na predição de DPA (área sob a curva ROC de 0,76 e 0,72, respectivamente). Conclusão: IR UA mostrou-se preditor significativo de DPA. RCP revelou-se possível preditora de cesariana por CFI e DPA em recémnascidos prematuros tardios e a termo.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) to dentin of two universal adhesive systems: Single Bond Universal (SBU) and Ambar Universal (AU), used in different adhesion strategies. Materials and Method: Thirty-six human teeth were prepared (n=6) and treated following different adhesive strategies: G1: SBU-etch-and-rinse, applied on dry dentin; G2: SBUetch- and-rinse, applied on moist dentin; G3: SBU-self-etching; G4: AU-etch-and-rinse, applied on dry dentin; G5: AU-etch-and-rinse, applied on moist dentin; G6: AU-self-etching. The specimens were submitted to μTBS test, failure analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey’s tests (p<0.05). Results: Microtensile bond strength was significantly lower in G1 than G2 and G3. AU adhesive performed worse than the SBU system, except in G5. Cohesive and mixed failures predominated in G1 and G2, while adhesive failures predominated in G3 and G5. Conclusions: Universal adhesives are an interesting innovation, but there are still doubts about their performance, mainly regarding the different protocols provided by the manufacturers. The conventional adhesive strategy on moist dentin demonstrated higher μTBS for both adhesives. The use of the selfetching strategy with the SBU showed promising results.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência de união à microtração (μTBS) de dois sistemas adesivos universais: Single Bond Universal (SBU) e Ambar Universal (AU), utilizados em diferentes estratégias de adesão. Materiais e método: 36 dentes humanos foram preparados (n=6) e tratados seguindo diferentes estratégias adesivas: G1: SBU-condicionamento e enxágue, aplicado sobre dentina seca; G2: SBU-condicionamento e enxágue, aplicado sobre dentina úmida; G3: SBU-autocondicionante; G4: AU-condicionamento e enxágue, aplicado em dentina seca; G5: AU-condicionamento e enxágue, aplicado sobre dentina úmida; G6: AU-autocondicionante. Os espécimes foram submetidos ao teste de μTBS, análise de falhas e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM). Os dados foram analisados com os testes ANOVA e Tukey (p<0,05). Resultados: A resistência de união à microtração de G1 foi significativamente menor que G2 e G3. O adesivo AU teve um desempenho pior que o sistema SBU, com exceção do G5. Falhas coesivas e mistas predominaram em G1 e G2 enquanto G3 e G5 apresentaram predominância de falhas adesivas. Conclusões: Os adesivos universais representam uma inovação interessante, mas ainda há dúvidas sobre seu desempenho, principalmente em relação aos diferentes protocolos fornecidos pelos fabricantes. A estratégia adesiva convencional em dentina úmida demonstrou maior μTBS para ambos os adesivos. O uso da estratégia autocondicionante com a SBU apresentou resultados promissores.

The main objective of this work was to develop a nanoemulsion based on linseed oil and betulinic acid, stabilized with Pluronic F127 and polyglycerol polyricinoleate, for anticancer applications. The nanoemulsions were synthesized by ultrasound and evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity, particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, morphology, encapsulation efficiency, storage stability, rheology and in vitro release kinetics. In vitro cytotoxicity assays were performed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay (72 h) against HCT-116 (colorectal carcinoma), SNB-19 (glioblastoma), NCI-H460 (lung carcinoma) and L-929 (normal fibroblasts) cells. The determination of 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) showed an increased selectivity for the emulsified betulinic acid when compared to its free form for the HCT-116 cells. The IC50 values for the synthesized nanoemulsions showed a range from 3.2 to 3.7 µM (HCT-116), 5.6 and 11.5 µM (NCI-H460), 5.8 and 7.3 µM (SNB-19) and > 16.5 µM for normal fibroblasts. In the 48 h in vitro release assays, it presented controlled release explained by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, releasing 572.25 and 619.95 µg of betulinic acid in a controlled way, generating promising perspectives for the prolonged release of betulinic acid in anticancer applications.

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the effect of the patent vs. generic sources of zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) on the productive performance, carcass characteristics, primary cut yields, and meat quality of lambs finished in feedlot. Thirty (30) Dorper×Pelibuey male lambs were distributed into 10 blocks, each with three lambs of similar initial live weight which were randomly assigned to the following treatments: 1) without ZH (control), 2) with patent ZH (PZH), and 3) with generic ZH (GZH). Treatment means were compared through two orthogonal contrasts: control vs. ZH (PZH+GZH) and PZH vs. GZH. ZH did not affect (P≥0.15) the productive performance, carcass weight, backfat thickness, or fat percentages (kidney-pelvic-heart, mesenteric or omental), but increased (P≤0.05) Longissimus dorsi muscle area and yields of carcass, shoulder, leg, and plain loin. As for the meat quality, ZH did not affect (P≥0.24) pH and shear force, but reduced (P<0.05) redness, yellowness, and chroma color values at 24 h post mortem, as well as the redness value (P<0.01) at 14 days of aging. With exception of carcass yield which tended (P=0.07) to increase with PZH, all measured variables were similar (P≥0.14) between PZH and GZH. It has been concluded that both types of ZH at a dose of 0.10 mg per kg of live weight promote muscular hypertrophy in finishing lambs; however, this dosage is not sufficient to result in a better productive performance or carcass weight.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue comparar el efecto de la fuente del clorhidrato de zilpaterol (CZ; patente vs genérico) sobre el comportamiento productivo, características de la canal, rendimientos de cortes primarios y calidad de la carne de corderos finalizados en corral. Se distribuyeron 30 corderos Dorper ×Pelibuey en 10 bloques donde cada bloque tenía tres corderos de similar peso vivo inicial, los cuales se asignaron aleatoriamente a los siguientes tratamientos: 1) sin CZ (testigo), 2) con CZ de patente (CZP), y 3) con CZ genérico (CZG). Las medias de tratamientos se compararon a través de dos contrastes ortogonales: testigo vs. CZ (CZP+CZG) y CZP vs. CZG. El CZ no afectó (P≥0.15) el comportamiento productivo, peso de la canal, espesor de grasa dorsal, ni los porcentajes de grasa (riñón-corazón-pelvis, mesentérica u omental), pero aumentó (P≤0.05) el área del músculo Longissimus dorsi y los rendimientos de canal, paleta, pierna y lomo plano. En calidad de la carne, el CZ no afectó (P≥0.24) el pH y esfuerzo al corte, pero redujo (P<0.05) los valores de color rojizo, amarillento y chroma a las 24 h post mortem, y también los valores de rojizo (P<0.01) a los 14 días de maduración. Con excepción del rendimiento en canal que tendió (P=0.07) a ser mayor con CZP, todas las variables medidas fueron similares (P≥0.14) entre CZP y CZG. Se concluye que ambos tipos de CZ a una dosis de 0.10 mg/kg de peso vivo promueven hipertrofia muscular en corderos de finalización, pero no es suficiente para reflejarse en mejor comportamiento productivo y peso de la canal.