Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar os partos com leve ou severa dificuldade e diferenciá-los com base no desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de vacas leiteiras. Os partos foram agrupados em partos sem assistência, partos com baixa assistência e partos com elevada assistência. O banco de dados original continha 1902 registro de partos que foram obtidos de uma grande fazenda comercial localizada no Sudeste do Brasil. A análise fatorial foi aplicada através do programa estatístico SAS® Studio 3.8 por meio de procedimento fatorial, considerando a categoria de análise multivariada. Os teores de gordura do leite (0,92– 0,79) e de sólidos totais (0,91–0,80) foram altamente correlacionados com o fator 1. Intervalo entre partos (0,87–0,68) e número de IA (inseminações artificiais) por concepção (0,87–0,71) apresentaram alta correlação com o fator 2. Produção de leite (0,84–0,76) e produção acumulada de leite (0,84–0,77) foram altamente correlacionados com o fator 3. Baseados nos resultados, é possível concluir que as três situações de parto foram caracterizadas por fatores independentes e bem definidos. Vacas que necessitaram de alta assistência ao parto apresentaram menor variância explicada pelo modelo para teores de gordura e sólidos totais do leite, intervalo entre partos e número de IA por concepção.

Abstract The objective of this study was to characterize calvings with low and high difficulty based on the productive and reproductive performance of dairy cows. Calvings were grouped in no calving assistance, calving with low assistance, and calving with high assistance. The original data set comprised 1,902 calving records obtained from a large dairy farm in Southeast Brazil. Factor analysis was applied using the SAS® Studio 3.8 statistical program through the factor procedure, considering the Multivariate Analysis category. Milk fat (0.92–0.79) and total solids (0.91–0.80) were strongly correlated with Factor 1. Calving interval (0.87– 0.68) and the number of AI (artificial inseminations) per conception (0.87–0.71) showed high correlations with Factor 2. Milk yield (0.84–0.76) and accumulated milk yield (0.84–0.77) were strongly correlated with Factor 3. Based on the results, we conclude that the three calving scenarios were characterized by well-defined and independent factors. Cows which required a high assistance at calving showed a lower variance explained by the model for milk fat and total solids contents, calving interval, and the number of AIs per conception.

ABSTRACT. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is the most used procedure for comparing means between different groups. However, in some cases, disregarding the assumptions of ANOVA can lead to spatial dependence. In such cases, to ensure greater experimental precision, it is necessary to consider the study of spatial dependence. This study was carried out to compare the estimates of experimental precision of the traditional analysis of variance with those of the analysis of variance using an autoregressive (ANOVA-AR) model in corn experiments under different N conditions when evaluating grain yield. Data were obtained from 14 experiments using lattice designs conducted in 2012, 2014, and 2015 in the following counties in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul: Caarapó, Dourados, Glória de Dourados, and Laguna Carapã. Of the 14 experiments, 7 were performed with N fertilization (ideal) and 7 experiments were performed under stressful conditions (zero or low). Both analyses were compared by considering estimates of reduction of the error mean square, coefficient of determination, F-value, and selective accuracy as well as the difference in the order of 25% of the genotypes of each experiment (from 13 to 56 genotypes, considering the size of the experiment). Differences in the error mean square and genotype mean square were slightly more evident in 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 11 experiments but the use of ANOVA-AR did not promote major changes. The analysis of variance with an autoregressive model provided parameter values of experimental precision similar to those expressed by traditional analysis of variance. There was no difference in terms of correlated errors in experiments under different N conditions.

Resumo Introdução O Ministério da Saúde, pela Política Nacional de Medicamentos, Portaria no 3.916, de 30 de outubro de 1998, reforça a Lei de Genéricos de fevereiro de 1999 (Lei no 9.787, de 10 de fevereiro de 1999, visando, entre outras coisas, reduzir os preços e facilitar o acesso aos medicamentos para a população). Objetivo Identificar o nível de conhecimento da população em relação aos medicamentos genéricos. Método Estudo descritivo, quantitativo, com 520 usuários entrevistados em quatro unidades de saúde que implementaram o Programa Saúde da Família e que representam quatro distritos sanitários de saúde em Foz do Iguaçu (PR), Brasil. Resultados A maioria dos entrevistados conhece e/ou já ouviu falar do genérico. Para muitas pessoas, o medicamento genérico representa apenas um tipo de medicamento mais acessível. Conclusão Achados indicam a necessidade de educação em saúde para esclarecer a população, para que possam identificar e adquirir seus medicamentos com segurança e confiança.

Abstract Background The Brazilian Ministry of Health, by the National Policy on Medication, Ordinance 3916 from October 30th 1998, reinforces the Law of Generics of February 1999 (Law No. 9787 from February 10th, 1999, aiming, among other things, to reduce the prices and make access to medications easier for population). Objective The main objective was to identify the level of knowledge of the population regarding generic drugs. Method Descriptive, quantitative study, with 520 users interviewed in four health care units that implemented the Brazilian Family Health Program. Such units represent four health districts in Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil. Results Most of the interviewed know and/or have heard about generic drugs. For many people, the generic drug represents only a more affordable type of medication. Conclusion The need for health education to clarify the population’s questions was found, so they could identify and acquire their medication safely and with confidence.

ABSTRACT. The objective of this research was to evaluate royal jelly production from Africanized honeybee queens of different lineages (lineage selected for honey production, lineage selected for royal jelly production and unselected) produced by single and double grafting and to compare royal jelly production among their offspring. Data were tested by double factorial analysis of variance and the means were compared by Tukey test at 5%. The parameters evaluated were: queen weight at emergence, percentage of larvae acceptance in the upper and lower bars, royal jelly per cup (mg) and royal jelly per colony/collection (g). Queens selected for honey presented greater weight at emergence, while the unselected queens were the lightest. Double grafting was better than simple grafting, since the queens were born 2.38% heavier. There was no difference (p > 0.05) in relation to royal jelly production according to neither the lineage nor even comparing the method by which the queens were produced. The cost of labor to produce queens by double grafting was much higher, as by the simple grafting about 170% more queens were born. The potential of Africanized honeybees with adequate production management and favorable environmental conditions favors the production of royal jelly.

ABSTRACT. This research was carried out to evaluate the royal jelly production in two trials. In Trial I, three genotypes of Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) were submitted to royal jelly production with two types of cups of different size and volume (conventional and Chinese model) and two types of supplements (commercial and formulated). A total of 24 colonies were used, two bars with different cups each, alternating between the upper or lower position of the frame. While in Trial II, 18 colonies, two genotypes, two types of cups and two types of supplement were tested. The evaluated parameters were: percentage of larvae accepted in upper and lower bars, royal jelly per cup (mg), and royal jelly per colony/collection (g). Chinese cups were not well accepted, fact that influenced in a negative way the production of general form, selected colonies were more sensible to the change of cups. Colonies of Africanized honeybees are not prepared to produce in cups of greater volume.

Abstract INTRODUCTION Profiles of patients with Chagas disease in Paraná were studied. METHODS A descriptive, questionnaire-based study was performed. RESULTS Of 270 participants, 64% were female, 60% were aged ≥65 years, 91% were infected via vector transmission, and 44% were infected in Paraná. Indeterminate (30%), cardiac (36%), cardiodigestive (20%) and digestive (14%) forms were found. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who were older than 65 years of age, retired, female, living in the urban area of Maringá, and infected by vector transmission in childhood in Paraná presented cardiac and digestive signs and did not receive etiological treatment when first diagnosed.

BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic in the state of Paraná, Brazil. OBJECTIVE This study aimed at analysing the influence of the remaining native vegetation on the prevalence of CL in Paraná. METHODS Global testing was used for spatial autocorrelation along with simultaneous autoregressive model (SAR). The regression was based on the CL coefficient (cases/100,000 inhabitants) as a function of the percentage of natural vegetation cover, altitude, total number of cases, and spatial density (SD) per km2; the location data of the Paraná state municipalities and the detection coefficient (DC) (cases/100,000 inhabitants) of autochthonous cases of CL were obtained from the SINAN in 2012 and 2016. Data on the remaining forests were collected from the Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica and Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais. FINDINGS The spatial regression of DC revealed statistical significance for SD (Z = 24.1359, p < 0.05, 2012-2013; Z = 24.0817, p < 0.05, 2013-2014; Z = 33.4824, p < 0.05, 2014-2015; and Z = 27.1515, p < 0.05, 2015-2016. CONCLUSIONS CL cases are reported in areas with native vegetation, such as in riparian forests. However, vegetation is not the only variable that influences the incidence of CL.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to analyze the trend in mortality by land transport accidents among Brazilian elderly individuals, from 1996 to 2013. Ecological, time-series study with secondary data collected by the Mortality Information System in April, 2015 concerning deaths by transport accidents. There were 88,273 deaths of elderly individuals caused by land transport accidents in Brazil, in the study period. All Brazilian regions showed a rising trend in mortality by transport accidents, which were more significant in the Northeastern region, followed by the Southern, Northern, Southeastern and Central-Western regions. These findings reveal the importance of surveillance of transport accidents, to support the implementation of effective health promotion policies, prevention and reduction of these events.

RESUMEN El objetivo fue analizar la tendencia de la mortalidad por accidentes de transporte terrestre en ancianos brasileños en el período de 1996 a 2013. Estudio ecológico de series temporales, con datos secundarios obtenidos a través del Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad, en abril de 2015, referentes a los decesos por accidentes de transporte. Hubo 88.273 decesos por accidentes de transporte en el período estudiado entre ancianos brasileños. Todas las regiones mostraron creciente tendencia de mortalidad por accidentes de transporte, resultando que el Noreste mostraba tendencia mayor, seguido del Sur, Norte, Sudeste y Centro Oeste. Los resultados expresan la importancia de la vigilancia de accidentes de transporte en el apoyo a la implementación de políticas efectivas de promoción de salud, prevención y reducción de estos eventos.

RESUMO O objetivo foi analisar a tendência da mortalidade por acidentes de transporte terrestre em idosos brasileiros no período de 1996 a 2013. Estudo ecológico, de séries temporais com dados secundários captados pelo Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade, em abril de 2015, referentes aos óbitos por acidentes de transporte. Houve 88.273 óbitos por acidentes de transporte terrestre no período estudado entre idosos brasileiros. Todas as regiões apresentaram crescente tendência de mortalidade por acidentes de transporte, tendo o Nordeste a maior tendência, seguida do Sul, Norte, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste. Os resultados apontam a importância da vigilância de acidentes de transporte no apoio à implementação de políticas efetivas na promoção da saúde, prevenção e redução destes eventos.

Resumo A febre maculosa brasileira (FMB) é uma zoonose fatal devido às dificuldades para diagnosticá-la e tratá-la precocemente. A ocorrência de casos de FMB no Estado do Paraná suscitou a investigação de áreas de risco desta rickettsiose nos municípios de Japira, Jaboti, Pinhalão e Tomazina, na mesorregião norte pioneiro do Paraná. Para determinar as áreas de risco foram analisadas amostras de soro de 592 cães e 230 equídeos submetidos à reação de imunofluorescência indireta para Rickettsia rickettsii e R. parkeri. Além disto, foram construídos mapas de probabilidade de risco pela técnica de krigagem indicatriz. Das amostras testadas 5,3% (43/822) continham anticorpos para pelo menos uma das duas rickettsias testadas. Os equídeos apresentaram uma positividade de 7,8% (18/230) e os cães de 4,2% (25/592). A análise geoestatística mostrou que a soropositividade média é de 5 a 6%. Embora as soropositividade médias de cães e equídeos constatadas tenham sido menores do que as relatadas em áreas endêmicas do território brasileiro, os componentes bióticos (agente etiológico, vetor e reservatórios) e ambientais da epidemiologia da FMB se fazem presentes nos municípios referidos.

Abstract Brazilian spotted fever (BSF) is a fatal zoonosis because of the difficulties in its early diagnosis and treatment. Occurrences of BSF in the northeast of the state of Paraná prompted investigation of areas at risk of this rickettsiosis in the municipalities of Japira, Jaboti, Pinhalão and Tomazina. To determine the areas at risk, 592 serum samples from dogs and 230 from equids were analyzed by means of the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for Rickettsia rickettsii and R. parkeri . In addition, risk probability maps were drawn up using the kriging indicator technique. Among the samples tested, 5.3% (43/822) indicated presence of antibodies reactive to at least one of the two Rickettsia species tested: 7.8% of the equids (18/230) and 4.2% of the dogs (25/592) were positive. Geostatistical analysis showed that the average seropositivity rate was 5 to 6%. Although the average seropositivity rates observed among these dogs and equids were lower than those reported from endemic areas of Brazil, the biotic components (etiological agent, vector and reservoirs) and environmental aspects of BSF epidemiology were present in these municipalities.

A estrutura do solo é alterada quando submetida ao processo agrícola, ou seja, uma nova organização espacial do sistema poroso é formada com reflexo na qualidade física do mesmo. Dessa forma, objetivou-se, neste trabalho, visualizar e quantificar, por meio da tomografia computada de raios-X, a variabilidade na distribuição do diâmetro de poros em Latossolo oxidíco submetido a um sistema de manejo conservacionista que utiliza diferentes doses de gesso. Foram abertas três trincheiras aleatórias e longitudinais à linha de plantio em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico gibbsítico muito argiloso, submetido às seguintes doses de gesso: G0: ausência de gesso; G7: 7 Mg ha-1 e G28: 28 Mg ha-1 de gesso adicional, aplicados na superfície do solo na linha de plantio. Amostras com estrutura preservada foram coletadas em cilindros de acrílico, nas profundidades de 0,20-0,34, 0,80-0,94 e 1,50-1,64 m, após seis anos de cultivo dos cafeeiros ,para quantificação dos poros 3D, detectados pela tomografia computada de raios-X. A variabilidade espacial da estrutura do solo foi avaliada por meio de semivariogramas gerados a partir das imagens 3D na escala de cinza. A distribuição do diâmetro dos poros detectáveis foi feita por meio da mineração de dados. Paras as inferências estatísticas, foram utilizados os pacotes 'geoR' para os semivariogramas e 'randomForest' para a mineração de dados em linguagem R. A maior continuidade espacial dos poros ocorreu no tratamento G7 nas três profundidades. Os efeitos combinados do sistema de manejo promoveram a maior variabilidade espacial da estrutura do solo no tratamento G28.Com base nos semivariogramas, pode-se inferir que a adoção do sistema em estudo promoveu modificações na rede de poros em todas as direções (X, Y e Z), porém com melhor continuidade dos poros na direção vertical (Z).

Soil structure is modify when subjected to the agricultural process, i.e., a new spatial organization of the pores system is formed, with relation to the physical quality of it. Thus the aim of this work was to visualize and quantify, through X-ray CT scan, the pores distribution in an oxidic Latosol submitted to a conservation management system with different gypsum doses. Three random trenches were dug lengthwise along the plant row in a very clayey gibbsitic dystrophic Red Latosol, subjected to the following gypsum levels: G0: absence of gypsum; G7: 7 Mg ha-1 and G28: 28 Mg ha-1 of additional gypsum, applied to the surface of the plant row. Undisturbed soil samples were collected in plexiglass tubes at depths of 0.20-0.34, 0.80-0.94 and 1.50-1.64 m after six years of coffee cultivation for quantification of 3D pores obtained by X-ray CT scan. The spatial variability of the soil structure was evaluated by semivariograms generated by 3D images in grayscale. Distribution of the detectable pore diameter was conducted by data mining. Statistical analyzes employed packages 'geoR' to semivariogram and 'randomForest' for data mining in R language. A greater spatial continuity of the pores occurred in the G7 at the three depths. The combined effects of the management system promoted a greater spatial variability of the soil structure in the G28 treatment. Based on geostatistical analyses, it can be infer that the adoption of the system under study promoted changes in the pore network in all directions (X, Y and Z), however with better pores continuity in the vertical direction(Z).

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do sistema de manejo que emprega práticas de conservação do solo na distribuição do sistema radicular de cafeeiros e na estrutura de dois Latossolos após seis anos de implantação da lavoura na região do Alto São Francisco, MG. Foram abertas três trincheiras aleatórias e longitudinais à linha de plantio (0,70 x 1,50 m) em um Latossolo gibbsítico e em um Latossolo caulinítico ambos sob sistema de manejo do solo que emprega práticas conservacionistas. A avaliação do sistema radicular foi feita pelo método do perfil cultural e análise digital de imagens 2D, com posterior confecção de mapas de superfície das variáveis radiculares analisadas por meio da krigagem. Amostras de solo com estrutura preservada foram coletadas para quantificar a distribuição do diâmetro de poros 3D obtida por tomografia computada de raios-X. As raízes e poros foram classificados em: 1, >1 e ≤ 3 e > 3 mm de diâmetro. O sistema radicular dos cafeeiros de ambos os solos em estudo mesmo sobre o mesmo sistema de manejo apresentaram boa ramificação na direção horizontal e vertical. A maior concentração de raízes ocorreu na profundidade de 0,20-0,34 m no Latossolo caulinítico. No Latossolo gibbsítico, a distribuição radicular foi uniformizada especialmente na direção vertical do perfil do solo atingindo maiores profundidade. A maior ocorrência de raízes finas ocorreu no Latossolo gibsítico na profundidade de 0,80-0,94 m.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of management system employing soil conservation practices in the coffee root system distribution and in the structure of two Latosols after six years in the crop establishment in Alto São Francisco Valley, MG. Three random trenches were made lengthwise along the row planting (0.70 x 1.50 m) in a gibbsitic Latosol and a kaolinitc Latosol both under soil management system employing soil conservationist practices. The root system evaluation was done by crop profile methods and 2D image analyze, with subsequent surface mapping of the root variables analyzed by kriging. Intact soil cores were sampled for pore diameter distribution analysed by X-ray CT scan. The roots and pores were classified by diameter:1, > 1 and ≤ 3 and > 3 mm. The coffee root system in both soils under study on the same management system showed good branching in horizontal and vertical direction. The highest root concentration occurred at 0.20-0.34 m depth in kaolinitic Latosol. In gibbsitic Latosol the root distribution was uniform, especially in the vertical soil profile reaching greater depths. The highest occurrence of fine roots in the gibbsitic Latosol occurred at 0.80-0.94 m depth.

Diversos óleos essenciais de plantas condimentares e medicinais possuem atividade antimicrobiana comprovada, sendo de grande interesse para a indústria de alimentos. Dessa forma, as Concentrações Mínimas Inibitórias (CMI) desses óleos para diversas bactérias devem ser determinadas. As CMI variam de acordo com o óleo utilizado, dos compostos majoritários e da fisiologia da bactéria em estudo. Na presente pesquisa, os óleos essenciais das plantas Thymus vulgaris (tomilho), Cymbopogon citratus (capim-limão) e Laurus nobilis (louro) foram quantificados quimicamente e determinou-se a CMI sobre as bactérias Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia. coli ATCC 25922, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19117, Salmonella entérica Enteritidis S64 e Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. O óleo essencial de C. citratus demonstrou atividade bacteriana em todas as concentrações testadas e sobre todas as bactérias, sendo seus constituintes majoritários o geranial e neral. O constituinte majoritário de T. vulgaris foi 1,8 cineol e do óleo de L. nobilis, que apresentou menor atividade antibacteriana, foi o linalool, seguido pelo 1,8 cineol. As bactérias Gram-negativas demostraram maior resistência perante o uso dos óleos essenciais testados neste estudo, E. coli foi a menos sensível, sendo inibida apenas pelos óleos de C. citratus e L. nobilis.

Several essential oils of condiment and medicinal plants possess proven antimicrobial activity and are of important interest for the food industry. Therefore, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of those oils should be determined for various bacteria. MIC varies according to the oil used, the major compounds, and the physiology of the bacterium under study. In the present study, the essential oils of the plants Thymus vulgaris (time), Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) and Laurus nobilis (bay) were chemically quantified, and the MIC was determined on the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19117, Salmonella enterica Enteritidis S64, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The essential oil of C. citratus demonstrated bacterial activity at all concentrations tested and against all of the bacteria tested. The majority of essential oil compounds were geranial and neral. The major constituent of T. vulgaris was 1.8-cineol and of L. nobilis was linalool, which presented lower antibacterial activity, followed by 1.8-cineol. The Gram-negative bacteria demonstrated higher resistance to the use of the essential oils tested in this study. E. coli was the least sensitive and was inhibited only by the oils of C. citratus and L. nobilis.