ABSTRACT Maize (Zea mays L.) is among the most cultivated crops in the world and can be affected by several diseases, especially those transmitted by seeds. The study of alternatives to fungicides used for seed treatment has a promising field in essential oils. Thus, this study determined the phytochemical profile of the ethanolic extract from Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan and to evaluate its antifungal activity on the sanitary and physiological quality of maize seeds. The seeds used were of the Jaboatão cultivar, which were submitted to the following treatments: control (untreated seeds), commercial fungicide (dicarboximide) and A. colubrina extract at 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 ppm. The seeds were subjected to sanitary and germination tests in a completely randomized experimental design. Phytochemical prospecting of A. colubrina extract indicated the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins, as well as the major compounds lupeol, gallic acid, ferulic acid, catechin and quercetin. The A. colubrina extract reduced the incidence of Aspergillus spp., including Aspergillus niger, Alternaria spp., Curvularia spp. and Fusarium spp. at all concentrations. The highest concentrations (800 and 1,000 ppm) of the A. colubrina extract reduced the incidence of Penicillium spp. and yielded an effective control of Rhizoctonia spp. The extract of A. colubrina did not present phytotoxic effect, guaranteeing the viability and vigor of maize seeds.

A qualidade das sementes de soja (Glycine max L.) é um fator importante para o sucesso da cultura, uma vez que a semente pode servir como fonte de inóculo para disseminação de doenças. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da termoterapia via calor úmido na qualidade fitossanitária e fisiológica das sementes de soja. As sementes utilizadas foram da cultivar FTS ATHENA RR, as quais foram submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: testemunha (sementes não tratadas), fungicida (dicarboximida) e os tratamentos térmicos a 40, 50 e 60 ºC por cinco e dez minutos de imersão em água. As sementes foram submetidas aos testes de sanidade e emergência em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. O tratamento por imersão das sementes a 40, 50 e 60 °C por cinco e dez minutos não foi eficiente para impedir o desenvolvimento de Penicillium spp., Aspergillus niger Link e A. Flavus Tiegh. As temperaturas de 40 e 50 ºC em todos os tempos de imersão, reduziram a microflora fúngica da parte aérea e do solo sem afetar a qualidade fisiológica.

The quality of soybean seeds (Glycine max L.) is an important factor for the success of the crop, since the seeds can serve as source of inoculum for the dissemination of diseases. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the thermotherapy via humid heat on the sanitary and physiological quality of the soybean seeds. The seeds used were from the cultivar FTS ATHENA RR, which were subjected to the following treatments: control (untreated seeds), fungicide (dicarboximide) and the heat treatments at 40, 50 and 60 ºC for five and ten minutes water immersion. The seeds were subjected to sanity and emergency tests in a completely randomized experimental design. Immersion of the seeds at 40, 50 and 60 ° C for five and ten minutes was not efficient to prevent the incidence of Penicillium spp., Aspergillus niger Link and A. flavus Tiegh. The temperatures of 40 and 50 ºC in all the immersion times reduced the fungal microflora of aerial part and soil without affecting the physiological quality.

RESUMEN La soya (Glycine max) es un cultivo de gran poder económico en el mundo, siendo destinada a la producción de aceite vegetal, así como para la alimentación animal y humana. Investigaciones recientes indican que la aplicación de nutrientes en la fase de semilla contribuye al desarrollo inicial y productivo de los cultivos. Dado que el silicio (Si), como nutriente para las plantas, actúa en la estructura celular y en la formación y el desempeño de la arquitectura de la planta, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia de la aplicación de silicio a través de las semillas en el crecimiento inicial de tres cultivares de soya. El diseño experimental fue de bloques aleatorios. Los tratamientos fueron replicados tres veces y se distribuyeron en un esquema factorial 3×5, compuesto por 3 cultivares (FTR 1186 IPRO, FTR 1192 IPRO, FTR 3190 IPRO) y cinco dosis de silicio (0, 30, 60, 90 y 120 g por 100 kg de semillas). Los datos fueron sometidos al análisis de varianza por la prueba F y regresión polinomial para las dosificaciones de silicio, la respuesta de los cultivares fue evaluada por medio de la prueba de medias de Tukey. El tratamiento de las semillas de soya con silicio no influyó positivamente en la masa seca de la raíz del cultivar FTR 1192 IPRO, ni en la longitud y el diámetro de la raíz del cultivar FTR 1186 IPRO. El cultivar FTR 3190 IPRO no fue influenciada por la aplicación de silicio.

ABSTRACT Soybean (Glycine max) is a crop of high economic power in the world, being used to produce vegetable oil, as well as a source of food for animals and humans. Recent research indicates that nutrient application in the seed stage contributes to an early and productive development of crops. Since silicon (Si), as a nutrient for plants, acts in the cellular structure and the formation and performance of plant architecture, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of silicon application via seeds on the initial growth of three soybean cultivars. The experimental design was a randomized block. The treatments were replicated three times and distributed in a 3×5 factorial scheme, composed by three soybean cultivars (C1 - FTR 1186 IPRO, C2 - FTR 1192 IPRO and C3 - FTR 3190 IPRO) and five silicon doses (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 g per 100 kg of seeds). The data were submitted to ANOVA by F-test and polynomial regression analysis for the silicon doses; the cultivars response was evaluated through the Tukey mean test. The treatment of soybean seeds with silicon did not positively influence the root dry mass of the FTR 1192 IPRO, nor the root length and root diameter of the FTR 1186 IPRO. The application of silicon did not influence the FTR 3190 IPRO.

RESUMO A salinidade e a sodicidade dos solos são problemas mundiais porque promovem a degradação das propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas dos solos e comprometem a capacidade produtiva das áreas agrícolas. Uma das tentativas de redução do problema é a aplicação de corretivos inorgânicos ou insumos orgânicos associados com plantas tolerantes aos sais. Pelo exposto, o trabalho objetiva avaliar o efeito de insumos orgânicos na rebrota de cepas de nim (Azadirachta indica) após o corte no crescimento das plantas em solo salino - sódico. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições em esquema fatorial 3 × 5, referentes aos insumos orgânicos - esterco bovino, biofertilizante bovino comum (partes iguais de água e esterco fresco de bovino) e biofertilizante enriquecido quimicamente (componentes do biofertilizante comum associados a gesso, melaço de cana - de - açúcar e leite de vaca), aplicados uma única vez, após a lavagem do solo, dois dias antes da semeadura das sementes, aos níveis de 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 % do volume do substrato. Exceto no diâmetro caulinar, o esterco bovino foi mais eficiente que os biofertilizantes no crescimento em altura e rendimento em biomassa das plantas de nim após o corte, principalmente nos tratamentos em níveis acima de 6 %. Os insumos orgânicos apesar de elevarem a salinidade e a sodicidade do solo no intervalo do final da lavagem até o corte das plantas, estimularam o crescimento biométrico e a formação de biomassa do nim em solo salino sódico.

ABSTRACT Soil salinity and sodicity are global problems since both promote the physical, chemical and biological degradation of soil, jeopardising the productive capacity of agricultural fields. Inorganic correctives or organic inputs are applied as an attempt to reduce the problem, alongside the use of salt -tolerant plants. This study aimed at evaluating the effects of organic inputs on the growth of neem (Azadirachta indica) strains in saline-sodic soil after cutting. Treatments were arranged in a randomised block design, with four replicates in a 3 × 5 factorial. Organic inputs - bovine manure, common bovine biofertilizer (equal parts of water and fresh bovine manure) and chemically enriched biofertilizer (common biofertilizer components combined with plaster, sugarcane molasses and cow’s milk) - were applied only once, after soil washing, two days prior to seeding, at the levels of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12% of the substrate volume. Except effects on the stem diameter, the most efficient input was bovine manure, with strong effects on the height increase and biomass yield of neem plants after cutting, especially in treatments at a level greater than 6%. The organic inputs, despite increasing the soil salinity and sodicity in the interval between washing and cutting, stimulated biometric growth and biomass formation in saline-sodic soil.