RESUMEN Las cardiopatías congénitas conforman el grupo de las malformaciones innatas más comunes, siendo vital su detección temprana. Este estudio tuvo por objetivo caracterizar las publicaciones acerca de los métodos para la detección de cardiopatías congénitas en neonatos a partir de tres categorías: las características generales de las investigaciones, la información de los investigadores y la definición y características de las metodologías practicadas. Para tal efecto, y con ayuda de tablas dinámicas de MS Excel 16.52 y el software VOSviewer 1.6.17, se llevó a cabo una revisión sistematizada que permitió recopilar 63 artículos publicados entre 2010 y 2021 en Scopus, Web of Science y PubMed. Los hallazgos evidencian que la producción académica ha ido incrementándose desde el 2018, teniendo a Estados Unidos a la vanguardia de esta y siendo la ecocardiografía y la oximetría los procedimientos más estudiados. La comparación entre las metodologías advierte que la detección por oximetría es la más destacable, en cuanto a los factores evaluados. Esta investigación abre nuevas líneas de indagación en la materia con la finalidad de desarrollar y aplicar nuevas metodologías o perfeccionar las ya existentes para que se ajusten a las necesidades de la población.

ABSTRACT Congenital heart disease is one of the most common innate malformations, and early detection is vital. The aim of this study was to characterize the publications on methods for the detection of congenital heart disease in neonates based on three categories: the general characteristics of the investigations, the information provided by the researchers, and the definition and characteristics of the methodologies used. For this purpose, and with the help of MS Excel 16.52 pivot tables and VOSviewer 1.6.17 software, a systematized review was carried out that allowed us to compile 63 articles published between 2010 and 2021 in Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed. The findings evidence that academic production has been increasing since 2018, with the United States being at the forefront of this and echocardiography and oximetry being the most studied procedures. The comparison between the methodologies warns that detection by oximetry is the most outstanding in terms of the factors evaluated. This research opens up new lines of investigation in the field with the aim of developing and applying new methodologies or improving existing ones to meet the needs of the population.

La vinaza generada en el proceso de producción de bioetanol en Tucumán se dispone principalmente en campos, por lo que el costo de transporte y almacenamiento se ve sensiblemente impactado por la disminución del volumen de ese subproducto mediante la concentración. Utilizando una planta piloto con evaporador de películas descendente, se trabajó simulando individualmente cada etapa de un sistema de quíntuple efecto. Los experimentos fueron diseñados de manera que los resultados permitieran evaluar la factibilidad del proceso de concentración de vinaza y las principales variables a controlar, a los fines de simular un sistema de evaporación de múltiple efecto y determinar los coeficientes globales de transferencia de calor. Los ensayos se completaron satisfactoriamente, aumentando la concentración total de la vinaza de 10º Bx hasta 35º Bx. La viscosidad no presentó problemas en los intervalos de concentración estudiados, siguiendo su valor un comportamiento polinómico según el efecto,de la forma ¼  = 0,145 (ef)³ - 0,8823 (ef)² + 1,3855 (ef) + 1,9219 [cP]. Se estableció un conjunto de condiciones térmicas para un sistema de cinco efectos, con un intervalo global de temperatura de evaporación que va desde los 105ºC para el primer efecto y de 60ºC para el último efecto, que posibilitan concentrar vinaza hasta 35º Bx. Para un importante conjunto de componentes químicos de la vinaza, se muestra la evolución en sus concentraciones de acuerdo al Bx y a la etapa del sistema de evaporación Así, para el caso del potasio, este toma la forma: 1,9118 (ef) + 129,98 [gr/L/ºbx]; mientras para el calcio: -1,22 (ef) + 21,8 [gr/L/ºbx]. El coeficiente global de transferencia de calor varía en función del efecto, dando un comportamiento cuadrático: - 27,497(ef)² - 147,91(ef) + 2499 [W/ºC/m² ].

In Tucumán, the vinasse generated in the production of bioethanol is used mainly in the fields, so the cost of transportation and storage is significantly affected by the decrease in its volume through its concentration. Using a pilot plant falling film evaporator, each stage of a quintuple system was simulated individually. The tests were designed in such a way that the results made it possible to evaluate the viability of the stillage concentration process and the main variables to control. The tests were successfully completed as stipulated, increasing the total stillage concentration from approximately 10 ° Bx to approximately 35 ° Bx. Viscosity does not present any problem in the concentration ranges studied, its value follows a polynomial behavior according to the effect; ¼  = 0.145 (ef)³ - 0.8823 (ef)² + 1.3855 (ef) + 1.9219 [cP], where ef is the effect number. A set of thermal conditions was established for a multiple effects system, with an evaporation temperature of 105 ° C for the first effect and 60 ° C for the laser effect. The changes in the concentrations of a significant number of chemical components of the vinasse were determined by analyzing the brix in each evaporation stage and chemical group. In the case of potassium, the concentration is as follows: 1.9118 (ef) + 129.98 [g / L / ºBx]; while for calcium: -1.22 (ef) + 21.8 [g / L / ºBx]. the global heat transfer coefficient changes with the effect number, showing a quadratic form: - 27.497 (ef) 2 - 147.91 (ef) + 2499 [W / ºC / m² ] .

RESUMEN La soberanía contemporánea se actualiza dentro del campo de la gubernamentalidad, y ejerce su poder de forma extralegal y extrahumana sobre ciertas poblaciones consideradas peligrosas para la seguridad social. Estas prácticas producen vidas invivibles, no solo porque están fuera de la ley, sino también, y por las mismas razones lógicas, porque están fuera de los marcos que definen lo humano. Guantánamo constituye aquí el paradigma ejemplar de la negación del estatuto jurídico y ontológico de los prisioneros cuyas vidas son suspendidas indefinidamente. Entre las conclusiones que arroja esta reflexión, se encuentra que el exceso de poder soberano amenaza la vida humana de aquellos sectores seleccionados como riesgosos, al igual que la vida comunitaria reducida al riesgo, la enemistad y el rechazo.

ABSTRACT Contemporary sovereignty is updated within the field of governmentality, and exercises its power in an extralegal and extrahuman form on certain populations considered dangerous for social security. These practices lead to unlivable lives not only because they are outside the law, but also, and for the same logical reasons, because they are outside the frameworks that define what is human. Guantanamo constitutes the exemplary paradigm of the denial of the legal and ontological status of prisoners whose lives are suspended indefinitely. Among the conclusions drawn from this reflection is that the excess of sovereign power threatens the human life of those sectors considered to be dangerous, as well as community life which becomes reduced to risk, enmity and rejection.

RESUMO A soberania contemporânea é atualizada no campo da governamentalidade e exerce seu poder de maneira extralegal e extra-humana sobre certas populações consideradas perigosas para a segurança social. Essas práticas produzem vidas invisíveis não apenas porque estão fora da lei, mas também, e pelas mesmas razões lógicas, porque estão fora dos limites que definem o humano. Guantánamo constitui aqui o paradigma exemplar da negação do estatuto jurídico e ontológico dos prisioneiros que têm suas vidas suspensas indefinidamente. Entre as conclusões dessa reflexão, conclui-se que o excesso de poder soberano ameaça a vida humana dos setores selecionados como arriscados, bem como a vida comunitária reduzida a risco, inimizade e rejeição.

OBJECTIVES: Our goal was to compare the hydrogen potential (pH) and residual gastric volume (RGV) of patients undergoing colonoscopy after 3 and 6 hours of colon preparation with mannitol. METHODS: We described a prospective randomized trial with a 50:50 allocation rate of two distinct times of colonoscopy after colon preparation with 10% mannitol. We included outpatients aged over 18 years, with no history of gastric surgeries and an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA)-rated anesthetic risk below III. Colonoscopy was performed after upper digestive endoscopy at two different times: 3 versus 6-hour after mannitol ingestion. During upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, we measured RGV and evaluated pH with a digital pH meter. Clinical trials.gov: 71123317.9.3001.0065 RESULTS: We randomized a total of 100 participants to the 3 and 6-hour groups, with the patients in the 6-hour group being younger and presenting a higher body mass index (BMI). The intervention did not result in any statistically significant differences between the two groups, neither for the RGV (p=0.98) or the pH (p=0.732). However, the subgroup of patients with diabetes mellitus showed statistically significant higher RGV values in the 3-hour group. CONCLUSION There was no difference between RGV and pH values at 3 versus 6-hour after bowel preparation with mannitol, except for RGV in diabetic patients at 3 hours. As prolonged fasting protocols may result in adverse events such as dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, we can infer that colonic preparation with mannitol in shorter fasting periods, such as 3 hours, can be adopted safely and routinely.

Waste recycling has been the subject of numerous scientific researches regarding the environmental care. This paper reports the redirecting of sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) as new filler to natural rubber (NR/SBA). The NR/SBA composites were prepared using an opened cylinder mixer to incorporate the vulcanization agents and different proportions of residue (SBA). The ash contains about 70-90% of inorganic compounds, with silica (SiO2) being the main compound. The SBA incorporation improved the mechanical properties of the vulcanized rubber. Based on these results, a new use is proposed for the agro-industry organic waste to be implemented in the rubber vulcanization process, aimed at improving the rubber physical properties as well as decreasing the prices of natural rubber composites.

Objetivo analisar a histologia cardíaca, a pressão arterial (PA), a frequência cardíaca (FC) e a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) de ratos submetidos a treinamento físico e suplementação de cafeína. Métodos sessenta ratos foram divididos em grupos controle (CO), controle suplementado com cafeína (CAF), treinados controle (TRE) e treinados suplementados com cafeína (TCAF). Os grupos de treinamento realizaram natação por quatro semanas, e os grupos de cafeína foram suplementados por ingestão voluntária de cafeína diluída em água. Resultados não houve modificações para PA e FC entre os grupos. Em relação à VFC, houve diminuição nos componentes LFnorm (baixa frequência) e LF/HF (razão baixa e alta frequência) em TCAF em relação a CAF (p<0,02 e p<0,03, respectivamente). Houve também aumento em CAF em relação a CO no componente LFnorm (p<0,05). Os resultados também mostraram aumento no peso relativo do coração em TRE (p<0,04) e TCAF (p<0,03) em relação a CO. Conclusão a cafeína não modificou as respostas hemodinâmicas. Entretanto, a natação diminuiu a resposta simpática e aumentou o peso relativo do coração.

Objective to analyze the morphological structure of cardiac, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) of rats subjected to physical training with supplementation of caffeine. Methods 60 rats were divided into 4 groups: control (CO), control with caffeine (CAF), trained control (TRE) and trained with caffeine (TCAF). All trained groups underwent 4 weeks of swimming, and all caffeine groups were supplemented by voluntary ingestion of caffeine diluted in drinking water. Results there were no changes to BP and HR between groups. Regarding HRV, there was a decrease in LFnorm (low frequency) and LF/HF ratio (low and high frequency) in TCAF and CAF compared to group (p<0.02 and p<0.03, respectively). An increase occurred in CAF compared to the CO in the component LFnorm (p<0.05). The results also showed an increase in the relative weight of heart in the TRE (p<0.04) and TCAF (p<0.03) compared to CO. Conclusion caffeine did not modify the hemodynamic responses. However, physical training resulted in a decrease in sympathetic response and an increase in relative heart weight.

Foram avaliados os efeitos da ingestão crônica de cafeína e exercício de natação sobre o tecido ósseo. Ratos Wistar jovens (n = 32) alocados em quatro grupos: sedentário controle (SCO), sedentário + cafeína (SCAF), treinados (TCO) e treinados + cafeína (TCAF), receberam 1 mg/ml de cafeína em água durante 30 dias (SCAF e TCAF) e foram submetidos a 21 dias de natação em intensidade moderada (TCO e TCAF). A tíbia esquerda foi submetida a ensaio biomecânico para determinação do coeficiente de rigidez, limite de elasticidade e carga máxima. A área de tecido ósseo primário e espessura do disco epifisário foram avaliadas no fêmur. Não foram observadas alterações nas propriedades biomecânicas e na deposição de tecido ósseo primário. O grupo SCAF apresentou maior espessura no disco epifisário distal. Os resultados sugerem que o treinamento moderado de natação e a ingestão de cafeína não provocaram alterações morfológicas e biomecânicas do tecido ósseo.

Effects of swimming training and chronic caffeine intake on bone tissue of young rats were investigated. Young Wistar rats were allocated into 4 groups: sedentary control (SCO), sedentary + caffeine (SCAF), trained (TCO) and trained + caffeine (TCAF); they received 1 mg/ml of caffeine diluted in water for 30 days (SCAF and TCAF) and were submitted to swimming training of moderate intensity for 21 days (TCO and TCAF). The left tibia was subjected to the biomechanical test for determination of the coefficient of stiffness, yield and maximum load. The immature bone tissue area and thickness of growth plates were evaluated in the femur. No changes were observed in biomechanical properties and the area occupied by immature bone tissue. However, SCAF group presented greater thickness in distal growth plate. The results suggest that the moderate intensity swimming training and caffeine consumption were not able to promote changes in morphology and biomechanical properties of bone tissue.

Se evaluaram los efectos del consumo crónico de cafeína y la natación em el hueso. Ratas Wistar jóvenes (n=32) divididas en cuatro grupos: sedentarios control (SCO), sedentarios + cafeína (SCAF), entrenados (TCO) y entrenados + cafeína (TCAF), recibieron 1 mg/ml de cafeína en agua durante 30 días (SCAF e TCAF) e fueron sometidos 21 días de la natación moderada. La tibia izquierda se sometió a una prueba biomecánica para determinar la coeficiente de la rigidez, el limite de elasticidad y el punto de carga máxima. El area de hueso imaturo e de la zona de la placa de crescimiento proximal e distal se analizó em el fêmur. No se observaron cambios en las propiedades biomecánicas y el déposition de hueso inmaturo. Animales SCAF tenía más grueso de la placa de crescimiento distal. Los resultados sugieren que entrenamento moderalado de la natación y el cosumo crônico de cafeína no cambió la morfología y las propiedades biomecánicas del hueso.

Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) is an instrumental method which has been increasingly developing during the last few years in sugar industry worldwide. It is employed at research centres and in various industries as well, due to its advantages: it is a non-destructive technique, it is fast and does not require chemical reagents or as much workforce as required by traditional methods used in the laboratory. This work aims to determine the most suitable calibration models to predict Brix and pol in sugarcane juice by means of NIRS equipment, so as to replace traditional methods based on those two parameters. Results obtained from statistical indicators like standard error of calibration (SEC), standard error of prediction (SEP) and calibration correlation coefficient (R²) were highly satisfactory for the evaluated parameters and showed agreement with values reported in existing bibliography.

La espectroscopia por infrarrojo cercano (NIRS) es una metodología instrumental que ha presentado un desarrollo creciente en los últimos años en la industria azucarera mundial. Se la utiliza tanto en centros de investigación como en diversas industrias, por ser una técnica no destructiva, rápida, que no emplea reactivos químicos y que requiere menos mano de obra que los métodos tradicionales empleados en el laboratorio. Por tal motivo, se decidió determinar para las condiciones de la industria azucarera de Tucumán (Argentina), los modelos de calibración más adecuados que permitan predecir los parámetros Brix y pol en jugo de caña de azúcar, mediante el empleo de un equipo NIRS, haciendo posible el reemplazo de los ensayos tradicionales de estos dos parámetros. Los resultados obtenidos de indicadores estadísticos, tales como error estándar de calibración (SEC), error estándar de predicción (SEP) y coeficiente de correlación de la calibración (R²) fueron altamente satisfactorios en los parámetros evaluados y presentaron concordancia con los valores encontrados en la bibliografía mundial.

Os ácidos graxos poliinsaturados abrangem as famílias de ácidos graxos ômega-3 e ômega-6. Os ácidos graxos de cadeia muito longa, como os ácidos araquidônico e docosaexaenóico, desempenham importantes funções no desenvolvimento e funcionamento do cérebro e da retina. Esse grupo de ácidos graxos não pode ser obtido pela síntese de novo, mas pode ser sintetizado a partir dos ácidos linoléico e alfa-linolênico presentes na dieta. Neste artigo são considerados os principais fatores que podem inibir a atividade das enzimas dessaturases envolvidas na síntese dos ácidos graxos de cadeia muito longa. São apresentadas as recomendações da razão ômega-6/ômega-3 na dieta, propostas em diversos países, sendo verificada a convergência para o intervalo de 4 a 5:1. São relacionados alimentos que podem contribuir para aumentar a ingestão do ácido alfa-linolênico e dos ácidos graxos de cadeia muito longa. A essencialidade dos ácidos graxos de cadeia muito longa é muito dependente do metabolismo do indivíduo, sendo que a razão n-6/n-3 da dieta exerce grande influência nesse sentido.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids include the classes of fatty acids designated as omega-3 and omega-6. Very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids as arachidonic and docosahexaenoic have important roles in the development and functioning of the brain and retina. This group of fatty acids cannot be synthesized by de novo pathway, but can be formed from linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid present in diet. In this article, the main factors that can inhibit desaturase enzymes activity involved in the synthesis of MLC-PUFAs are considered. Recommendations of omega-6/omega-3 ratio in diet proposed in several countries are presented, showing a coverage range from 4 to 5:1. Foods that are sources of alpha-linolenic acid and Very-long-chain are listed. The essentiality of Very-long-chain is very dependent of individual metabolism, and omega-6/omega-3 dietary ratio has a great influence in their health effects.