Abstract Every activity that involves exploitation of natural resources, such as fishing, needs to be organized and conducted based on information from monitoring programs to allow continuous evaluation. With the increasing fishing pressure in Brazil, the understanding of the importance of fisheries monitoring programs and how they can inform and assist in conservation decision-making remains limited. Based on the literature on fisheries and participatory conservation, we call attention to the need to generate information on the national fisheries sector in order to improve fisheries in the country. Given the context of the need to generate information on fishing stocks under exploitation, as well as to identify potential alternative fisheries and carry out various sectoral analyses in compliance with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, we present and discuss in the present paper the lack of a system of continuous fishing monitoring in Brazil and its effects on the fisheries sustainability in the country.

Resumo Toda atividade que atua envolvendo a exploração de recursos naturais, como a pesca, precisa ser organizada e conduzida com base nas informações dos programas de monitoramento para permitir uma avaliação contínua. Com o aumento da pressão pesqueira no Brasil, o entendimento da importância dos programas de monitoramento da pesca e como eles podem informar e auxiliar na tomada de decisões de conservação permanece limitado. Com base na literatura sobre pesca e conservação participativa, chamamos a atenção para a necessidade de gerar informações sobre o setor pesqueiro nacional para melhorar a pesca no país. Dado o contexto da necessidade de gerar informações sobre os estoques pesqueiros em exploração, bem como identificar potenciais alternativas de pesca e realizar diversas análises setoriais em conformidade com a Agenda 2030 para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, é apresentada e discutida no presente trabalho a falta de um sistema de monitoramento contínuo da pesca no Brasil e seus efeitos na sustentabilidade da pesca no país.

Abstract INTRODUCTION Mayaro virus (MAYV) was found in Pará state, Brazil, in 1955. Since then, sporadic outbreaks have occurred in different regions of the country. METHODS: Serum sample were collected from 49 individuals in 2016 and were initially tested for dengue virus (DENV) by real-time (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DENV-negative samples were tested for MAYV and Oropouche virus (OROV) by multiplexed RT quantitative PCR. RESULTS: All samples were negative for DENV and OROV, but MAYV was detected in four samples. CONCLUSIONS: Differential diagnoses of acute febrile syndrome are required, especially in regions where several arboviruses with similar clinical manifestations are endemic.

Resumen Una de las principales hipótesis para explicar el origen de la diversidad amazónica invoca el efecto de barrera de los ríos para explicar los patrones de diversidad. Esa hipótesis propone que algunos ríos pueden separar poblaciones continuas conduciendo a la diferenciación y la especiación. En ese sentido nos propusimos estudiar la estructura genética de Pristimantis latro, una especie recién descrita que habita una región bajo fuerte presión antrópica producto de la ganadería expansiva, la minería ilegal y la construcción de represas hidroeléctricas. El ADN se extrajo de 52 individuos de P. latro y se amplificó mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) usando los marcadores mitocondriales 16S rRNA y COI. Para inferir el tiempo de divergencia entre las localidades de P. latro, construimos un árbol de especies e hicimos análisis de varianza molecular (AMOVA) para inferir la diferenciación genética entre y dentro de las poblaciones de P. latro. Encontramos que P. latro presenta una estructuración genética en las poblaciones de las márgenes derecha e izquierda del río Xingu y dentro de las regiones interfluviales deTapajós-Xingu y Xingu-Tocantins. Asimismo, el tiempo de divergencia entre las poblaciones de las márgenes derecha e izquierda del río Xingu aconteció hace aproximadamente 380.000 años. El patrón de estructura genética que se encontró se corresponde con el indicado en artículos recientes para el género Pristimantis, el cual revela que las especies sin renacuajos exhiben una estructura genética que responde a la hipótesis de los ríos como barreras.

Abstract One of the main hypotheses to explain the origin of Amazonian diversity is the barrier effect of the rivers known as the riverine-barrier hypothesis, which suggests that riverine barriers isolated once continuous populations leading to differentiation and speciation. In this context, we studied the genetic structure of Pristimantis latro, a newly described species that inhabits a region under marked anthropic pressure due to expansive livestock, illegal mining, and hydroelectric dam construction. The DNA was extracted from 52 P. latro individuals and then amplified via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the mitochondrial 16S rRNA and COI markers. To infer the time of divergence between the P. latro localities, we built a species tree and performed an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) to infer the genetic differentiation between and within the P. latro populations. We found that P. latro has a marked genetic structure in the populations of the right and left margins of the Xingu River and within the Tapajós-Xingu and Xingu-Tocantins interfluvial regions and that the time of divergence between the populations of the East and West banks of the Xingu River occurred approximately 380,000 years ago. This pattern of genetic structure corresponds to that reported in recent articles for the Pristimantis genus evidencing that species without tadpoles exhibit a genetic structure explained by the hypothesis of rivers as barriers.

Dados moleculares e citogenéticos tem evidenciado especiação críptica na traíra sul-americana, Hoplias malabaricus. No presente estudo, cariótipos e sequências de DNA barcode de espécimes de sete populações, habitando a região do baixo rio Amazonas, foram analisadas a fim de caracterizar o nível de divergência genética dentro de um único cariomorfo. Todos os espécimes possuem 2n = 40 cromossomos (20m+20sm) os quais são inseridos no grupo de traíras do cariomorfo C. DNA barcode revelou seis haplogrupos, com clara divergência entre populações do Brasil e da Argentina. Os resultados apoiam a hipótese de complexo de espécies e indicam que um único cariomorfo de Hoplias malabaricus pode conter mais de uma espécie

Molecular and cytogenetic data have provided evidence of cryptic speciation in the widespread South American trahira, Hoplias malabaricus. In the present study, karyotypes and DNA barcode sequences of specimens from seven populations inhabiting the lower Amazon River were analyzed in order to characterize the levels of genetic divergence within a single karyomorph. All the specimens presented karyotypes with 2n = 40 chromosomes (20m+20sm) that were consistent with the species' C karyomorph. The DNA barcodes revealed six haplogroups, with clear divergence between populations from Brazil and Argentina. The results support the species complex hypothesis and indicate that a single karyomorph of H. malabaricus may harbor more than one species