Resumen Objetivo: Sintetizar y valorar críticamente las recomendaciones sobre manejo neurocognitivo del paciente con cardiopatía congénita presentadas en guías de práctica clínica y declaraciones científicas. Método: Revisión sistemática de recomendaciones de práctica (PROSPERO CRD42020205202). Se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed, SCOPUS, Ovid/Cochrane, y LILACS y se revisaron repositorios de sociedades científicas y referencias de los documentos incluidos. La valoración crítica se hizo mediante el AGREE-II (escenario ideal) para las guías y declaraciones, y mediante el AGREE-REX para las recomendaciones (escenarios ideal y local). Se presentan la matriz de recomendaciones y el análisis de barreras potenciales para su implementación en Colombia. Resultados: Se incluyeron 18 recomendaciones relacionadas. La media en el AGREE-II fue 89.6. La media en el AGREE-REX fue 90.1 en el escenario ideal y 69.9 en el escenario local. Las recomendaciones incluidas se centran en vigilancia, tamizaje, evaluación y consejería; no se identificaron recomendaciones sobre intervención neurocognitiva. Las principales barreras de implementación en Colombia son la no disposición a pagar por parte del sistema de salud y la ausencia de oferta integral de atención para el manejo neurocognitivo en cardiopatía congénita. Conclusión: Las recomendaciones identificadas podrían ser adaptadas en una guía de práctica colombiana, realizando modificaciones en reconocimiento del contexto local.

Abstract Objective: To synthesize and critically assess the recommendations on neurocognitive management of patients with congenital heart disease presented in clinical practice guidelines and scientific statements. Method: A systematic review of practice recommendations (PROSPERO CRD42020205202). PubMed, SCOPUS, Ovid/Cochrane, and LILACS were searched, and repositories of scientific societies and references of included documents were reviewed. Critical appraisal was performed using the AGREE-II (ideal scenario) for the guidelines and statements, and recommendations were assessed using the AGREE-REX (ideal and local scenarios). A matrix of recommendations and analysis of potential barriers for its implementation in Colombia is presented. Results: Eighteen related recommendations were included. The average AGREE-II was 89.6. The average AGREE-REX was 90.1 in the ideal setting and 69.9 in the local setting. The included recommendations focus on surveillance, screening, evaluation, and counseling; no recommendations on neurocognitive intervention were identified. The main implementation barriers in Colombia are the unwillingness to pay on the part of the health system and the absence of a comprehensive health care offer for neurocognitive management in congenital heart disease. Conclusion: The identified recommendations could be adapted into a Colombian practice guideline, making modifications that recognize the local context.

ABSTRACT The safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) has a wide diversity of use, such as feeding, oil extraction and floral stems for ornamentation. However, it has low productivity due to the high susceptibility to attack by pathogenic microorganisms during its culture. For this reason, seed treatment is an alternative for protection and to guarantee sanitary quality. The objective of the present work was to determine the effect of leaf powder from three plant species on the physiological and sanitary quality of safflower seeds (Carthamus tinctorius L.) stored for different periods of time. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, in 10x3 factorial (leaf powder combinations and seed storage periods), with four repetitions. The seed lot was stored with an average moisture content of 9%. Leaves of Melia azedarach L., Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev and Tagetes erecta L. were dried and crushed to obtain powder that was applied to the seeds at the doses of: zero (control), 1, 2 and 3 g kg-1 of seeds. Seed quality was evaluated through germination, seedling length and mass, emergence and health tests. The use of leaf powder from M. azedarach, D. grandiflora and T. erecta as a treatment of safflower seeds was beneficial for the control of the infestation by phytopathogenic fungi and increased its potential for germination and emergence in the field. The results indicated that it have potential for the treatment of safflower seeds stored for different periods of time.

RESUMEN El cártamo (Carthamus tinctorius L.) presenta una amplia diversidad de uso, como alimentación, extracción de aceite y vástagos florales para ornamentación. Sin embargo, presenta baja productividad debido a la alta susceptibilidad al ataque de microorganismos patógenos durante su cultivo. Por ello, el tratamiento de semillas es una alternativa para la protección y garantizar la calidad sanitaria. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el efecto de polvo de hojas de tres especies de plantas sobre la calidad fisiológica y sanitaria de semillas de cártamo (Carthamus tinctorius L.) almacenados por diferentes períodos de tiempo. El experimento fue realizado en un diseño completamente al azar, en factorial 10x3 (combinaciones de polvo de hojas y períodos de almacenamiento de semillas), con cuatro repeticiones. El lote de semillas fue almacenado con grado de humedad promedio del 9%. Hojas de Melia azedarach L., Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev y Tagetes erecta L. se secaron y trituraron hasta obtener polvo que se aplicó a las semillas a las dosis de: cero (control), 1, 2 y 3 g kg-1 de semillas. Se evaluó la calidad de las semillas a través de las pruebas de germinación, longitud y masa de plántulas, emergencia y sanidad. El uso de polvo de hojas a partir de M. azedarach, de D. grandiflora y T. erecta como tratamiento de semillas de cártamo fue benéfico para el control de la infestación por hongos fitopatógenos e incrementó su potencial de germinación y de emergencia en el campo. Los resultados indicaron que tienen potencial para el tratamiento de semillas de cártamo almacenadas por diferentes períodos de tiempo.

RESUMO Apesar de sua importância no setor da floricultura, o manejo da irrigação em kalanchoe é caracterizado pelo empirismo, necessitando-se de maiores estudos quanto ao uso de água pela cultura. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os efeitos de diversos níveis de irrigação sobre o desenvolvimento da cultura do kalanchoe, conduzida em estufa plástica no município de Alegrete, RS. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido de 7 x 15 m. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente aleatorizado, com quatro tratamentos (níveis de irrigação correspondentes a 40, 60, 80 e 100% da capacidade de retenção de água do vaso - CV), e quatro repetições, totalizando dezesseis parcelas. O ciclo da cultura foi de 224 dias após transplante e as lâminas médias aplicadas foram: 451,82; 367,38; 282,94; 198,51 mm, para os tratamentos de 100; 80; 60 e 40% da CV, respectivamente. Ao longo do ciclo da cultura foram avaliadas a área do dossel e número de folhas por planta. No final do ciclo avaliou-se o diâmetro da copada, número de inflorescências por planta e número de flores por planta. Somente não houve diferença significativa para a área do dossel, pelo teste F. Lâminas de irrigação entre 40 e 70% da capacidade de vaso mostraram-se mais adequadas para a condução da cultura, na região do estudo. A cultivar apresentou o melhor desenvolvimento quando submetida a níveis de irrigação inferiores à máxima capacidade de retenção de água do vaso, ou seja, a mesma apresenta resistência ao déficit hídrico.

ABSTRACT Despite its importance in the floriculture sector, irrigation management of kalanchoe is characterized by empiricism, being necessary further studies on the use of water by this crop. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze the several effects of irrigation levels on the growth of kalanchoe crop conducted in greenhouse in the municipality of Alegrete, state of Rio Grande do Sul. The experiment was conducted in a 7 x 15 m protected environment. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments (irrigation levels corresponding to 40, 60, 80 and 100% of the pot water retention capacity - PC) and four repetitions, totaling sixteen plots. The crop cycle was 224 days after transplanting and the applied average depths were: 451.82; 367.38; 282.94; 198.51 mm for treatments: 100; 80; 60 and 40% of PC, respectively. Canopy area and number of leaves per plant were evaluated over the crop cycle. In the end of the cycle, the canopy diameter, number of inflorescences per plant and the number of flowers per plant were evaluated. No significant differences were found only to the canopy area, by the F test. Irrigation water depths between 40 and 70% of the pot capacity were more appropriate for the crop growth in the study region. The cultivar presented the best development at irrigation levels below the maximum vessel water retention capacity, that is, it is resistant to drought.

Este artigo propõe uma metodologia de classificação para a técnica de comutação suave conhecida como ZVT. Esta classificação é baseada nos diferentes modos de implementação da fonte auxiliar de tensão. Os méritos e limitações de cada classe são apresentados. As particularidades e características de cada classe são discutidas e analisadas experimental-mente em protótipos de laboratório de 1kW/100kHz. Por meio do critério de classificação proposto, qualquer topologia ZVT pode ser classificada, mesmo aquelas inéditas na literatura. Além disso, é apresentada uma visão geral dos principais con-versores ZVT PWM propostos nas últimas décadas.

This paper presents a classification methodology of the ZVT soft-transition technique, which is based on different ways of implementation of the auxiliary circuit voltage source. The merits and limitations of each class are presented and their key features and characteristics are discussed and experimentally analyzed on the 1kW/100kHz laboratory prototypes. By means of the proposed classification criteria, any ZVT topology can be classified, even the unpublished ones. Additionally, an overview of the main ZVT PWM converters proposed in the last decades is also presented.

Este artigo propõe uma metodologia de projeto aprimorada para determinação dos componentes auxiliares para o conversor ZVT CC-CC PWM snubber assisted auxiliary switch. O procedimento de projeto proposto é baseado na redução das perdas de condução no circuito auxiliar. Isto é somente possível devido à localização do capacitor snubber de bloqueio, o qual é compartilhado por ambas as chaves ativas. Através do procedimento de projeto proposto o rendimento do conversor pode ser aumentado. Uma análise comparativa do rendimento é apresentada e os resultados experimentais, obtidos de protótipos de laboratório de 1 kW, 100 kHz, mostram uma melhoria relevante em relação ao rendimento apresentado pelo projeto original. Além disso, os resultados experimentais também confirmam que o projeto proposto para o conversor ZVT snubber assisted auxiliary switch torna-o competitivo em relação ao conversor ZVT PWM com fonte auxiliar de tensão constante (true PWM ZVS pole).

This paper proposes an improved design to calculate the snubber auxiliary elements of ZVT DC-DC PWM converters with snubber assisted auxiliary switch. The proposed improved design guidelines are based on the reduction of the conduction losses through the auxiliary circuit. It is accomplished by the unique location of the turn-off snubber capacitor, which is shared by both active switches. By means of this improved design guidelines the converter efficiency can be increased. An efficiency comparative analysis is carried out and the experimental results, obtained from 1 kW, 100 kHz laboratory prototypes, show a relevant improvement in converter efficiency compared to the original converter design. In addition, experimental results also confirm that with the improved design the ZVT PWM converters with snubber assisted auxiliary switch can be competitive with ZVT PWM converters with constant auxiliary voltage source (True PWM ZVS pole).

Venlafaxine, an atypical antidepressant drug, has been used to treat several neurological disorders, presenting excellent efficacy and tolerability. Clinical seizures after venlafaxine treatment have occasionally been reported when the drug was used at very high doses or in combination with other medications. The aim of the present study was to investigate the convulsant effects of venlafaxine in rats under controlled laboratory conditions. Adult male Wistar rats (8 per group) receiving venlafaxine or saline at the doses of 25-150 mg/kg were subjected 30 min later to injections of pentylenetetrazole at the dose of 60 mg/kg. The animals receiving 75, 100 and 150 mg/kg venlafaxine presented increased severity of convulsion when compared to controls (P = 0.02, P = 0.04, and P = 0.0004, respectively). Indeed, an increased percentage of death was observed in these groups (50, 38, and 88%, respectively) when compared to the percentage of death in the controls (0%). The group receiving 150 mg/kg showed an reduction in death latency (999 ± 146 s) compared to controls (1800 ± 0 s; cut-off time). Indeed, in this group, all animals developed seizures prior to pentylenetetrazole administration. Surprisingly, the groups receiving venlafaxine at the doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg showed a tendency towards an increase in the latency to the first convulsion. These findings suggest that venlafaxine at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg has some tendency to an anticonvulsant effect in the rat, whereas doses of 75, 100 and 150 mg/kg presented clear proconvulsant effects in rats submitted to the pentylenetetrazole injection. These findings are the first report in the literature concerning the role of venlafaxine in seizure genesis in the rat under controlled conditions.