SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to measure and compare some anatomical elements of wood and charcoal of Inga vera, Machaerium paraguariense and Muellera campestris to support identification of the materials seized by regulatory authorities. For each species, three trees were analyzed. After wood evaluation, all samples (moisture content of 12 ± 1 %) were wrapped in aluminum foil and carbonized in a muffle furnace for 8 hours with final temperature of 450 °C and a heating rate of 1.66 °C/min. The number of measurements was based on 30 readings regarding tangential diameter and vessel density, along with frequency, height and width of rays (in micrometers). After carbonization, changes in cell dimensions and different behavior were observed in the Fabaceae species evaluated. In all species, vessel diameter declined; vessel density decreased in Inga vera and increased in the other species; ray height decreased in Inga vera and Muellera campestris, and increased in Machaerium paraguariense; and ray width and frequency increased in all species. We concluded that due to the conservation of wood anatomical structures after carbonization, the inclusion of this species in a database would be effective to support efforts to control deforestation in the south of Brazil.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue medir y comparar algunos elementos anatómicos de madera y carbón vegetal de Inga vera, Machaerium paraguariense y Muellera campestris con el fin de apoyar la identificación de los materiales incautados por las autoridades reguladoras. Para cada especie, se analizaron tres árboles. Después de la evaluación de la madera, todas las muestras (contenido de humedad de 12 ± 1 %) se envolvieron en papel de aluminio y se carbonizaron en un horno de mufla durante 8 horas con una temperatura final de 450 °C y una velocidad de calentamiento de 1,66 °C/min. El número de mediciones se basó en 30 lecturas con respecto al diámetro tangencial y densidad de los vasos, junto con frecuencia, altura y ancho de los radios (en micrómetros). Después de la carbonización, se observaron cambios en las dimensiones celulares y diferentes comportamientos en las especies de Fabaceae evaluadas. En todas las especies, el diámetro del vaso disminuyó; la frecuencia de los vasos disminuyó en Inga vera y aumentó en otras especies; la altura de los radios disminuyó en Inga vera y Muellera campestris, y aumentó en Machaerium paraguariense; y el ancho y la frecuencia de los radios aumentaron en todas las especies. Concluimos que debido a la conservación de las estructuras anatómicas de la madera después de la carbonización, la inclusión de esta especie en una base de datos sería efectiva para apoyar los esfuerzos para controlar la deforestación en el sur de Brasil.

Resumo A utilização de colmos de bambu pode ser uma importante alternativa de ampliação das fontes renováveis para a produção de bioenergia, inclusive para a produção de carvão. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de quatro espécies de bambu para a produção de carvão vegetal para uso doméstico, como forma de promoção do uso múltiplo desta matéria-prima e para geração de renda adicional para os agricultores familiares de Santa Catarina. Foram analisados cinco indivíduos das espécies Bambusa vulgaris, coletada em Florianópolis, e Phyllostachys bambusoides; Phyllostachys edulis e Phyllostachys nigra coletadas no município de Frei Rogério, Santa Catarina. As análises da massa específica básica dos colmos in natura, as propriedades físicas, rendimento da carbonização e propriedades energéticas do carvão foram realizadas nas porções basal, mediana e topo dos colmos de bambu de cada espécie. A qualidade do carvão vegetal variou entre as espécies de bambu, tendo como único ponto negativo o alto teor de cinzas para uso doméstico do carvão vegetal. Houve alta correlação positiva entre a densidade básica dos colmos e a densidade relativa aparente do carvão vegetal. A espécie Bambusa vulgaris apresentou o maior rendimento no processo produtivo, porém gerou carvão mais leve e com pior desempenho energético. Entre as espécies avaliadas, Phyllostachys nigra foi a espécie que produziu o carvão vegetal com a melhor qualidade energética e com boas propriedades físicas e rendimento gravimétrico. A qualidade do carvão vegetal variou em relação à altura do colmo. O topo dos colmos, que é o resíduo que pode ser destinado para a produção de carvão em plantios comerciais de bambu para múltiplos usos, apresentou maior rendimento no processo produtivo e carvão com maior densidade. Porém a qualidade energética do carvão foi inferior em relação a base e posição mediana dos colmos.

Abstract The use of bamboo stems can be an important alternative for expanding renewable sources for bioenergy production, including for charcoal production. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the potential of four bamboo species for the production of charcoal for home use, as a way to promote the multiple use of this raw material and to generate additional income for the family farmers of Santa Catarina state. Five individuals of the species Bambusa vulgaris, collected in Florianópolis, and Phyllostachys bambusoides; Phyllostachys edulis; Phyllostachys nigra were collected in the municipality of Frei Rogério, Santa Catarina. The analyses of the basic density of the in natura stems, the physical properties, gravimetric yield and energetic properties of the charcoal were carried out in the basal, median and top portions of the bamboo stems of each species. The quality of the charcoal varied among the bamboo species, having as the only negative point the high ash content for home use charcoal. There was a high positive correlation between the basic density of the stem and the apparent relative density of charcoal. The species B. vulgaris presented the highest yield in the productive process, but it generated lighter charcoal and with lower energy performance. Among the evaluated species, Phyllostachys nigra was the species that produced the charcoal with the best energetic quality and with good physical properties and gravimetric yield. The quality of the charcoal varies with respect to the height of the stem. The top of the stems, which is the residue that can be destined for the production of charcoal in commercial plantations of bamboo for multiple uses, presented greater yield in the productive process and charcoal with greater density. However, the energetic quality of the charcoal was inferior in relation to the base and median position of the stems.

ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to evaluate the relationship between the density and the EW (modulus of elasticity) values obtained by two non-destructive methods: the accuracy of an expeditious method using a graduated ruler; and the homogenization of elasticity between the methods for glulam elements. In the analysis, displacements were measured with a graduated ruler and an automatic data acquisition system of 136 glulam pieces with corresponding structural size was used. The methods were evaluated by correlations, and the homogenization of elasticity was evaluated by the Tukey test. We found that density does not influence the EW values obtained by the studied methods, and it is concluded that an expeditious method using a graduated ruler can be used to determine EW by applying a corrected equation.

Resumo Na Floresta Ombrófila Mista adicionalmente à diversidade florística, estudos sobre a diversidade anatômica da madeira de espécies nativas são interessantes pois permitem ampliar nosso conhecimento sobre a flora local. Portanto, este trabalho objetivou caracterizar anatomicamente e avaliar as similaridades e as principais características anatômicas que variam entre a madeira de 14 espécies nativas da Floresta Ombrófila Mista, de acordo com IAWA (1989). Foram utilizadas 14 variáveis anatômicas para aplicar os métodos de similaridade de Manhattan e Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA). Como resultados, pode-se observar que as espécies apresentam características comuns, como a porosidade difusa e pontoações intervasculares alternas. Além disso, a presença de fibras septadas e parênquima axial escasso em 50% das madeiras, foram características marcantes para as espécies da região. Quanto à similaridade, observou-se a divisão das mesmas pelas dimensões dos raios, vasos e pontoções. No PCA, destacaram-se o diâmetro do vaso, largura e altura do raio, a altura do raio em número de células, as pontoações intervasculares e raio-vasculares. Pode-se concluir que, mesmo com a grande diversidade anatômica é possível diferenciar a madeira das espécies da Floresta Ombrófila Mista, que ocorrem naturalmente na região do Planalto Catarinense.

Abstract In the Araucaria Forest in addition to floristic diversity, studies on the anatomical diversity of wood of native species are required. Therefore, this work aimed to characterize anatomically and evaluate the similarities and the main anatomical characteristics that vary between the wood of 14 native species of the Araucaria Forest. For the characterizations, the procedures determined by IAWA (1989) were followed. Fourteen anatomical variables were used to apply the Manhattan similarity and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). As result, it can be observed that the species present common characteristics, such as diffuse porosity and alternate intervessel pits. In addition, the presence of septate fibers and axial parenchyma scarce in 50% of the woods were remarkable characteristics for the species of the region. As for the similarity, was observed the division by the dimensions of the rays, vessels and pits. In PCA, the diameter of the vessel, width and height of the radius, the height of the radius in number of cells, the intervessel pits and the radius-vascular were emphasized. In conclusion, even with the great anatomical diversity, it is possible to differentiate the wood from the species of the Araucaria Forest, which occur naturally in the region of Planalto Catarinense.

This paper aimed to study Cupressus lusitanica wood tracheids biometrics along radial direction and chemical analysis in order to encourage the use of new forest species for pulp production in southern Brazil. Axial tracheids anatomical analysis was held in 3 positions, in the pith-periphery direction. Total length, total diameter and lumen diameter were analyzed, and wall thickness, flexibility coefficient, wall fraction, felting index and Runkel's ratio were calculated based on these variables. Chemical analysis determined total extractives, sodium hydroxide attack degree, ash, lignin and holocellulose content. For anatomical variables, a statistically significant increase in the pith-periphery direction was observed for total length (L = 5,85mm), for total diameter (D = 47,18µm), lumen diameter (d = 32,92µm) and wall thickness (e = 14,26µm) was observed stabilization from intermediate section. The species was characterized as with high rigidity tracheids (WF = 61,73%), although being considered "good" for wood pulp production (RI = 0,93). The chemical composition showed high lignin content (L = 36,21%) and low holocellulose content (H = 59,19%). Cupressus lusitanica wood showed appropriate anatomical characteristics to be part of the pulp industry raw material supply. However, chemical properties may compromise the species use due to high lignin content.

A Kielmeyera coriacea Mart., conhecida popularmente como "pau-santo", é mencionada na literatura como principal espécie arbórea do Cerrado brasileiro produtora de cortiça. Conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de descrever o aspecto morfológico das células da cortiça de Kielmeyera coriacea (pau-santo), por meio da estrutura microscópica e comparar com a morfologia celular do Quercus suber (sobreiro), a principal espécie mundial produtora de cortiça. Foram coletadas, aleatoriamente, cortiça de 3 árvores, na posição do diâmetro a 1,30 m do solo, com 4 repetições por amostra, provenientes de povoamentos nativos, localizados no município de Luminárias - MG, Brasil. O estudo das características morfológicas foi realizado pela contagem dos lados e de mensurações das células, utilizando o software LEOUIF nas imagens obtidas em microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). As células de cortiça da Kielmeyera coriacea Mart., em relação à distribuição de poligonidade, apresentaram 4; 5; 6; 7 e 8 lados, com predominância de células hexagonais, similares as da espécie de Quercus suber. A altura e espessura médias das paredes das células foi de 40 a 70 µm e 1,5 a 2,0 µm, respectivamente, este último indicando células de início de estação. Tanto a altura quanto a espessura médias foram superiores quando comparadas ao Quercus suber.

Kielmeyera coriacea Mart., known as "pau-santo", is mentioned in the literature as the main tree species which produces cork of the Brazilian Cerrado. The purpose of this study was to describe the morphological aspect of Kielmeyera coriacea ("pau-santo") cork cells through its microscopic structure and to compare it with the cellular morphology of Quercus suber (cork oak), which is the main cork producing species worldwide. The bark from three trees of the species Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. was collected randomly at points 1.30 m above the ground, with four repetitions per sample. Samples came from native stands situated in the region of Luminárias - MG, Brazil. The study of morphological characteristics was conducted by counting the number of sides of the cells, and measuring the dimensions of the cells from images obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Images were analyzed using the LEOUIF software. The distribution in faces and edges of cork cells from Kielmeyera coriacea, was observed to have from 4 to 8 sides, with a predominance of hexagonal cells, similar to Quercus suber. The averages of height and thickness of the cell walls were 40 to 70 µm and 1.5 to 2.0 µm respectively, indicating cells from an early growth season. Both height and thickness were observed to be greater than those present in Quercus suber.