SUMMARY: Aniba rosaeodora is a species of high international commercial value due to the essential oil in the wood, branches and leaves. Studies indicate problems in the annual production of fruits and seeds, due to intense insect attack, which is a limiting factor in the production of seedlings. The present study evaluates the efficiency of the insecticide (Karate Zeon 50 CS) and the extract of an entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana on the control of the larva of Heilipus odoratus in seeds and their influence on the initial development of the seedlings. In the first experiment, seeds were collected from the forest floor and tree canopy, later they were immersed in a liquid solution of 5 mL L-1 Karate Zeon insecticide for 24, 48 and 72 hours. In the second experiment, the seed were immersed in a concentration of 106 conidia mL-1 of B. bassiana and incubated in an orbital mixer for 3 hours at 180 rpm at 30 °C. To continue, the seeds were collected to be germinated in a substrate of vermiculite (28 ± 3 °C) for 60 days; afterward, they were placed in 1 kg plastic bags and grown in a greenhouse with (50 %) shade and a daily mist for 270 days. The parameters evaluated were: percentage of germination (G%), index of germination velocity (IGV), average germination time (AGT), growth, biomass (root, stem and leaves), chloroplast pigments content and leaf gas exchange. Results indicate that the treatments of seeds diminished the damage caused by the larva of H. odoratus increasing the index of germination without affecting the initial development.

RESUMEN: Aniba rosaeodora es de gran valor comercial por su aceite esencial en la madera, ramas y hojas. Estudios indican problemas de fructificación anual y las semillas sufren intenso ataque de insectos, factor limitante en la producción de plántulas. El presente trabajo evaluó la eficiencia del insecticida (Karate Zeon 50 CS) y del extracto del hongo entomopatógeno Beauveria bassiana sobre el control de larvas de Heilipus odoratus en semillas y su influencia en el desarrollo inicial de las plántulas. En el primer experimento, semillas colectadas de la copa y del suelo, fueron inmersas en una solución de 5 mL L-1 de Karate Zeon, durante 24, 48 y 72 horas. En el segundo experimento, las semillas colectadas en el suelo fueron inmersas en un medio líquido de concentración 106 conidios mL-1 de B. bassiana e incubados en agitador orbital durante 3 horas a 180 rpm y 30 °C. Posteriormente, las semillas fueron colocadas para germinar en sustrato vermiculita (28 ± 3 °C) durante 60 días, luego repicadas en contenedores plásticos de 1 kg y cultivadas en vivero dotado de tela de protección (50 %) con nebulización diaria durante 270 días. Los parámetros evaluados fueron: porcentaje de germinación (G %), índice de velocidad de germinación (IVG), tiempo medio de germinación (TMG), crecimiento, biomasa (raíz, tallo y hojas), contenido de pigmentos cloroplastos e intercambio gaseoso foliar. Los resultados revelaron que el tratamiento de semillas detuvo los daños causados por larvas de H. odoratus aumentando los índices de germinación sin afectar el desarrollo inicial.

Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are intestinal disorders that comprise the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). These disorders have a significant effect on the quality of life of affected patients and the increasing number of IBD cases worldwide is a growing concern. Because of the overall burden of IBD and its multifactorial etiology, efforts have been made to improve the medical management of these inflammatory conditions. The classical therapeutic strategies aim to control the exacerbated host immune response with aminosalicylates, antibiotics, corticosteroids, thiopurines, methotrexate and anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) biological agents. Although successful in the treatment of several CD or UC conditions, these drugs have limited effectiveness, and variable responses may culminate in unpredictable outcomes. The ideal therapy should reduce inflammation without inducing immunosuppression, and remains a challenge to health care personnel. Recently, a number of additional approaches to IBD therapy, such as new target molecules for biological agents and cellular therapy, have shown promising results. A deeper understanding of IBD pathogenesis and the availability of novel therapies are needed to improve therapeutic success. This review describes the overall key features of therapies currently employed in clinical practice as well as novel and future alternative IBD treatment methods.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a chronic disorder that affects thousands of people around the world. These diseases are characterized by exacerbated uncontrolled intestinal inflammation that leads to poor quality of life in affected patients. Although the exact cause of IBD still remains unknown, compelling evidence suggests that the interplay among immune deregulation, environmental factors, and genetic polymorphisms contributes to the multifactorial nature of the disease. Therefore, in this review we present classical and novel findings regarding IBD etiopathogenesis. Considering the genetic causes of the diseases, alterations in about 100 genes or allelic variants, most of them in components of the immune system, have been related to IBD susceptibility. Dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota also plays a role in the initiation or perpetuation of gut inflammation, which develops under altered or impaired immune responses. In this context, unbalanced innate and especially adaptive immunity has been considered one of the major contributing factors to IBD development, with the involvement of the Th1, Th2, and Th17 effector population in addition to impaired regulatory responses in CD or UC. Finally, an understanding of the interplay among pathogenic triggers of IBD will improve knowledge about the immunological mechanisms of gut inflammation, thus providing novel tools for IBD control.