Abstract The concept of pseudo-pseudo seizures is often confused with epileptic seizures characterized by excessive or simultaneous anomalous neuronal activity, and with non-epileptic psychogenic seizures, which are known for their involuntary movements and decreased self-control that can mimic epilepsy, without presenting the previously described cortical alterations. Currently, these two types of seizures represent a challenge due to their similar clinical presentation, however semiology and precise office studies allow a correct clinical approach and differential diagnosis. Among epileptic seizures that generate further diagnostic difficulties and confusion are frontal lobe and temporal lobe seizures. Recognizing the semiological characteristics that can occur in these types of seizures and identifying the differences found between epileptic and non-epileptic psychogenic seizures is essential to avoid a misdiagnosis of a pseudo-pseudoseizure.

RESUMEN Introducción: El trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo se define por la presencia de obsesiones y compulsiones que ocasionan ansiedad y malestar marcados, y se ha asociado con una alteración en los circuitos cortico-estriado-tálamo-corticales. Tras tratamiento, alrededor de la mitad de los pacientes permanecen con síntomas discapacitantes. La estimulación cerebral profunda ha mostrado ser una alternativa efectiva al tratamiento usual. Métodos: Reporte de caso. Presentación del caso: Una mujer de 54 años con diagnóstico de trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo resistente a tratamiento fue tratada con estimulación cerebral profunda del brazo anterior de la cápsula interna. Se obtuvieron imágenes moleculares antes y después de la intervención y fueron correlacionadas con el cuadro clínico. Conclusiones: La estimulación magnética profunda puede ser una alternativa terapéutica al tratamiento usual en el trastorno obsesivo compulsivo resistente a tratamiento, y puede correlacionarse con cambios funcionales en estructuras anatómicas de sospecha.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Obsessive-compulsive disorder is defined by the presence of obsessions and compulsions that cause marked anxiety or distress and has been associated with a disruption in corticostriato-thalamo-cortical circuitry. After treatment, around 50% of patients continue to experience incapacitating symptoms. Deep-brain stimulation has been shown to be an effective therapeutic alternative to regular treatment. Methods: Case report. Case presentation: A 54-year-old woman with a diagnosis of treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder was treated with deep-brain stimulation of the anterior limb of the internal capsule. Molecular imaging before and after the procedure was obtained and correlated with clinical features. Conclusions: Deep-brain stimulation may be a therapeutic alternative to regular care in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder and can be correlated to functional changes in suspected anatomical structures.

Propósito Analisar a eficácia da eletroconvulsoterapia para o tratamento da depressão e/ou psicoses refratária ao tratamento medicamentoso em pacientes com doença de Parkinson.Métodos Um estudo retrospectivo foi realizado com pacientes tratados com a eletroconvulsoterapia, durante o período entre 2002 e 2013. Uma revisão da literatura foi realizada.Resultados Um total de 27 pacientes foram incluídos. Em relação ao diagnóstico neuropsiquiátrico, 14 pacientes tinham depressão maior, 12 pacientes tiveram tanto psicoses e depressão, e apenas um paciente tinha isolado psicoses. O número médio de sessões de eletroconvulsoterapia foi de 12 ± 2,8. Após a eletroconvulsoterapia, todos os pacientes apresentaram uma melhora estatisticamente significativa no Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (redução de 52% de pontos) e Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (redução de 50% de pontos), independente da presença de psicose, depressão ou ambos.Conclusão Eletroconvulsoterapia é eficaz para o tratamento de sintomas neuropsiquiátricos refractários na doença de Parkinson.

Purpose To analyze the effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy for the management of depression and/or psychosis refractory to drug therapy in patients with Parkinson disease.Methods A retrospective study was carried out including patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy during the period between 2002 and 2013. A review of the literature was performed.Results A total of 27 patients were included. In regards to the neuropsychiatric diagnosis, 14 patients had major depression, 12 patients had both psychosis and depression, and only one patient had isolated psychosis. The mean number of electroconvulsive therapy sessions was 12 ± 2.8. After electroconvulsive therapy, all patients showed a statistically significant improvement in the Brief Psychiatric Rating scale (reduction of 52% points) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (reduction of 50% points) independent of the presence of psychosis, depression or both.Conclusion Electroconvulsive therapy is effective for the treatment of refractory neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson’s disease.

Introduction: Some patients, after brain or peripheral injuries, lose a sensory function, such as sight or hearing, but paradoxically experience complex hallucinations related to the function they have lost. It is known that this phenomenon may appear with injuries at any level in the visual pathway, especially in the retina.Objective:To review the existent bibliography on the Charles Bonnet syndrome to establish the state of the art with regards to this phenomenon.Method: The databases PubMed and PsychInfo were searched for articles containing the following keywords: Charles Bonnet syndrome; visual hallucinations; peduncular hallucinosis; Charles Bonnet; sensory deprivation. We included those related to the subject. We also included the classic texts referring to this phenomenon and the articles mentioned in the literature.Results: In the present study, we describe the history of Charles Bonnet syndrome, clinical presentation, risk factors, diagnostic criteria, treatment employed, similar conditions and the theories seeking to explain it.Discussion and conclusion: To date, the diagnostic criteria for Charles Bonnet syndrome remain controversial, especially those concerning the absolute preservation of insight as a sine qua non factor to establish the diagnosis. Conclusion: Described since the 18th century, the Charles Bonnet syndrome corresponds to the prototype of visual hallucinations in patients with visual deprivation, although, according to the present review, its phenomenology is vast, remaining unclear if it corresponds to the prototype of hallucinations with preserved insight.

Introducción: Existen pacientes que, después de lesiones cerebrales o periféricas, pierden alguna función sensorial, como la vista o el oído. Paradójicamente, después de perder esta función, presentan alucinaciones complejas relacionadas con la función perdida. Se sabe que este fenómeno puede presentarse ante lesiones en cualquier nivel de la vía visual, especialmente en el nivel de la retina.Objetivo: Revisar la bibliografía existente acerca del síndrome de Charles Bonnet para conocer los últimos avances con respecto a este fenómeno.Método: Se revisaron las bases de datos de PubMed y PsychInfo con las siguientes palabras clave: síndrome de Charles Bonnet; alucinaciones visuales; alucinosis peduncular; Charles Bonnet; privación sensorial. Se incluyeron aquellos artículos que efectivamente trataran del tema. Asimismo, se revisaron los textos clásicos referentes a este síndrome y los artículos mencionados en la bibliografía encontrada.Resultados: En el presente artículo se describe la historia del síndrome, el fenómeno clínico, los factores de riesgo, los criterios diagnósticos, los tratamientos empleados, otros fenómenos similares y las teorías propuestas para explicarlo.Discusión y conclusión: A la fecha continúan siendo controvertidos los criterios diagnósticos del síndrome de Charles Bonnet, en especial en lo referente a la preservación absoluta del insight como condición sine qua non. Descrito desde el siglo XVIII, el síndrome de Charles Bonnet corresponde al prototipo de alucinaciones visuales en pacientes con privación visual, si bien, de acuerdo con la presente revisión, la fenomenología de éste es bastante variada, siendo cuestionable si resulta también el prototipo de las alucinaciones con insight preservado.