The presence of moral values and spiritual practice are highly significant aspects in the life of any young person, serving as safeguards against potential behavioral issues. This study analyzed conceptual approaches as to the quality of spiritual life in adolescent students. To this end, a systematic review was carried out in the WoS, Scopus and SciELO databases by following the PRISMA method. As an outcome of this enquiry, 21 papers showcased a close relationship among the beliefs, values, emotional expressions of adolescents and their psychological well-being. Young people who felt closely connected to their spiritual side had better levels of happiness in different areas of their lives: personal satisfaction, a deeper sense of purpose and healthier interpersonal relationships. Cultural factors, religious traditions and social norms significantly had a big impact on how young people thought about and understood their spiritual dimension too. In conclusion, it is necessary to recognize that the connection with the spiritual dimension can really help young people feel better emotionally and mentally. Likewise, the cultural and social context in which adolescents operate must be taken into account for a deeper understanding of their spirituality.

La presencia de valores morales y la práctica espiritual son aspectos de gran importancia en la vida de cualquier joven, pues sirven de resguardo frente a posibles problemas de conducta. Este estudio analizó las aproximaciones conceptuales sobre la calidad de la vida espiritual en estudiantes adolescentes. Para ello, se realizó una revisión sistemática siguiendo el método PRISMA, en las bases de datos WoS, Scopus y SciELO. Se encontraron 21 artículos que mostraron estrecha relación entre las creencias, valores y expresiones emocionales de los adolescentes y su bienestar psicológico. Aquellos jóvenes que experimentaron una mayor conexión con su espiritualidad mostraron niveles más altos en las dimensiones de bienestar que intervienen en su calidad de vida: satisfacción personal, un sentido de propósito más profundo y relaciones interpersonales más saludables. Los factores culturales, las tradiciones religiosas y las normas sociales influyeron significativamente en cómo los jóvenes abordaron y comprendieron su dimensión espiritual. En conclusión, es necesario reconocer que la conexión con la dimensión espiritual puede contribuir de manera significativa al bienestar emocional y mental de los jóvenes. Asimismo, se debe tener en cuenta el contexto cultural y social en el que se desenvuelven los adolescentes para una comprensión más profunda de su espiritualidad.

A presença de valores morais e da prática espiritual são aspectos de grande importância na vida de qualquer jovem, pois servem de salvaguarda contra possíveis problemas comportamentais. Este estudo analisou abordagens conceituais sobre a qualidade de vida espiritual em adolescentes estudantes. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática seguindo o método PRISMA, nas bases de dados WoS, Scopus e SciELO. Foram encontrados 21 artigos que mostraram uma estreita relação entre as crenças, valores e expressões emocionais dos adolescentes e seu bem-estar psicológico. Os jovens que vivenciaram uma maior ligação com a sua espiritualidade apresentaram níveis mais elevados nas dimensões de bem-estar que intervêm na sua qualidade de vida: satisfação pessoal, sentido de propósito mais profundo e relações interpessoais mais saudáveis. Fatores culturais, tradições religiosas e normas sociais influenciaram significativamente a forma como os jovens abordavam e compreendiam a sua dimensão espiritual. Concluindo, é necessário reconhecer que a ligação com a dimensão espiritual pode contribuir significativamente para o bem-estar emocional e mental dos jovens. Da mesma forma, o contexto cultural e social em que os adolescentes se inserem deve ser levado em consideração para uma compreensão mais profunda da sua espiritualidade.

Resumen: El género Trichoderma, perteneciente al grupo de los hongos filamentosos, se ha consolidado como una herramienta efectiva en la agricultura gracias a sus propiedades y múltiples usos, destacando su capacidad para funcionar como agente biocontrolador frente a diversos fitopatógenos. El éxito de este biocontrolador se basa en la acción conjunta de varios mecanismos, como la antibiosis, el micoparasitismo, la competencia por espacio y nutrientes, la producción de enzimas y metabolitos secundarios con actividad antimicrobiana, así como la estimulación de la respuesta de defensa de las plantas ante los patógenos. En esta revisión, se enfatizan los mecanismos de acción de Trichoderma como biocontrolador, específicamente en los compuestos volátiles, y se discuten sus potencialidades para su aplicación en la agricultura. En vista de su capacidad para inhibir el crecimiento de patógenos, de estimular el crecimiento de las plantas y mejorar la calidad del suelo, Trichoderma representa un recurso valioso para los agricultores. El conocimiento de estos mecanismos puede contribuir a optimizar aún más su uso en la agricultura y fomentar prácticas agrícolas sostenibles.

Abstract: The genus Trichoderma, belonging to the group of filamentous fungi, has become a valuable tool in agriculture due to its properties and multiple uses, particularly its capacity to act as a biocontrol agent against various phytopathogens. The success of this biocontrol agent relies on the combined action of several mechanisms, such as antibiosis, mycoparasitism, competition for space and nutrients, production of enzymes and secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity, as well as stimulation of plant defense response against pathogens. This review emphasizes the mechanisms of action of Trichoderma as a biocontrol agent, focusing on volatile compounds generation, while discussing its potential for agriculture application. Given its ability for growth inhibition of pathogens, for stimulating plant growth, and for improving soil quality, Trichoderma represents a valuable resource for farmers. Knowledge of these mechanisms can further optimize its use in agriculture to encourage sustainable agricultural practices.

RESUMEN La púrpura trombótica trombocitopénica es una entidad poco frecuente en pediatría, pero de alta mortalidad sin tratamiento adecuado y oportuno. Se caracteriza por presentar anemia hemolítica microangiopática asociada a signos y síntomas neurológicos, cardíacos, abdominales y menos frecuentemente renales; puede estar acompañada de fiebre. En niños, el diagnóstico se basa en los hallazgos clínicos y de laboratorio. La actividad de ADAMTS13 <10 % apoya, pero no confirma el diagnóstico y, dada la gravedad de la patología, el resultado no debe retrasar el inicio del tratamiento. Se presenta una paciente de 15 años, previamente sana, con signos neurológicos asociados a anemia hemolítica y trombocitopenia. Durante su internación, se arribó al diagnóstico de púrpura trombótica trombocitopénica adquirida.

Abstract Asthma symptoms can be controlled through proper self-management, medication adherence, and avoidance of triggers, thus avoiding high costs for multiple hospitalizations, emergency or outpatient visits. This article seeks to develop a conceptual framework of the factors that influence asthma self-management in a pediatric population living in the Andean urban area of Cuenca-Ecuador. A phenomenological study was carried out (February-April 2021) in 10 children and adolescents from 7 to 17 years old with asthma attending public and private hospitals. In-depth interviews were applied using open questions created after reviewing the literature. Factors influencing asthma self-management include individual (attitudes, self-education, seeking medical attention, managing crisis triggers) and environmental (health system, school/family support). The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed by two independent researchers. Our results show that the pediatric population identifies individual and environmental influences that affect asthma self-management, with age and socioeconomic status moderating the influential factors. The participants described the beliefs, attitudes, practices, perceptions, and specific experiences in the family, school, and health system contexts as relevant to comply with asthma self-management. In addition, problems or barriers that hinder the self-management of the disease, mainly related to adherence to treatment, were identified. In conclusion, our analysis highlights the need to empower the pediatric population in asthma self-management. When delivering patient-centered education for effective asthma management, future interventions must consider children´s age and socioeconomic status influences in individual and environmental factors.

Resumen Introducción : El riesgo nutricional es un parámetro que sirve para diagnosticar el nivel de riesgo que tiene el paciente de desarrollar efectos adversos que impacten en su estado nutricional. Existen estudios que asocian el riesgo nutricional con la evolución clínica. Objetivo : Evaluar la asociación del riesgo nutricional con variables clínicas relacionadas a la gravedad de pacientes críticos con COVID-19. Métodos : Se incluyeron pacientes adultos de UCI con COVID-19, se analizó la relación del riesgo nutricional (score NUTRICm) con las variables: estadía en UCI, asis tencia respiratoria mecánica (ARM), insuficiencia renal aguda, infección secundaria y mortalidad. Se utilizaron pruebas Mann-Whitney, chi cuadrado y V de Cramér para análisis de asociación y regresión logística para identi ficar variables predictoras de mortalidad. El intervalo de confianza fue 95% y se consideraron significativos valores < 0.05. Resultados : Se estudiaron 100 pacientes, edad pro medio 56,5 ± 14,5 años, 69% menores de 65 años, 53% sexo masculino, presencia de comorbilidad 79%, alto riesgo nutricional 51%, estadía promedio en UCI 11 días, ARM promedio 10 días y mortalidad 52%. Se hallaron asociaciones del alto riesgo nutricional con prolonga ción de estadía en UCI, duración de ARM, insuficiencia renal aguda, infecciones secundarias y mortalidad. En la regresión logística se obtuvo que la variable riesgo nutricional es predictora de mortalidad. Conclusión : Debido a la asociación del alto riesgo nu tricional con la gravedad de pacientes críticos se sugiere que el riesgo nutricional sea diagnosticado rutinariamen te en UCI y que el score NUTRICm sea tenido en cuenta como herramienta para valorar el pronóstico clínico.

Abstract Introduction : Nutritional risk is a parameter used to diagnose the level of risk that the patient has of develop ing adverse effects that impact their nutritional status. There are studies that associate nutritional risk with clinical evolution. Objective : To evaluate the association of nutritional risk with clinical variables related to the severity of critically ill patients with COVID-19. Methods : Adult ICU patients with COVID-19 were included, and the relationship between nutritional risk (NUTRICm score) and the variables: ICU stay, Invasive Mechanical Ventilation (IMV), acute renal failure, sec ondary infection, and mortality were analyzed. Mann- Whitney, chi-square, and Cramér’s V tests were used for association analysis and logistic regression to identify mortality predictor variables. The confidence interval was 95% and values <0.05 were considered significant. Results : 100 patients were studied, average age 56.5 ± 14.5 years, 69% under 65 years of age, 53% male, pres ence of comorbidity 79%, high nutritional risk 51%, average stay in the ICU 11 days, average IMV 10 days, and mortality 52%. Associations of high nutritional risk with prolonged stay in the ICU, duration of IMV, acute renal failure, secondary infections and mortality were found. In the logistic regression it was found that the nutritional risk variable is a predictor of mortality. Conclusion : Given the association of high nutritional risk with the severity of critical patients, it is suggested that nutritional risk be routinely diagnosed in the ICU and that the NUTRICm score be taken into account as a tool to assess clinical prognosis.

ABSTRACT Flipped Classroom is a new model that has been acquiring great relevance in recent years, that is why it is being the subject of multiple studies in different disciplines, at different educational levels and in different geographical contexts. Given the relevance of this strategy, it was considered to elaborate this review article with the aim of compiling and describing the impact of this methodology in the educational field in the different scenarios in which it was implemented as a learning strategy and whose data may serve as references for its inclusion and standardization as an innovative methodology in the field of secondary education in Peru. To achieve the proposed goal, a sample of 50 electronic articles published in journals indexed to the database of Scopus, Web of Science (WOS) and Scielo at the national and international level were taken during the period from 2018 to 2021. The results show that flipped classroom has a positive impact on students' academic performance, learning achievement, motivation, improved communication, collaborative learning and the promotion of autonomous learning.

RESUMEN Flipped Classroom (FC) o aula invertida es un novel modelo educativo que viene cobrando gran importancia en los últimos años razón por la que está siendo objeto de múltiples estudios en diferentes disciplinas, en distintos niveles educativos y en contextos geográficos diversos. Dada la relevancia de esta estrategia, se consideró elaborar el presente artículo de revisión con el objetivo recopilar y describir el impacto que ejerce esta metodología en el ámbito educativo en los distintos escenarios en los cuales fue implementado como estrategia de aprendizaje y cuyos datos sirvan como referentes para su inclusión y estandarización como una metodología innovadora en el entorno de la educación secundaria en el Perú. Para alcanzar el objetivo propuesto se tomó una muestra de 50 artículos electrónicos publicados en revistas indexadas a la base de datos de Scopus, Web of Science (WOS) y Scielo en el plano nacional e internacional durante el periodo del 2018 al 2021. Los resultados arrojan que aula invertida tiene un impacto positivo en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes, el logro de los aprendizajes, la motivación, la mejora de la comunicación, el aprendizaje colaborativo y el fomento del aprendizaje autónomo.

ABSTRACT The educational transformation is a process of participatory, democratic and national dialogue in the Paraguayan educational system, with the purpose of building a national agreement on Paraguayan education, defined in a national educational transformation plan and road map, which address the necessary transformations. In this field throughout the country, according to the objectives and goals defined in the short, medium and long term of the year 2040. This article aims to be a contribution to the debate on the process of continuous teacher training through educational transformation in Paraguay. The documentary analysis technique was adopted, based on the review of official documents such as the National Plan for Educational Transformation 2030 (PNTE-2030) and others related to continuous teacher training. Definitely, the PNTE-2030 proposes advances on teacher policy with emphasis on the evaluation of teacher performance and has strategies to improve the teaching career and professional development. However, other aspects should be considered, such as the search for improvement in teacher training institutions in order to promote a culture of innovation, professional autonomy, use of ICT and collaborative work among teachers themselves.

RESUMEN La transformación educativa es un proceso de diálogo participativo, democrático y nacional en el sistema educativo paraguayo, con la finalidad de construir un acuerdo nacional sobre la educación paraguaya, definido en un plan nacional de transformación educativa y hoja de ruta, que aborden las transformaciones necesarias en este campo en todo el país, según los objetivos y metas definidos a corto, mediano y largo plazo del año 2040. El presente artículo pretende ser un aporte al debate del proceso de la formación docente continua mediante la transformación educativa en el Paraguay. Se adoptó la técnica del análisis documental, basada en la revisión de documentos oficiales como el Plan Nacional de Transformación Educativa 2030 (PNTE-2030) y otros referidos a la formación docente continua. Definitivamente el PNTE-2030 plantea avances sobre la política docente con énfasis en la evaluación del desempeño docente y cuenta con estrategias de mejoramiento de la carrera docente y el desarrollo profesional. Sin embargo, habría que considerar otros aspectos como la búsqueda de mejora de las instituciones formadoras de docentes con el fin de fomentar la cultura de la innovación, autonomía profesional, uso de TIC y trabajo en colaboración entre los mismos docentes.

RESUMEN La salud mental infanto-juvenil es una prioridad de salud pública, por ello, es importante conocer los diferentes problemas lo más temprano posible para evitar complicaciones. Objetivo. Identificar los problemas de conducta en pacientes de 2 a 15 años hospitalizados en el departamento de pediatría del Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso. Cuenca Ecuador 2021. Métodos. se realizó un estudio de tipo mixto, bajo análisis observacional y descriptivo de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 201 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Para la recolección de la información se utilizó un formulario sobre características demográficas de los pacientes y el Inventario de Eyberg aplicado a padres o tutores, previo la firma del consentimiento informado. Los datos fueron tabulados en el programa SPSS versión 25, para analizar la información se utilizó la estadística descriptiva, en base a frecuencias y porcentajes presentándose los resultados en tablas. Resultados. El 11,9 % tienen alteración de conducta, el 39,8% están en riesgo y el 48,3% son normales. De los que tienen alteración de conducta el 66,6% son adolescentes de 10 a 15 años, no hay diferencia en relación al sexo; la mayoría (75%) son de área urbana; el 50% cursa básica superior, cerca del 30% son hijos de padres desocupados y según la categoría valorada el 75% presenta ansiedad, el 20,84% agresividad y el 4,8% déficit de atención.Conclusiones. Más de la mitad tienen problemas de conducta. La ansiedad se presenta en tres de cuatro pacientes.

RESUMO A saúde mental infantil e adolescente é uma prioridade de saúde pública, portanto, é importante estar ciente dos diferentes problemas o mais cedo possível para evitar complicações. Objetivo. Identificar problemas de comportamento em pacientes de 2 a 15 anos hospitalizados no departamento de pediatria do Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso. Cuenca Equador 2021. Métodos. Foi realizado um estudo de tipo misto sob análise transversal observacional e descritiva. A amostra consistia de 201 pacientes que preenchiam os critérios de inclusão. Um formulário sobre as características demográficas dos pacientes e o Inventário Eyberg aplicado aos pais ou responsáveis, após a assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, foram utilizados para coletar as informações. Os dados foram tabulados no programa SPSS versão 25, e foram utilizadas estatísticas descritivas para analisar as informações, com base em freqüências e porcentagens, e os resultados foram apresentados em tabelas. Resultados. 11,9% têm distúrbios comportamentais, 39,8% estão em risco e 48,3% são normais. Dos que apresentam distúrbios comportamentais, 66,6% são adolescentes de 10 a 15 anos, não há diferença em relação ao sexo; a maioria (75%) é de áreas urbanas; 50% estão no ensino superior, cerca de 30% são filhos de pais desempregados e de acordo com a categoria avaliada, 75% mostram ansiedade, 20,84% agressão e 4,8% déficit de atenção. Conclusões. Mais da metade tem problemas de comportamento. A ansiedade está presente em três de cada quatro pacientes.

ABSTRACT Child and adolescent mental health are a public health priority, therefore, it is important to know the different problems as early as possible to avoid complications. Objective. To identify behavioral problems in patients aged 2 to 15 years hospitalized in the pediatric department of the Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso. Cuenca Ecuador 2021. Methods. a mixed study was conducted under observational and descriptive cross-sectional analysis. The sample consisted of 201 patients who met the inclusion criteria. A form on patient demographic characteristics and the Eyberg Inventory were used to collect the information applied to parents or guardians, prior to the signing of the informed consent. Data were tabulated in the program SPSS 25 version, the descriptive statistics were used to analyze the information, based on frequencies and percentages, presenting the results in charts. Results. 11.9% have behavioral alteration, 39.8% are at risk and 48.3% are normal. Of those who have behavioral alteration, 66.6% are adolescents between 10 and 15 years old, there is no difference in relation to sex; the majority (75%) are from urban areas; 50% are in upper school, about 30% are children of unemployed parents and according to the category assessed, 75% have anxiety, 20.84% aggression and 4.8% attention deficit. Conclusions. More a than half have behavioral problems. Anxiety occurs in three out of four patients.

ABSTRACT: The present investigation aimed to evaluate the type of maintenance and the types of machinery in four sawmills in the city of Jaén, the evaluation was carried out through the methodology of direct observation information collection through the data collection sheet instrument, In turn, the type of machinery used in the first transformation sawmill work was identified, with the technical characteristics of each machinery usually consisting of a brushcutter, band saw, circular table saw and a planer. The type of sawmill was classified according to its daily production, being the sawmill the parral, Santa Rosa and Casa Blanca in the category of small and the sawmill the union of very small; process diagrams were also elaborated according to the classification, resulting in two process diagrams; and the classification of maintenance in the studied sawmills is preventive and corrective; It was also determined that it is business-oriented for the La Unión, Santa Rosa and Casa Blanca sawmills and for the El Parral sawmill it is classified as oriented to business-followers.

RESUMEN: La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo clasificar el tipo de mantenimiento y describir el tipo de maquinarias en cuatro aserraderos en la ciudad de Jaén, la evaluación se realizó mediante la metodología de recopilación de información de observación directa mediante el instrumento de ficha de recolección de datos, a su vez se identifico el tipo de maquinaria usada en los trabajos de aserrío de primera transformación, siendo las características técnicas de cada maquinaria conformado usualmente por una desbrozadora, sierra cinta, sierra circular de mesa y una cepilladora. Se clasificó el tipo de aserradero según su producción diaria, siendo el aserradero el parral, santa rosa y casa blanca en categoría de pequeño y el aserradero la unión de muy pequeño; también se elaboraron diagramas de procesos según la clasificación dando como resultado dos diagramas de procesos; y la clasificación del mantenimiento en los aserraderos estudiados es de tipo preventivo y correctivo; también se determinó que es orientado a los negocios para los aserraderos la Unión, Santa Rosa y Casa Blanca y para el aserradero el parral se clasifica en orientado a los negocios - seguidores.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Patient safety in intensive care units with intermittent renal replacement therapy is influenced by different factors; including patient-related, human, and technical factors. Objective: Identify risk factors and major incidences present in clinical practice affecting the patient safety on intermittent renal replacement therapy. Material and Method: Descriptive and retrospective study of 413 sessions of intermittent renal replacement therapy. Demographic and clinical data, clinical and technical complications, monitor controls, corrective measures, and nurse-related risk factors were obtained using a dialysis expert questionnaire. Results: Out of the 413 sessions, 52.1% were intermittent hemodialysis. Patients had a mean age of 65 years and 78.7% were male. 35.1% were admitted by septic shock. Incidences include error in modality assignment (33.2%), outdated protocols (30.5%) and vascular access dysfunction (15.7%). As clinical complications found 47.6% in intermittent hemodialysis and 41.2% had hypotension. Technical complications in 37.7% of sessions, with total or partial extracorporeal circuit coagulation (16.7%). As personnel related factors highlighted the lack of standardized training program (57.1%), personnel variability (81%), and not attending scheduled training (52.4%). Conclusions: Patient safety with renal replacement therapy in intensive care units is a multifactorial process involving non-modifiable patient-related aspects, incidences during the procedure, and complications. Although no major adverse effects were produced in the patient's clinical evolution, risk factors are considered potential and some of them predictable, controllable, and avoidable.

RESUMEN Introducción: La seguridad del paciente en unidades de vigilancia intensiva, con terapia renal sustitutiva intermitente, está influenciada por diversos factores: los inherentes al paciente, humanos y técnicos. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo y principales incidencias presentes en la práctica clínica, que interfieren en la seguridad del paciente al que se le realiza terapia sustantiva renal intermitente. Material y Método: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo de 413 sesiones de terapia sustitutiva renal intermitente. Se obtuvieron datos demográficos, clínicos, complicaciones clínicas, técnicas, controles de monitores, medidas correctivas y factores de riesgo relacionados con las enfermeras mediante un cuestionario de experteza en diálisis. Resultados: 413 sesiones; (52,1%) hemodiálisis intermitente. Edad media 65 años; 78,7% sexo masculino; motivo de ingreso shock séptico (35,1%).Incidencias: error en la asignación de la modalidad (33,2%), pautas sin actualizar (30,5%), disfunción del acceso vascular (15,7%). Complicaciones clínicas: 47,6 en hemodiálisis intermitente, destacando hipotensión en 41,2%.Complicaciones técnicas en el 37,7% de las sesiones, coagulación total o parcial del circuito extracorpóreo (16,7%). Relacionados con el personal: falta de un programa estandarizado de formación (57,1%), variabilidad de personal (81%) y no asistencia a la capacitación programada (52,4%). Conclusión: La seguridad del paciente con terapia sustitución renal en unidades de vigilancia intensiva, es un proceso multifactorial: relacionados con aspectos no modificables (asociados al paciente), incidencias durante el procedimiento y complicaciones. Aunque no se produjeron efectos adversos mayores en la evolución clínica del paciente, éstos son considerados potenciales y algunos previsibles, controlables y evitables.

Resumen Objetivo: estimar la relación entre las jornadas de trabajo por semana y las lesiones por accidente de trabajo (LAT) en la población asalariada de la ciudad ecuatoriana de Guayaquil. Métodos: estudio transversal que empleó datos de la Primera Encuesta de Condiciones de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo para el Ecuador en 2017. Los encuestados fueron 1 005 trabajadores asalariados y se dividieron en dos grupos según las horas de trabajo semanales, ≤43 y ≥44 horas. La relación entre las jornadas laborales prolongadas y LAT por sexo se analizó mediante regresión logística (OR; IC95%) ajustado por características sociodemográficas (Modelo 1) y añadiendo las ocupacionales (Modelo 2). Resultados: El 30,9% de los trabajadores declaró trabajar 44 horas o más a la semana (50,7±6,3 horas) y la frecuencia de LAT en este grupo fue superior en los hombres (24,2%) respecto a las mujeres (12%). Las LAT en jornadas laborales prolongadas aumentaron con la edad en los hombres. Además, la probabilidad de sufrir una LAT fue mayor entre los hombres en comparación con la jornada de trabajo estándar (OR = 3,08; IC95%: 1,87-5,07), también para los ajustes del Modelo 1 (OR = 2,98; IC95%: 1,79-4,95) y del Modelo 2 (OR = 3,05; IC95%: 1,82-5,11). Conclusiones: Las jornadas laborales prolongadas están asociadas con las LAT en los hombres. En el caso de las mujeres, pese a que la frecuencia de LAT fue mayor en las expuestas a jornadas laborales prolongadas respecto a las expuestas a jornadas estándar, no se observó una asociación estadísticamente significativa. La implementación de medidas preventivas que tomen en cuenta la duración de las jornadas de trabajo en las empresas podría resultar en una reducción de las LAT.

Abstract Objective: to estimate the association between weekly working hours and occupational injuries (OI) among the salaried population in Guayaquil, Ecuador. Methods: a cross-sectional study that used data from the First Survey on Safety and Health Conditions at Work in Ecuador in 2017. The respondents were 1005 salaried workers, divided into two groups according to weekly working hours, ≤43 and ≥44 hours. The relationship between long working hours and OI by gender was analyzed by using logistic regression (OR; CI 95%) adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics (Model 1) and also for occupational characteristics (Model 2). Results: 30.9% of the workers declared ≥44 weekly working hours (50.7±6.3 hours) and the OI percentages in this group were higher in men (24.2%) compared to women (12%). OI among those working long hours increased with age in men. In addition, the odds of sustaining an OI were higher among men working long hours as compared to the standard working day (OR = 3.08; 95% CI: 1.87-5.07), for Model 1 settings (OR = 2, 98; 95% CI: 1.79-4.95) and Model 2 (OR = 3.05; 95% CI: 1.82-5.11). Conclusions: Long working hours are associated with OI in men. In the case of women, despite the fact that the frequency of OI was higher in those exposed to long working hours compared to those exposed to standard working hours, no statistically significant associations were observed. Implementation of preventive measures that consider the length of working hours in companies could result in the reduction of OI.

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de Escoliosis Idiopática del Adolescente (EIA), riesgo de progresión (RP) y Calidad de vida (CdV) en estudiantes entre 10 a 18 años. Pacientes y Método: Estudio descriptivo transversal. Se incluyeron estudiantes de 10 a 18 años de cinco comunas de Región Metropolitana (RM), Chile. Se realizó Prueba de Adams y con escoliómetro se midió el ángulo de rotación del tronco (ART) a nivel de columna torácica, toracolumbar y lumbar. Si ART era ≥ 6°, se realizó exploración radiológica de columna completa anteroposterior y lateral, midiendo posteriormente ángulo de Cobb. Se confirmó escoliosis con ángulo de Cobb ≥ 10° con rotación vertebral. Se calculó factor de progresión mediante fórmula de Lonstein & Carlston. Para evaluar la CdV se utilizaron los cuestionarios de CdV en deformidades del raquis y escala de percepción de apariencia del tronco. Resultados: 1200 estudiantes fueron examinados. 54,92% mujeres. 8,17% tenía ART ≥ 6°. Se encontró escoliosis leve en 2,91%; moderada en 0,75% y severa en 0,17%. La prevalencia total fue 3,83% (IC 95%: 2,74 - 4,92). El 82,61% de los casos de EIA pesquisados correspondieron a diagnóstico tardío, cuando los estudiantes habían superado el estirón del crecimiento. De los casos de escoliosis, 21,74% tenían RP ≥ 50%. La CdV se correlacionó positivamente con gravedad de la curva, sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Conclusiones. Prevalencia de EIA fue 3,83%. La mayoría de las EIA fueron pesquisados cuando los estudiantes habían superado el estirón del crecimiento, con alto riesgo de progresión. La CdV de vida se correlacionó positiva y débilmente con gravedad de la curva.

Abstract: Objective: To determine the prevalence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), progression risk, and quality of life in students aged from 10 to 18 years. Patients and Method: Cross-sectional descriptive study in students 10 - 18 years old from 5 communes in Santiago, Chile, between 2015-2016. Adam’s Test was performed and the angle trunk rotation (ATR) at the thoracic, thoracolumbar, and lumbar levels were measured with a scoliometer. If ATR was ≥ 6°, anteroposterior and lateral radiological images of the spine were taken, and Cobb angle was measured. Scoliosis was confirmed if the Cobb angle was ≥ 10° plus vertebral rotation. Progression factor was calculated with Lonstein and Carlson formula. Quality of life was assessed through spinal deformities questionnaires and the trunk appearance perception scale. Results: 1200 students were evaluated, 54.9% were female, and 8.17% had ATR ≥ 6°. We found mild scoliosis in 2.91%, moderate in 0.75% and severe in 0.17%. Total prevalence was 3.83% (CI 95%: 2.74 - 4.92). 82.61% of the cases had a late diagnosis, after their growth spurt. Of the patients with scoliosis, 21.74% had a progression risk ≥ 50%. Quality of life had a positive correlation with scoliosis severity, not statistically significant. Conclusions: Prevalence of AIS was 3.83%. Most patients were diagnosed after their growth spurt with high progression risk. Quality of life showed a weak positive correlation with scoliosis severity.

Abstract The present work examines the practice of epistemic injustice by attributition of credibility excess to awarded collaborators. The question that is being investigated is: do the collaborators’ narratives receive exaggerated confidence? In order to be characterized as a type of epistemic injustice, such excess of credibility must be due to identity prejudices (against the accused defendants) and in disagreement with the evidences of the process. The attribution of credibility excess to the versions of the collaborators is an implication of the automatic reduction of the weight attributed to the versions of the accused defendants. To address the issue, the probative value of the awarded collaboration in criminal proceedings will be discussed; explained the concept of “epistemic injustice”, identified by Miranda Fricker, and more recent developments by Jennifer Lackey and José Medina; and, finally, in order to assess whether there was epistemic injustice due to credibility excess attributed to awarded collaborators, one sentence handed down by ex-judge Sergio Moro in the scope of the Lava Jato operation.

Resumo O presente trabalho examina a prática de injustiça epistêmica por atribuição de excesso de credibilidade a colaboradores premiados. A questão que se investiga é: as narrativas de delatores recebem confiança exagerada? Para caracterizar-se como um tipo de injustiça epistêmica, tal excesso de credibilidade deve se dar em razão de preconceitos identitários (contra os réus delatados) e em desacordo com o conjunto probatório do processo. A atribuição de excesso de credibilidade às versões dos colaboradores é uma implicação da automática redução do peso atribuído às versões dos réus delatados. Para abordar a questão, será discutido o valor probatório da colaboração premiada no processo penal; explicado o conceito de “injustiça epistêmica”, identificado por Miranda Fricker, e os desenvolvimentos mais recentes de Jennifer Lackey e José Medina; e, por fim, de forma a avaliar se houve injustiça epistêmica por excesso de credibilidade atribuído a colaboradores premiados, será examinada uma sentença proferida pelo ex-juiz Sérgio Moro no âmbito da operação Lava Jato.

RESUMO: A alta consanguinidade entre equinos tem efeitos negativos na qualidade do sêmen, resultando em baixa motilidade e altos níveis de anormalidade nos espermatozóides. No entanto, tal relação não foi estudada em cavalos crioulos colombianos, que tem sido submetidos a práticas de seleção específicas com foco principalmente em sua marcha. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o relação da qualidade do sêmen com endogamia e marcha de cavalos crioulos colombianos. O sêmen foi coletado de 50 cavalos pelo método da vagina artificial. A motilidade e a cinética dos espermatozoides foram avaliadas com um sistema de análise computadorizado (SCA®). A vitalidade do esperma (VE) e a morfologia anormal (MA) foram avaliadas por meio do teste de coloração com eosina-nigrosina. A integridade funcional da membrana (IFM) foi avaliada por meio do test hipo-osmótico (HOST). A análise de genealogias e consanguinidade foi conduzida usando o programa Breeders Assistant for Horses. Uma média de 3,6 ± 0,4% foi encontrada para o coeficiente de endogamia (Ft). Uma diminuição na motilidade e cinética dos espermatozoides, que foi associada a um aumento na consanguinidade (P < 0,05). Além disso, diferenças na consanguinidade foram encontradas com base na marcha. Da mesma forma, foi encontrada uma relação entre a marcha do cavalo e a qualidade do sêmen (P < 0,05). Os autores concluíram que a qualidade do sêmen de cavalos crioulos colombianos foi afetada pela endogamia e sua relação com a seleção genética baseada na marcha.

ABSTRACT: High consanguinity among equines has negative effects on semen quality, thus resulting in low motility and high levels of abnormality in the spermatozoa. However, such a relationship has not been studied in Colombian Creole horses, which have been subjected to particular selection practices focusing mainly on their gait. This research assessed the relationship of semen quality to inbreeding and gait of Colombian Creole horses. Semen was collected from 50 horses using the artificial vagina method. Sperm motility and kinematics were assessed with a computerized analysis system (SCA®). Sperm vitality (SV) and abnormal morphology (AM) were assessed via the eosin-nigrosin staining test. Functional membrane integrity (FMI) was assessed via the hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST). Genealogies and consanguinity analysis was conducted using the Breeders Assistant for Horses program. An average of 3.6 ± 0.4 % was reported for the inbreeding coefficient (Ft). A decrease in sperm motility and kinematics was reported, which was associated with an increase in consanguinity (P < 0.05). Furthermore, differences in consanguinity were found based on gait. Similarly, a relationship between horse gait and semen quality (P < 0.05) was found. Authors concluded that semen quality of Colombian Creole horses has been affected by inbreeding and its relationship with genetic selection based on gait.